1、Unit 2,Warming up,What is the difference between a navigator and an explorer?,Navigator,sea,nautical instruments,find new islands or continents,Navigator is somebody who finds the position and plots the course of a ship using maps and instruments.,Explorer,land,use of compass and landmarks,find new
2、places within an already identified island or continent,Explorer is somebody who travels into or through a place in order to learn about it.Very often navigators are also explorers.,In the year between 1405 and 1433, seven large treasure fleets sailed westwards on voyages of trade and exploration. U
3、nder the command of Zheng He, the fleets set sail from the South China Sea across the Indian Ocean to the Red Sea, and then traveled further south, discovering the eastern coast of Africa.,He renewed relations with the Kingdoms of the East African coast. One African king sent the Ming emperor a roya
4、l present: two giraffes.,About 700 years ago a young trader from Italy took a long trip to Cathay. Cathay is known as China today. He went with his father and uncle, who had traveled there once before. They stayed in China for about two decades. The young mans name was Marco Polo. He was liked by th
5、e leader in China at the time.,He knew four languages and traveled around the kingdom for the leader. When Marco Polo returned to Italy, he dictated his story to a writer. He told of the Chinese postal system, paper money, and the use of coal as fuel.,James Cook,James Cook (1728-1779) was the greate
6、st Britain navigator. Cook enlisted in the Royal Navy in 1755. In 1768 he was promoted and sent to the Pacific where he surveyed Tahiti, New Zealand, and Australia. On his famous second expedition (1772-1775) he explored Antarctica. In 1776 he undertook his third and final voyage in which he explore
7、d,the West Coast of North America and tried to locate a passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. On this voyage he discovered the Hawaiian Islands, and sailed up the coast of North America through the Bering Straits to the Arctic Ocean. On his return he was killed by Hawaiian islanders.,Expl
8、anation,1.navigator n. 导航者,领航员 navigate vi. 航行, 航海, 航空 vt. 航行于, 驾驶, 操纵, 使通过 They navigated with difficulty through the crowd. 他们在人群中坚难行进。 navigation n. 航海，航行 navigational adj. 航海的，航行的,Reading,Listen to the tape,compass,astrolabe,The astrolabe measures the height and position of the sun. If you can m
9、easure this accurately, a sailor can tell how many degrees the boat is from the North Pole. From this he can tell where the boat is in the ocean.,sextant,The sextant is a navigational instrument for measuring the angle between the horizon and some object in the sky.,quadrant,nautical chart,Nautical
10、charts are maps of the depth of the sea and the currents of the oceans. They provide modern sailors with routes through the seas, rather like roads through the countryside. The information began to be collected in the nineteenth century and has continued to be updated ever since.,Reading,Comprehensi
11、on,Comprehending,1. Read the passage and answer the following questions.What is the use of a bearing circle, astrolabe, quadrant or sextant? ( ) What is the use of a compass? ( )A. To set the course of the ship B. To measure the position of the ship C. To measure the speed of the ship D. To tell the
12、 time,A,B,4. Read the passage again and use the information to analyse the navigational skills.,1. To find the ships position at sea a sailor used the North Star and the sun.2. A sailor knew that land was nearby if he saw _ _.3. Sailors used _ _to increase their speed.,fresh seaweed, nesting birds r
13、eturning home in the evening or fog,sea currents or tides and winds,Sextant:,an updated version of the quadrant and so it was more accurate, to measure the angle between two fixed points outside the ship (using two mirrors to find the ships position).,1. How do you think seamen found their way befor
14、e modern accurate methods of navigation were invented? 在现代精确的导航法尚未发明之前, 你认为航海员是怎样探路的?,Explanation on P11,这是一个“特殊疑问词+do you think” 的双重疑问句结构。除think以外believe，guess, suppose等词也可以用于此结构。What do you suppose has happened to him?在I thinkbelieveguesssuppose/ imagine等词的句式中，如果从句有否定，否定词应该前移，即否定转移。I dont think he
15、 will comeI think he will not come,正,误,1. I believe he is an honest man,_2. We dont think Tom has broken the regulations,_3. Mary guessed his father must have bought her a beautiful shirt,_,Isnt he?,has he?,didnt she, invent vt发明，创作；虚构，杜撰Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876.1876年阿历山大
16、格雷厄姆贝尔发明了电话。The whole story was invented.整个故事是虚构的。 inventor n发明者，发明家，创造者 invention n发明，创造；发明物,discover：invent：Gilbert _electricity, but Edison _the electric light bulb.Who _America?Who _the computer?,客观存在，被人发现,客观没有，被人发明,discovered,invented,discovered,invented,吉尔伯特发现了电，爱迪生发明了电灯。,谁发现了美洲？,谁发明了电脑？,2. wo
17、rk out to calculate an answer, amount, price, or value 计算 to think about sth. and manage to understand it 设法弄懂 to think carefully about how you are going to do sth. and plan a good way of doing it 精心制定出，安排,eg. See if you can work out this bill . The plot is so complicated that itll take you a while
18、to work it out.,计算,弄明白, I cant work out Geoff ; one day hes friendly ,the next day he ignores me completely. I havent worked out whos gong to look after the kids tonight.,明白,计划,3. latitude Our position is latitude 40 degrees north.我们的位置是北纬40度。,4. longitude,Our position is longitude 116 degrees east.
19、我们的位置是东经116度。,5. identify vt.把等同于;认出,鉴定, 认为同一I identified the jacket at once；it was my brothersHe identifies beauty with goodnessidentify oneself with 与有联系,支持He preferred not to identify himself with that group.,identification n. 辨认, 鉴定, 证明, 视为同一identity n.同一性, 身份, 一致, 特性, 恒等式identity card 身份证,1. We
20、 may well wonder how seamen explored the oceans before latitude and longitude made it possible to plot a ships position on a map.,在经纬度未能绘出航船在地图上的位置之前，我们很想知道航海员是怎样在海上探险的。,Reading,Page 1, may/might well 很可能，极有可能 These are excellent photographs and we may well use them in our magazine. 这些是很不错的照片，我们很有可能
21、把它们用在我们的杂志上。 You might well find that youll need more by the weekend. 到周末你很可能会发现你需要更多东西。, 主语+thinkfeelmakeconsider+it +n.adj.+ forof sb. to do其中it为形式宾语，forof引出动词不定式的逻辑主语。我认为学好英语对他很重要。我已经表明我反对这个计划。,I think it important for him to learn English well,I have made it clear that I object to the plan.,2. T
22、he voyages of travelers before the 17th century show that they were not at the mercy of the sea even though they did not have modern navigational aids.17世纪前的海上航行表明，即使没有现代航海术的帮助，旅行者也没有受大海的支配。,voyage n./ vi. 航海, 航行The voyage from England to India used to take six months.过去从英国航行到印度要六个月。 go on/make/take
23、 a sea voyage去航海旅行voyager n.航行者, 航海者,trip 指休闲或因商的短途旅行journey 指从一地出发直达目的地的长途陆路旅行或旅程，不含回到原出发点之意。travel 常指到国外或某个遥远的地方去，不强调具体目的地。指具体的旅行时常用复数，用单数一般表示旅行的抽象概念。,trip, journey, travel, voyage, tour,voyage 强调较远距离的水上或空中旅行或游历。tour 指周游或巡回旅行，常常是访问一系列地方后再回到原出发点。,e.g.We will have a comfortable voyage to the Far Eas
24、t through air.我们乘飞机去远东旅游将会非常舒适。,The journey to the seaside will take not more than two days.到海边去旅行最多需要花费两天时间。I at once began making preparations for a trip home.我马上开始为回家做准备。,Our American friends are making a tour of Shanghai.我们的美国朋友正在对上海进行巡回旅行。He came back home after years of foreign travel.在多年的国外旅行
25、后他回到了家。,They have got everything ready to make a _ across the Atlantic. A. trip B. travel C. voyage D. tour, at the mercy ofwithout any protection against; helpless before 任由摆布；在面前无助 They were lost at sea, at the mercy of wind and weather. 他们在海上迷失了方向,任凭风和天气的摆布。 I dont like to be at the mercy of such
26、 a man. 我不愿受这样一个人的摆布。,have mercy on/ show mercy to 对表示怜悯The terrorists showed no mercy to the hostages.恐怖分子对人质残酷无情。without mercy 毫不留情地The mother left the dying baby in the hospital without mercy.那位母亲狠心地把垂死的婴儿丢弃在医院。,Its a mercy (that) (口)幸运的是,幸亏(用于表示更遭的情况得以避免总算是幸运)Its a mercy the accident happened so
27、 near the hospital.幸亏事故发生在离医院很近的地方。Its a mercy she wasnt seriously hurt.幸运的是她伤势不重。, even though = even if 虽然,即使 引导让步状语从句A.引导把握不大或假设的事情 Even if we achieve great success in our work, we should not be proud. 即使我们在工作上取得了巨大的胜利，也不能骄傲。,即便他能通过考试，以后找工作也成问题。. 即使他们失败十次也不灰心丧气。,He will have problems in finding a
28、 job even if he can pass the exam.,They wouldnt lose heart even if they failed ten times.,B.引出事实Even though he was late, he was not criticized by the teacher.他虽然迟到了，也没有挨老师的批评。I can still remember, even though it was so long ago.虽然这是很久以前的事，我还记得。,* There was never any time for Kate to feel lonely, she
29、 was an only childA. ever since B. now that C. even though D. even as,* Allow children the space to voice their opinions, _ they are different from your own. (05湖南) A. until B. even if C. unless D. as though,3. alongside prep. = by the side of; side by side with在旁边；与并排adv. = along, near, at, or to t
30、he side在旁边，近旁，沿着边He parked his car alongside the fence.他把车沿着围墙停放。A car drew up alongside.一辆汽车开上来并排而行。,4. minimum (min) adj. 最小的, 最低的 n. 最小值, 最小化。其反义词为maximum (max) adj. 最高的, 最多的, 最大极限的n. 最大量, 最大限度, 极大,The minimum requirements for the job are a degree and two years experience. 该工作的最低要求是要有学位和两年的工作经验。
31、You must get a minimum of 40 questions right to pass the examination. 你最少必须答对40道题才能通过考试。,keep/reduce sth. to a minimum 将某物保持在/降低到最低限度 The school manages to keep bullying to a minimum. 学校设法最低限度得减少恃强凌弱的行为。 The maximum number of students in each class is 58. 每个班学生人数的最高限额是58名。,We must make maximum use o
32、f the resources available. 我们必须最大限度地利用可得到的资源。 Temperature will reach a maximum of 40 here. 这儿的最高气温将达40摄氏度。,5. indicate vt. 指出, 显示, 象征, 预示, 需要, 简要地说明I asked him where my sister was and he indicated the shop opposite.我问他姐姐在哪儿, 他朝对面的商店指了一下。I indicated that his help was not welcome.我表明他的帮助不受欢迎。,6. close
33、 adj. near in space or time 空间上或时间上靠近的 likely 可能的careful 小心的,close to death 离死亡不远take a close look at sth.严密注意某物keep a close watch/eye on仔细地看,They chose a spot close to the river for their picnic.他们选择了一个离河不远的地方进行野餐。Your birthday is close to mine.你的生日离我的生日相隔不长。The two countries are close to signing a
34、 peace agreement.两国即将签署和平协议。,7. used to do表过去习惯化的动作或状态be/become/get used to doing/n.习惯于(to为介词)be used to do 为被动语态，表示“被用来做某事”I used to go swimming on Saturdays but now I dont.,The country life he was used to _ greatly since 1992. (2005 山东) A. change B. has changed C. changing D. have changed,Im not u
35、sed to getting up so early. Cloth is used to make clothes.,used to do与 would 用法对比1. used to do表示过去的动作、状态, 重在与现在情况的对比,不一定要有时间状语。would 只表示过去动作的重复, 有明确的时间状语。 I would go to see my grandfather on Sunday when he was in the middle school. I used to play cards a lot, but now I seldom play.,2.表示过去的习惯, 可互换。 W
36、hen we were very young, we used to/would go skating every winter.注: used to do 的否定式: usednt to do/didnt use to do (usednt也可写作usent.) 疑问式:Did you use to do?/ Used you to do?Didnt you use to do?/ Usednt you to do?,8. nowhere adv.无处, 到处都无 该词用于句首时，要用倒装语序。I have no job and nowhere to live.我没工作，也没地方住。Nowh
37、ere could I see him.我哪儿也看不到他。,Maybe you have been to many countries, but nowhere else _ such a beautiful palace. (2004 辽宁) A. can you find B. you could find C. you can find D. could you find,9. offshore adj./adv.向海面吹的, 离岸的, 海面上的, 海上/下作业的offshore workers 海上作业的工人 offshore bank/company/investment境外银行/公
38、司/投资,offshore wind/current etc.从陆地吹向海面的风/离岸的潮流The storm moved offshore. 风暴离岸移动。A boat moored offshore. 船在近海下锚。,10. accelerate vi./vt.= to (cause to ) move faster 加速, 促进She accelerated her car and passed the bus in front.她加快车速超过了前面的公共汽车。The car suddenly accelerated.那辆车突然开始加速。,1. secure adj.安全的, 可靠的,
39、放心的, 无虑的v. 保护,使安全 Our house is secure from flood. 我们的房子没有被淹的危险。 Some measures are needed to secure the bank from a flood. 这道堤防需要采取一些措施, 免得被洪水冲坏。,Page2,security n.安全，保安，保护Security was tight during the Presidents visit.总统来访期间，保安工作十分严密。For security reasons the visitors were searched.为了安全起见，来宾受到了检查。,2. no/not/never until 直到才,-Was his father very strict with him when he was at school?-Yes. He had never praised him _ he became one of the top students in his grade. (03 北京春) A. after B. unless C. until D. when,Too much today!Have a rest!,Good bye,
