1、笔记符号1. Note-taking symbols and abbreviations for your reference:Abbreviations in Note takingUse only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time.Symbols helpful in math - these are commo
2、nly used in texts and references.S = sumf = frequencyLeave out periods in standard abbreviations.cf = comparee.g. = exampledept = departmentUse only the first syllable of a word.pol = politicsdem = democracylib = liberalcap = capitalismUse entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable.pr
3、es = presentationsubj = subjectind = individualcons = conservativeEliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation.assoc = associatebiol = biologyinfo = informationach = achievementchem = chemistrymax = maximumintro = introductionconc = concentrationmin = mini
4、mumrep = repetitionOmit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word.ppd = preparedprblm = problemestmt = estimatebkgd = backgroundgvt = governmentUse an apostrophe in place of letters.amt = amountcontd = continuedgovt = governmenteducatl = educationalForm the pl
5、ural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s.chpts = chaptersegs = examplesfs = frequenciesintros = introductionsUse g to represent ing endings.ckg = checkingestg = establishingdecrg = decreasingexptg = experimentingSpell out short words such as in, at, to, but, for, and key.Abbreviations or sym
6、bols for short words will make the notes too dense with shorthand.Leave out unimportant words.Leave out the words a and the.If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. For example, Center for Aerospace Sc
7、iences becomes CAS thereafter.Use symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words.& = andw/ = withw/o = withoutvs = against = therefore= = is or equalUse technical symbols where applicable.zb = German, for exampleibid = Latin, the same worko = degreesH2O = waterMore reference:Use sta
8、ndard maths, accounting, and science symbols. Examples:+ plus/ parallelUse standard abbreviations and leave out full stops. Examples:eg exampleIT dept Information Technology departmentUK United KingdomUse only the first syllable of a word. Examples:mar marketingcus customercli clientUse the entire f
9、irst syllable and the first letter of the second syllable. Examples:subj subjectbudg budgetind individualTo distinguish among various forms of the same word, use the first syllable of the word, an apostrophe, and the ending of the word. Examples:techgy technologygenion generalisationdely deliveryUse
10、 just enough of the beginning of a word to form a recognisable abbreviation. Examples:assoc associatedach achievementinfo informationOmit vowels from the middle of words, retaining only enough consonants to provide a recognisable skeleton of the word. Examples:bkgd backgroundmvmt movementprblm probl
11、emForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s. Examples:custs customersfs frequencies/s ratiosUse g to represent ing endings. Examples:decrg decreasingckg checkingestblg establishingSpell out, rather than abbreviate short words. Examples:inbutaskeyLeave out unimportant verbs. Example
12、s:iswaswereLeave out unnecessary articles. Examples:aantheIf a term, phrase, or name is initially written out in full during the talk or meeting, initials can be substituted whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. Example:January Advertising Campaign Budget JACBUse symbols for common conne
13、ctive or transition words. Examples: at2 to4 for& andw/ withw/o withoutvs againstCreate your own set of abbreviations and symbols. You may wish to develop separate sets of symbols and abbreviations for different courses or subjects.Other Symbols and Abbreviationsas a result of / consequences of resu
14、lting in -and / also +equal to / same as =following ffmost importantly *less than especially esp一、 缩略词英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高，如 IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。很显然如果能熟练掌握缩略词，会对考试大有裨益。缩略词的写法一般为四种方式：F拿掉所有元音MKT: marketMGR: managerMSG: messageSTD: standardRCV: receiveF保留前几个字母INFO informationINS insuran
15、ceEXCH exchangeI owe you IOUIn stead of I/OF保留开头和结尾个发音字母WK weekRM roomPL peopleF根据发音R areTHO thoughTHRU through高级口译听力常用英语缩略词表缩略词 原词APT ApartmentACC AccountantACDG AccordingACPT AcceptAD AdvertisementADS AddressADV AdviceAMAP As much/many as possibleAMT AmountAPV ApproveASAP As soon as possibleBAL Ba
16、lanceBLDG BuildingCERT CertificateCFM ConformCNCL CancelCNF ConferenceCMI CommissionCMP CompleteCMPE Compete/competitiveCMU CommunicationCONC Concern/concerning/concernedCOND ConditionCO. CompanyDEPT DepartmentDISC DiscountDPT DepartureEXCH ExchangeEXPLN ExplainEXT ExtentFLT FlightFNT FinalFRT Freig
17、htFYR For your referenceGD GoodGUAR GuaranteeH.O. Home officeINFO InformationIMPS ImpossibleIMP(T) ImportantINCD IncludeINDIV IndividualINS InsuranceINTST InterestedI/O In stead ofIOU I owe youIVO In view ofMANUF ManufactureMDL ModelMEMO MemorandumMGR MangerMIN MinimumMKT MarketMSG MessageNCRY Neces
18、saryNLT No later thanOBS ObserveOBT ObtainORD OrdinaryPAT PatentPC PiecePKG PackingPL PeoplePLS PleasePOSN PositionPOSS(BL) PossiblePROD ProductQLTY QualityQUTY QuantityRCV ReceiveREF ReferenceREGL RegularREP RepresentativeRESN ReservationRPT RepeatRESPON ResponsibleSEC SectionSITN SituationSTD Stan
19、dardTEL TelephoneTEMP TemporaryTGM TelegraphTHO ThoughTKS ThanksTRD TradeTRF TrafficTTL TotalU YouUR YourWK WeekWL WillWT WeightXL Extra large二、 字母、图像Z 表示“人”people/person，因为“Z”看上去像个人头，它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。例如：日本人：JZ。C 表示政府，统治：government，govern 希腊字母 C读/ga:ma/,近似 government, 所以就用 C来表示 govern, government。go
20、vernmental official 可以表示为 CZP 表示政治：politics, political 希腊字母 P读/pai/,近似 politics, political。那么politician就可以表示为 PZE 表示总数：total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, ect. E 数学符号表示总值。G 表示效率：efficient, effective。G 为效率符号。Q 表示“通货膨胀”：inflation 因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。A 表示农业: agriculture.
21、agriculture 经常用到，所以用首字母代替。B 表示商业：business。C 表示冲突，矛盾：conflict， confrontation “C”中的“”表示反对，字母“C”将反对的概念缩小为 conflict 和 confrontation。W 表示工作，职业: work, employ 等。它是 work的第一个字母。所以 WZ就可以用来表示worker, 而 W(Z在字母上方表示 employer, 在字母下方表示 employee)。i 表示工业: industry, industrial 字母 i 像只烟囱，所以用来可以用来表示工业。U U 看酷似一个酒杯，在笔记中表示合
22、同、协议（treaty, agreement）一般只有在谈判成功、协议成交后才会表示“举杯祝贺”。如果在 U内填入 2，就可以表示为bilateral（双边的）, 填入 3表示为 trilateral(三边的)。填入在 U中填入 1表示: Unilateralism（单边主义），填入 m (multiple) 表示多边主义。如果在 U上加一个“/”表示谈判破裂。O 表示“国家”、“民族”、“领土”等：country, state, nation, etc.gO 表示进口，Og表示出口这个符号酷似一把椅子，可以表示主持、主办：chair, host, preside over。那么在此符号上加
23、Z表示主席，主持人：chairman, host, etc.T 表示“领导人”：leader, head 那么 head of government, head of company 便可以表示为 CT 圆圈表示一个圆桌，中间一点表示一盆花，这个符号就可以表示会议、开会等：meeting，conference， negotiation，seminar，discussion，symposiumk 这个符号看上像条鱼，所以表示“捕鱼业”等合 fishery 有关的词汇。O 圆圈代表地球，横线表示赤道，所以这个符号就可以表示国际的、世界的、全球的等: international, worldwide
24、, global, universal, etc.J 表示开心：pleasant, joyful，happy，excited, etc.L 表示不满、生气 unsatisfied, discomfort, angry, sad, etc.EO 表示听到、总所周之：as we all know, as is known to all, as you have already heard of, etc.O 表示漠不关心、无动于衷：indifferent, apathetic, unconcern, dont care much, etc.三、 箭头g 表示到达、传达：go into，arrive
25、 at，give to，send to，present to etc.表示导致、引导：lead to, result in, in the direction of, etc.表示屈服：submit tof 表示来自于：be/come from，return，receive from, etc.表示追溯到：come/go back to，originateh 表示上升：up/upward/rise，increase，arise，ascend, etc.表示发射、投放市场、发行：launch，open, start, etc.表示发展、加强、推进：develop，strengthen， prom
26、ote, etc表示“波折”：ups and downs, twists and turns, etc.四、 数学符号+ 表示“多”: many, lots of, a great deal of, a good many of, etc.+(+2) 表示“多”的比较级：more+3 表示“多”的最高级：most 表示“少”: little, few, lack ,in short of/ be in shortage of etc. 表示“错误”、“失误”和“坏”的概念：wrong/incorrect，something bad，notorious，negative, etc. 表示“多于”
27、概念：bigger/larger/greater/more than/better than, etc.表示“高” 概念：superior to，surpass, etc. 表示“少于”概念：less/smaller，etc.表示“低”概念：inferior to，etc.= 表示“同等”概念：means，that is to say， in other words，the same as，be equal to, etc.表示“对手”概念：a match, rival, competitor, counterpart, etc.( ) 表示“在之间”：among, within, etc.
28、表示“不同”概念：be different from, etc.表示“无敌”概念：matchless, peerless, etc. 表示“大约”概念：about/around，or so， approximately, etc./ 表示“否定”，“消除”等概念：cross out, eliminate, etc.五、 标点等: 表示各种各样“说”的动词：say, speak, talk, marks, announce, declare, etc.? 表示“问题”：question，issue，例如：台湾问题：tw?. (dot) 这个“.”点的位置不同表示的概念也不一样“.d”表示 yes
29、terday, “.y”表示last year, “.2m”表示 two month ago。“y”表示 this year, “y2.” two year later“next week”, 可以表示为“wk.” 表示转折 表示“好的“状态，right/good，famous/well-known，etc.表示“同意”状态，stand up for，support， agree with sb, certain/ affirmative, etc.表示“重要的”状态：important，exemplary（模范的） best，outstanding，brilliant，etc.n 表示“交流
30、”状态：exchange，mutual, etc.& 表示“和”，“与”：and，together with，along with， accompany，along with，further more，etc. 表示“结束”：end，stop，halt，bring sth to a standstill/stop, etc.六、 较长单词的处理办法-ism 简写为 m 例如：socialism Sm-tion 简简写为 n 例如：standardization (标准化) stdn-cian 简 简写为 o 例如：technician techo-ing 简写为 g 例如：marketing (市场营销) MKTg-ed 简写为 d 例如：accepted acptd-able/ible/ble 简写为 bl 例如：available avbl-ment 简写为 mt 例如：amendment amdmt-ize 简写为 z 例如：recognize regz-ful 简写为 fl 例如：meaningful mnfl
