1、Seminar three Multidisciplinary Tourism Research: State of the Art,22 April 2011 / evening,Outline,Overview of tourism research Three content analytic observations Discussion and implications Questions,Overview: Tourism Researchers,AN EVER-EXPANDING COMMUNITY Young, multidisciplinary, rapidly growin
2、g research community. 3000 universities offering degree programs (UNWTO 2005), e.g., China 500(c.p. CNTA stats 693), UK 270, US 200, Australia 35, Korea 200, Japan 19, etc 40-45% of faculty mandates (Sheldon 1990). Graduate student researchers Non-university based tourism research (consultants; gove
3、rnment; industry). Association membership: TTRA 945, AIEST 400, APTA 300+, CAUTHE 35(institution) and 190+ associates, TRINET 3000+. (c.p. Am. Asso. Solid State Physics: 3000 in 1966, NRPA 3000+),Overview: Research outputs,MORE THAN WE CAN READ! Over 2000 peer-reviewed papers appeared annually in ov
4、er 80 tourism-related journals (Hall 2004). Papers published in both tourism and non-tourism journals Tourism book series (Elsevier, Pergamon, Butterworth-Heinemann, Channel View, Routledge, Continuum, Cognizant, CAB International, Pearson, Prentice-Hall, Haworth, Wiley, Sage). Theses and dissertati
5、ons. Conference papers and proceedings TR data centers, databases Unpublished project documents, working papers, commissioned reports Online publishing andelectronic postings.,Overview: Research associations and conferences,Major generic ones TTRA (Travel and Tourism Research Association 1970) AIEST
6、 (International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism 1956) APTA (Asia Pacific Tourism Association 1995) CAUTHE (Council of Australian Universities in Tourism and Hospitality Education 1989/90) IAST (International Academy for the Study of Tourism 1988) Major specialized ones ATLAS (Associatio
7、n for Tourism and Leisure Education) CHRIE (International Council of Hotel, Restaurant & Institutional Education) ISTTE (International Society of Travel and Tourism Educators) NRPA (National Recreation and Park Association) CCLR (Canadian Congress of Leisure Research) IGU (International Geographical
8、 Union) ISA (International Sociological Association), etc. Graduate research conferences (e.g., Asia-Pacific Forum for Graduate Research in Tourism, Graduate Education and Graduate Students Research Conference in Hospitality and Tourism). Other regionally based ones (e.g., International Tourism Stud
9、ies Association),Overview: Research journals,40+ tourism, 26 hospitality, and 16 leisure and recreation 23 were published prior to, and 58 published after 1990-a growth by 3 times in the last 15 years Youngest ones: Int. J. of Tourism Policy and Research ( Inderscience 2007), ATNA J. of Tourism Stud
10、ies (2006, India), J of Heritage Tourism (July 2006), J of Mobility (early 2006), China Tourism Research (2005), Tourism in Marine Environments (2005), J. of Ecotourism (2004/5), perhaps more to come. Oldest ones: Turizam or Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal (est.1952, now in v. 56
11、/7); Tourist Review (est.1956, now in v.63/4); Journal of Travel Research(1961-71: Travel Research Bulletin, continue since 1972 as JTR, now in v.47); Annals of Tourism Research(est.1973, now in v.36).,Overview: Research journals,Oldest leisure and recreation journals: World Leisure & Recreation Ass
12、ociation Journal (1958), Journal of Leisure Resarch(1969) Oldest hospitality journals: Cornell Hotel & Restaurant Administration Quarterly(1960), Hospitality Research J. (1976, continued as J. of Hospitality and Tourism Research). By age of journal appearance, tourism, recreation/leisure, and hospit
13、ality are twin fields.,Overview: Research journals,More thematically specialized journals (tourism economics, ecotourism, marine environment, e.g., Information Technology & Tourism). More regionally specialized journals (China Tourism Research, ANATOLIA, Scandinavian J. of Tourism Research) More top
14、ically special issues (e.g., Annals 28 special issues, TRR 20+). More tri-/bi-lingual journals(e.g., Tourist Review, Turizam or Tourism, Annals, China Tourism Research) Dominance of Anglophone journals.,Overview: Research journals,SSCI-indexed journals (13 in total, as of 2009) Annals of Tourism Res
15、earch Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly International J. of Hospitality Management J. of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education J. of Leisure Research J. of Sustainable Tourism J. of Travel Medicine Leisure Sciences Scandinavian J. of Tourism Research South African J. of
16、 Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation Tourism Economics Tourism Geographies Tourism Management,Overview: Research journals,Ranking and visibility Various ranking exercises of academics, journals, departments/institutions (e.g., HK PolyU.) The Big Three in tourism: Annals of Tourism R
17、esearch, Journal of Travel Research, and Tourism Management The Big Three in hospitality: Cornell Quarterly, International J. of Hospitality Management, and J. of Hospitality and Tourism Research. The Big Three in rec/leisure: J. of Leisure Research, Leisure Sciences, Leisure Studies. Other highly-r
18、ated tourism journals: J. of Travel and Tourism Marketing, Tourism Analysis, J. of Sustainable Tourism, J. of Tourism Studies, Tourism Geographies. Lower impacts of tourism journals outside the field (McKercher 2005) 2nd class status among traditional social sciences or business journals,Overview: R
19、esearch journals,Major listings or sources of journals (Purdue Univ.) www.polyu.edu.hk/htm/rc/academic.htm (HK PolyU) (Rene Waksberg) www.fes.uwaterloo.ca/tourism/links.html (Univ. of Waterloo) http:/ (I): Subjects of Tourism Research,Questions What are the major subjects published in Annals (1973
20、-2003)?What are the major change patterns over 30 years?,Analysis (I): Methods,Content analysis of Annals Subject Index ( under “subject index”) Unit of Analysis: Primary subject headword (sub-divisions of a subject are incorporated into the primary subject headword) Citation frequencies are tabulat
21、ed cumulatively (e.g., 1973-2003) and in 5-year periods (e.g., 73-78; 79-83; 84-88),Analysis (I): Results (13 major subject areas by periodic frequency),Methodology Development Impacts Organization/association United States Tourist International tourism Planning Resort Culture Marketing Motivation A
22、ttraction,Analysis (I): Results (14 major subject areas by cumulative frequency),Conference Industry Destination Third World Employment Tourism Hotel Policy Demand Transportation Domestic tourism Caribbean Ethnic Government,Analysis (I): Results: Two meta-categories of knowledge,Methodology and theo
23、retical constructs Development and impacts,Analysis(I): Results-contrasting patterns,Analysis(I): Results-geographical focus,Analysis(I): Results: Contributing disciplines or fields (cumulative),Geography/planning Marketing/management Recreation/leisure Anthropology/sociology Hospitality Education H
24、istory,Psychology Economics Politics/political science Religion Architecture Archaeology Public administration Philosophy,Analysis(I): Results-contributing disciplines/fields,Analysis(II): Citations for Tourism Research,Questions: Whom do we cite for TR? What is the source knowledge for TR? What are
25、 the characteristics of TR citations? Any change patterns observable over the years?,Analysis(II): Methods,Citation analysis of the references of Annals articles(1973-2003). Systematic and stratified sample (N=1,254) Schemes of coding or units of analysis: authorship, age of cited sources, media typ
26、es, publication titles(e.g., subject areas, disciplines or fields, geographical specialization), and source language. Citation frequencies are tabulated in six 5-year periods(e.g., 73-78; 79-83; 84-88, 89-93, 94-98, 99-03),Analysis(II): Results-authorship,A total of 61 authors (5%) were repeatedly c
27、ited (twice or more) in the sample. Among them,8 authors were repeatedly cited and appeared in two different periods13 authors were repeatedly cited and consistently appeared in three or more periodsStill weak in sharing a common knowledge base!?,Analysis(II): Results-age of cited sources,Concentrat
28、ion on citing contemporary sources, about a 5-10 year lag between publication and citation,Analysis(II): Results-publication media/using credible sources (90%) for research,Analysis(II): Results-field journals/tourism journals,Analysis(II): Results-the Big Three tourism journals dominate,Analysis(II
29、): Results16 subject areas contributing to TR,Analysis(II): Results15 disciplines/fields contributing to TR,Analysis(II): Results29% of the source knowledge has geographical focus,Analysis(II): ResultsAnglophone sources (95% vs 5%),Analysis (III): Impacts of Tourism Knowledge,Objective: To examine t
30、he scholarly impacts of a branch of tourism knowledge, namely, sociological and anthropological TR on academics within versus outside the field. Questions: Who cite us in their research? To what extent tourism researchers speak to academics outside the field? To what extent tourism knowledge assets
31、contribute internally to tourism versus externally to non-tourism fields and home disciplines? To what extent it is disseminated or transferred across cultural or linguistic boundaries?,Analysis(III): Methods,Convenience sample derived from Dann (2003-IAST, 2005-Tourism Analysis), of seven sociologi
32、st and anthropologist tourism researchers with 19 titles (Brunner, Cohen, Graburn, Lanfant, MacCannell, Urry & Wang). Google Scholar used as the search tool.2,427 citation links retrieved in May 2006, with N=2,280 instances retained for a citation analysis.Coding schemes/Units of analysis: authors a
33、nd titles (e.g., tourism, non-tourism, tourism-related, home-field), year of citation, journals, fields/disciplines, Anglophone vs Non-Anglophone.,Analysis(III): Results,Authorship and subjects of citation titles (N=2,280),Analysis(III): Results,Years of citations (N=2,280)1980s1% 1990s12% 2000s87%,
34、Analysis(III): Results,Citation impacts by publication media (N=2,280),Analysis(III): Results,Articles by field journals (n=1,483),Analysis(III): Results,Overall citation impacts by fields (N=2,620),Analysis(III): Results,Citation impacts across linguistic boundaries (N=2,280),Discussion and Implica
35、tions,Rapid growth of its knowledge base (both in quantity and quality, e.g., compare to the 70s and 80s; but see also Page 2005, Franklin Hunter 1997, MacBeth 2005) moving on with an enormous intellectual debt to the pioneer generation (in terms of its source knowledge and impacts, e.g., classic te
36、xts and articles),Discussion and Implications-cont,Continue to be multidisciplinary (yet impoverished theoretical state-of-the-art due to multidisciplinarity) Inter-/post-disciplinary and critical tourism studies emerging Continue to embrace new themes and explore new approaches Limitations: 1) single journal; 2) single branch of knowledge Future Research: The frame can be expanded, to include more journals or publications, and to incorporate other multidisciplinary branches.,讨论,我看多学科旅游研究 我眼中的多学科旅游研究 “旅游研究”三人谈,
