1、一、元素和单质的命名“元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element” ，有时为了区别，在强调“单质”时可用“free element”。因此，单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。下面给出的既是元素的名称，同时又是单质的名称。1 主族元素和单质： IA IIA IIIA IV A V A VIA VIIA 0Hydrogen HeliumLithium Beryllium boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine NeonSodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine ArgonP
2、otassium Calcium Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine KryptonRubidium Strontium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine XenonCesium Barium Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine RadonFrancium Radium2 过渡元素和单质Fe : iron Mn : manganese Cu: copper Zn: zinc Hg: mercury Ag: silver Au: gold二 化合物的命名：化合物的
3、命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读，这与中文读法顺序是相反的。表示原子个数时使用前缀：mono- di - tri- tetra - penta- hexa- hepta- octa-，nona-, deca-,但是在不会引起歧义时，这些前缀都尽可能被省去。1 化合物正电荷部分的读法：直呼其名，即读其元素名称。如 CO: carbon monoxide Al2O3: aluminium oxide N2O4 ：Dinitrogen tetroxide 对于有变价的金属元素，除了可用前缀来表示以外，更多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态，或用后缀-ous 表示低价， -ic 表示高价。如 FeO: i
4、ron(II) oxide 或 ferrous oxide Fe2O3: iron (III) oxide 或 ferric oxideCu2O: copper(I) oxide 或 cuprous oxide CuO: copper(II) oxide 或 cupric oxide 化合物负电荷部分的读法： 二元化合物：常见的二元化合物有卤化物，氧化物，硫化物，氮化物，磷化物，碳化物，金属氢化物等，命名时需要使用后缀-ide ，如：fluoride， chloride， bromide， iodide， oxide ， sulfide ，nitride, phosphide, carbide
5、，hydride; OH -的名称也是用后缀-ide：hydroxide，非金属氢化物不用此后缀，而是将其看成其它二元化合物（见。） ；非最低价的二元化合物还要加前缀，如 O22-: peroxide O2- : superoxide 举例：NaF: sodium fluoride AlCl 3: aluminium chloride Mg2N3 : magnesium nitride Ag 2S： silver sulfide CaC2: calcium carbide Fe(OH) 2： iron(II) hydroxide 有些物质常用俗称，如 NO nitric oxide N2O n
6、itrous oxide 非金属氢化物除了水和氨气使用俗称 water，ammonia 以外，其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称，命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。对于卤族和氧族氢化物，在化学式中写在前面，因此将其看成另一元素的二元化合物。举例： HF hydrogen fluoride HCl hydrogen chlorideHBr hydrogen bromide HI hydrogen iodide H2S hydrogen sulfide H2Se hydrogen selenide H2Te hydrogen telluride对于其它族的非金属氢化物，在化学式中写在后面，可加后
7、缀ane，氮族还可加-ine举例： PH3: phosphine 或 phosphane AsH3: arsine 或 arsane SbH3: stibine 或 stibane BiH3: bismuthaneCH4: methane SiH4: silane B2H6: diborane 无氧酸命名规则：hydro-词根-ic acid举例： HCl: hydrochloric acidH2S : hydrosulfuric acid 含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子化学专业英语用前后缀的不同组合显示不同价态的含氧酸和含氧酸根阴离子，价态相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子具有相同的前缀，不同的后缀。高某
8、酸 per-ic 正酸ic 亚酸-ous 次酸 hypo-ous高某酸根 per-ate 正酸根ate 亚酸根-ite 次酸根 hypo-ite其它的前缀还有 ortho-正 meta- 偏 thio-硫代举例：HClO 4 perchloric acid ClO4- perchlorate ionHClO3 chloric acid ClO3- chlorate ionHClO2 chlorous acid ClO2- chlorite ionHClO hypochlorous acid ClO- hypochlorite ionH2SO4 sulfuric acid H2SO3 sulfu
9、rous acidHNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acidHPO3 metaphosphoric acid S2O32- thiosulfate ion 盐正盐：根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。如 FeSO4 iron(II) sulfate KMnO4 potassium permanganate酸式盐：同正盐的读法，酸根中的读做 hydrogen，氢原子的个数用前缀表示。如 NaHCO3: sodium hydrogen carbonate 或 sodium bicarbonate NaH2PO4: sodium dihydrogenphosph
10、ate复盐：同正盐的读法，并且阳离子按英文名称的第一个字母顺序读。如 KNaCO3: potassium sodium carbonateNaNH4HPO4: ammonium sodium hydrogen phosphate水合盐：结晶水读做 water 或 hydrate如 AlCl3.6H2O: aluminum chloride 6-water 或 aluminum chloride hexahydrate AlK(SO4) 212H2O aluminium potassium sulphate 12-water三 物理性质（physical properties ）colour:
11、colorless, red-brown, violet-black, purple-black, pale yellow, dark brownsmell: odorless, pungent, penetrating, offensive, choking, bitter, sour, sweet state: solid, liquid, gas, gaseous, oily, crystalline, uncrystalline, molten, fusedsolubility: soluble, insoluble, slightly soluble, very soluble ,d
12、ensity: heavy, light , less dense, denser, greatly denser, slightly denser, about the same densehardness: hard, soft , ductile, malleabletoxicity: toxic, poisonous melting point, boiling point: high, lowconductivity: electrical conductivity ; thermal conductivity ; conductor ; insulator; semiconduct
13、or四 化学性质 (chemical properties)stability: stable , unstable, reactive, unreactiveredox property: oxidizing ability, reducing ability, oxidizing agent(oxidant), reducing agent (reductant), oxidation, reduction, oxidation state, valence, strong, weakacid-base property: acidic, basic, strong, weak, mono
14、hydroxy base, monoprotic acid, 五 化学方程式（Chemical Equations）1 反应名称：Combination；decomposition；single displacement； double displacement；redox reaction；nonredox reaction；disproportionation；neutralization；exothermic reaction; endothermic reaction; reversible reaction; forward reaction; reverse reaction; s
15、pontaneous reaction; nonspontaneous reaction 2 反应条件：heat; burn; ignite/ignition ; electrolyze/electrolysis; under/at ambient/room temperature; under standard pressure; with/in the presence of a catalyst 3 读法：3.1 Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to form ammonia at high temperature and pressure with the
16、presence of a catalyst.1 mol nitrogen reacts with 3 mol hydrogen to form 2 mol ammonia at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst. 3.2 Nitrogen combines with hydrogen to form ammonia at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst.Ammonia decomposes to nitrogen
17、 and hydrogen at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst.3.3 Reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst gives ammonia.At high temperature and pressure, reaction of nitrogen with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst
18、takes place. 六 化学计算 (Chemical Calculation)1 化学术语：atomic mass/weight ; molecular weight; amount (of substance); mole; number of moles; molar mass; molar volume; concentration; molarity ; excess agent; limiting agent；reactant; product; yield;2 数学术语： 运算名称 addition subtraction mulplication division动词读法
19、add substract(ed)from multiply(ied)by divide(d)by介词读法 plus minus times over运算结果 sum difference product quotient0.001 o/zero point o o one2/3 two thirds equals/is equal to is approximately equal to less than greater thanx2 x squared ; x3 x cubed ; x-10 x to the minus tenth power100oc one hundred degr
20、ees centigrade 5% five percent (by mass, volume)（）round brackets/parentheses square/angular brackets braceslinear planar trigonal square tetrahedral 七 化学实验（Chemical Experiments ）1 实验用品( equipments / apparatus ) 烧瓶 round-bottom/Florence flask 锥形瓶(conical) Erlenmeyer flask 三角漏斗 funnel 长颈漏斗 thistle tub
21、e 试管架 test-tube rack 集气瓶 bottle ; glass jar 滴定管 burette 烧杯 beaker 玻棒 glass rod 洗瓶 wash bottle 干燥管 drying tube 试管刷 test tube brush 温度计 thermometer 火柴 match酒精灯 burner 石棉网 wire gauze 铁架台 iron stand 指示剂 indicator 酚酞 phenolphthalein U 型管 U tube 石蕊 litmus 甲基橙 methyl orange 淀粉 starch橡皮塞 rubber stopper 橡皮管
22、rubber tube 滴管 eye dropper角匙 spoon 蒸发皿 evaporation dish 滤纸 filter paper 研,棒 mortar and pestle 量筒 graduated cylinder 天平 balance2 实验报告:aims ; principles/introduction ; procedures ; observations; conclusion/deductionbrisk effervescence, precipitate, milky, aqueous solution3 实验类型：confirmative test ; inquiry test; qualitative analysis; quantitative analysis ; measurement / determination on4 实验操作：collect gas （over water; upward displacement of air; downward delivery）bubble gas through ; dry gas ; suck bac
