1、模糊限制语的界定及分类董 娜(=S 100024)K 1:本文论述了语言中最普遍, 最典型的模糊语言模糊限制语通过了大量的理论研究和实际语言材料,叙述了变动型模糊限制语和缓和型模糊限制语。对模糊限制语的研究不仅可以推动模糊语言学的研究, 而且对指导语言交际也具有实际意义。1oM:模糊限制语 变动型模糊限制语 缓和型模糊限制语B、 1965 M, Su X F Dv e E(L.A.Zadeh) e (Information and Control) ?V “ “” (Fuzzy Sets),K*4 “ “” Q。1965 M?V“ “”B vl ,B 5w_ 。“ “”?V,S“ 3。S 20
2、 W70 M。 B , =SvM q?VS 1979 M4 “ ” S =K* ,S“ S 3。T EBB, K9 BtEi。 SE V(G.Lakoff) K -% ,1T1972 M?VB ” Hedges:a study in meaning criteria and thelogic of fuzzy concepts”。=、 KK(hedges) K*C V(G.Lakoff)(1972) 775 “ K:lS Q ”(Hedges:a study in meaning criteria and the logic offuzzy concepts)B。 K Bt“i Y f kF
3、M”。T EBBs0, K K R、K 。 V(G.Lakoff) (1972)/l :K(hedges) Bti Y kF M(wordswhose job it is tomake things fuzzier or less fuzzier) 1。20 W80 M ,S K t ? )。 K +l+ ?, ME9。 K ,lBB il,7 O P Kr= LN。、 Ks V(G.Lakoff); 10K, K,tV KBs,i“v KlM, : t M、M、d 、 f M, V K KT。 KZ T “。1972 M(L.A.Zadeh) K “ d(A Fuzzy-Set:Theore
4、tic Inter-pretation of Linguistics Hedges)B, Ks v :B K eM, :very, more or less,much, highly, slightly.q K:d, ,v(),28=S 2003 M4 (9116 ) M ? ed M, ? very trian-gele (d ),ytriangle ( ) B M。= KT sYV *tZ T M。 Kessentially, technically, actually, strictlyspeaking, practically, virtually, regular。qN K : ,
5、L= , ,9 ,V il ,+,e,K VV 6BFs 。B K ? e M, very goodvery, satisfactory on the wholeon thewhole。 6B K; ? e M,? e M, about, V :about midnight ()about ten (10)about midnight ()aboute midnight (), midnight () M,7about ten (10), about eten M。 K e M(F), M(F) QM Q 。 :q 、,B“” e“ ” B M,7=“” e“” M。K E Y Vs :B M
6、, very, actually, regu-larqd,e= V U“”, “”-ish, greenish,sweetishq,“8” V U 。 , “8 ”, “8”。 so.that.( N), BV MM。 V n s, I think, I believe, Imyopinionq“ ”, “PY ”。1 Y E.F.Prince# YJ.FraderC.BoskV Ks。 K ?, VsM K(approximators) K(shields)。 H.P.Grice (1975)7s“ L f Vl,d L f V”cl (conversational implicature)
7、 1,M Kv L= f M5 M, VMi, VMHq, X f S ,BMS,yN lS。 K VBs :B L= f ilS M,“M”(adaptors);= BMSM, “SM” (rounders)。7 KiM5 = ,M 5Hq, .r 5 P = , AE,V7WVr , P t,yN K S。 K9 Vs :(plausibility shields)W(attribution shields)。=, us T K, 1 Llil。29=S 2003 M4 (9116 )1.变动型模糊限制语M K(approximators) = Bv8MS,N K = BMSM,“SM”
8、(rounders)。=, P M K VE ,S 8,V7 LC= “。(1)MM(adaptors) L= f ilS M,=Bt , 8Bt, L= f F,VE 。M:alittle bit, almost, kind of, more or less,quite, really, some, somewhat, sort of, to, someextent. =“+ y ?。 :“please would you tell me.” said Alice, alittle timidly, for she was not quite sure whether it wasgood
9、manners for her to speak first, “why your catgrins like that?”Lewis Carroll, Alice s Adventures in Won-derland:13 Ml, Y 9,yN, #v E 9P,i O #v E 9 “Iq . 。T P Ma littlequite,|l * C,? + 3, Y ! s。 TT P K, A ,V7J1- / l 。B D 3 , “ |h 、_ , l J3。 D “5 B、 H +, P K。/ D 3W 0。Whatabouthisears ?Ishe stilldraining
10、 fluid ?It is just sort of crusted.not reallydraining.V V A,D 3h h ,#V UM“crusted”“draining” - F M“sort of”“not really”, PD 3 =。 TD 3( ) K, A , 9#n, h。She noticed that he was a little bit on the blueside.T K“a little bit”, P % AB ,9 L=f M, qv M。 / E M mv ,S T wE, V=EE O m8 H,Q P K, : F8 f ! M, Fg z
11、14“8”“ ” M。- OT , T “ ”,7 “ M, Fgz”,tV, P m ff, 4/MU Y,1 。“ ” KT, PM1 8。 ,M Us V1 。 :It s very good.It s rather good.” It s very good”1“It s rather good.”Bt。nMM s V/ TV U:veryquitesomewhatratherprettya littlebit.tM, VB“ “”。i ,:“ “” i,1X , *+ ?Z 。 M“ sort of, a little bit,almost, (not)really,30=S 200
12、3 M4 (9116 )quite, (not)entirelyM,/ 0|83 M。 V P 0 t, $ s。The car hit him on his left side, and he sortofgrazed off the car and fell to the ground.he didnt.he wasn t really thrown.He came in with a tube from other place thatwas almost falling out.He thinks it s a little bit stupid.1It s almost certai
13、n to succeed.12She kind of hoped to be invited.13The job s more or less finished.14Are you feeling better today?Some, I guess.15The price was somewhat higher than I d ex-pected.16I was feeling sort of.well.ill, really.17I agree with what you say to some extent.V UM K L= Bt 5 8t, L= f t,E V。yN,=“+ yT
14、。(2)SMSM(rounders)5K S K。 Y H PM, P K H,P A In 8 f 5 ,7I nSvl,y # 83,P VBS = 5il。SM:about, approximately, essentially, in most re-spects, loosely strictly spesking,parexcellence,rough-ly, something between.and., around, or so, atleast, less than,more than. :18Generally speaking, staining was confine
15、d tothe vascular tissues.(B , K 5F) “generally speaking” KV 1- 。 K P, ? P 0 。 K, 0 A , 9 ,7 M, =。19Samantha has approximately150 in her piggybank.y X 3 , L= f ,# P BSM“approx-imately”20The baby s blood pressure was also about,uh, something between forty and fitity palpable.y EB/0 B 3, P ” about, uh,
16、 something”BSM。= P K V_P5S, P ?S= Y。“ E M mv ,B Ik “ ”。 B m“ ”S / N:21“BlB Ms ,9 , F 。“9 ” BSM,9 m y, ? “ ”TBv N, T|“9 ” , * “BlB Ms , F 。”9 Z4 YL, F SM, M ,7 O 1- =。SMT 3 eK,YC 3 - 。 T 3 - XiBt eKSMlsM , * ?|SMb3 - 。 :about wxactly 10 years oldexactly about 10 years oldV UZE ,y“exactly”V UB Q,7“abo
17、ut” V UB Q, MlsM 。 Bt f /, Vl A , 3, | j V 。 f /, 3 - BV U QM, 9 ?|SMb M - 。 NS ,1991 M。14. l : : M M , , 1985 M。15.M : M , Z, 1999 M。16.M :“ ” J, S, 1979 M4 。17.M :“ ” J, S, 1979 M5 。18.M :“ ” J , y !,1989 M6 。19.f D: l M ,S S,1998 M。20.f D: 8 M ,v ,1998 M。 ( 27:)Oxford:Oxford University Press.4.Fi
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19、 language acquisition and performance.Language Le-arning 28.8.Lyons, J.1968.Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.9.McCarthy, M.1991.Discourse Analysis for Language Teach-ers.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.10.Munby, J.1978.Communicative Syllabus Design.Ca
20、m-bridge:Cambridge University Press.11.Pawley, A.and Syder, F.1983.Two puzzles in linguistictheory:nativelike selection and nativelike fluency.In J.C.Richards and R.Schmidt(eds.).Language andCommuni-cation.London:Long, man.12.Peters, A.1977.Language learning strategies:does thewhole equal the sum of
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