1、英文学术论文写作 1 (标题)一般来说,一篇完整规范的学术论文由以下各部分构成:Title(标题 ),Abstract(摘要),Keywords(关键词),Table of contents(目录) ,Nomenclature( 术语表) ,Introduction(引言),Method( 方法 ),Results( 结果),Discussion(讨论) ,Conclusion( 结论) ,Acknowledgement(致谢),Reference(参考文献),Appendix( 附录)其中 Title,Abstract,Introduction,Method,Result,Discussio
2、n,Conclusion ,Reference 等八项内容是必不可少的(其他内容根据具体需要而定 )。在这八项内容中,读者最多的是 Title,Abstract 和Introduction 部分,读者会根据这些内容来决定是否阅读全文。也就是说,一篇研究论文赢得读者的多少,在很大程度上取决于 Title,Abstract 和 Introduction 写得好坏。因此这三项内容将各分章详细加以讲述。学术论文的正文一般包括 Method,Result,Discussion 三个部分。这三部分主要描述研究课题的具体内容、方法,研究过程中所使用的设备、仪器、条件,并如实公布有关数据和研究结果等。Conc
3、lusion 是对全文内容或有关研究课题进行的总体性讨论。它具有严密的科学性和客观性,反映一个研究课题的价值,同时提出以后的研究方向。1、标题的写法论文标题是全文内容的缩影。读者通过标题便能够预测论文的主要内容和作者的意图,从而决定是否阅读全文。因此,为了使文章赢得有关领域里众多的读者,论文的标题必须用最精炼的语言恰如其分地体现全文的主题和核心。本章主要探讨英语学术论文标题的语言特点及写法。1.1 标题的长度英语科技论文中,标题不宜过长,大多为 812 个单词左右。要想用有限的字数概括全文的主旨,用词必须仔细斟酌和推敲,选择最简练、最准确、最贴切的词来表达全文的主要内容。1.2 标题的用词标题
4、中用得最多的是名词(包括动名词 ),平均占总单词数的 5060之高。其中有的标题中 80以上的词为名词。除名词外,用得较多的是介词,有时使用形容词、冠词、连词、副词。标题是对全文重要内容的高度概括,因此用词要贴切、中肯,不能有任何随意性。为了便于检索,标题中所用的词尽量使用表达全文内容的关键词。标题中的用词多是文章的关键词,明确、精炼,将文章的主要内容予以高度概括。标题中用得最多的是名词或名词词组,一般不用动词或动词词组。如果用动词,则用非谓语动词形式,如动名词、不定式或分词。除名词外,用得较多的是介词 of,in,on 等,再其次是连词 and 和形容词。偶尔也需要用一些其他词性的词,如副词
5、、冠词等。1.3 标题的结构学术文章的标题主要有三种结构:名词性词组(包括动名词) ,介词词组,名词词组+介词词组。间或也用一个疑问句作标题(多用在人文社会科学领域 ),但一般不用陈述句或动词词组作标题。(1)名词性词组名词性词组由名词及其修饰语构成。名词的修饰语可以是形容词、介词短语,有时也可以是另一个名词。名词修饰名词时,往往可以缩短标题的长度。例 a Severe Weather and the Automobile (名词词组) (名词词组)例 b Soil Behavior and Critical Soil Mechanics (名词词组) (名词词组)例 c High Speed
6、 Flow Sensor and Fluid Power Systems Modelling (名词词组) (名词词组)例 d Traditional Versus Adult Studies Students: the College (名词词组) (名词词组)(2)介词词组介词词组由介词十名词或名词词组构成。如果整个标题就是一个介词词组的话,一般这个介词是“on”,意思是“对的研究” 。例 a On the Distribution of Sound in a Corridor例 b On the Crushing Mechanism of Thin Walled Structures(3
7、)名词名词词组+介词词组这是标题中用得最多的结构。例 Dietary Supplement and Body Image in Female College Students (名词词组) ( 名词词组) (介词词组)Knowledge of Cardiovascular Disease in University Students (名词) (介词词组) (介词词组)Diversity in the Future Work Force (名词) ( 介词词组)Progress on Fuel Cell and Its Materials (名词) ( 介词词组)标题中的介词词组一般用来修饰名
8、词或名词词组,从而限定某研究课题的范围。这种结构与中文的“的”字结构相似,区别是中文标题中修饰语在前,中心词在后。英文正好相反,名词在前,而作为修饰语的介词短语在后。例:a Progress on Fuel Cell and lts Materials 燃料电池及其材料进展b Computer Simulation and Experimental Study On Co1d Shut During Mold Filling 铸件充型中冷隔过程计算机模拟及其实验研究c. On the Fatigue Life Prediction of Spot Welded Components 点焊汽车构
9、件疲劳寿命预测 d Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces on Out-Of-Position Occupant 安全气囊对离位乘员作用力的分析与研究(4)其他形式对于值得争议的问题,偶尔可用疑问句作为论文的标题,以点明整个论文讨论的焦点。例a Do Electromagnetic Fields Affect the Way Plants Grow?b Do Specific Ambient Odors Enhance Short Term Memory Function?c130 Heterotrophic Protozoa Release
10、Major Quantities Of Dissolved Organic Phosphorous in Lake Water?有的标题由两部分组成,用冒号(:) 隔开。一般来说,冒号前面一部分是研究的对象、内容或课题,比较笼统,冒号后面具体说明研究重点或研究方法。这种结构可再分为三种模式。模式 1 研究课题:具体内容, 例a Microelectronic Assembly and Packaging Technology: Barriers and Needsb Fire Resistant Steels for Construction:Design ,Properties and Mi
11、crochemistrycAcoustics of Long Spaces Theory and ApplicationdImpact of Cancer:Coping Process and Quality of Life模式 2 研究课题:方法性质, 例a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell:A Surveyb. Absorbable Implants in Finger Fractures. A Biomechanical and Comparative Studyc. The Use of Technology in Higher Education Programs: a N
12、ational Surveyd. Development of New Public Water Supply Well-fields Using Electromagnetic Conductance: Two Case Studies模式 3 研究课题:问题焦点a. Aluminum: Is It Hazardous to Your Health?b. Noise: Good? Bad? Maybe Both?c. Manure: Friend or Foe?思考题下面这写论文标题是否合适?如果不合适,请修改。1. Auditory Perspectives of Different Ty
13、pes of Music2. Electromagnetic Fields Have Harmful Effects on Humans3. How to Use Water Resources for Irrigation in Semiarid Land4. Water Quality Can Be Protected Through the Successful Integration of Research and Education5. The Single Community Concept: A Model for Adult Environmental Education6.
14、Physics and Art: Conceptual Linkages Can Be Uncovered7. Diamond Is Used for Electronic Devices8. Yellow Fevers Effect on Transportation and Commerce9. The Nature of Student Science Project Is Compared with Educational Goals for Science10. A Qualitative / Quantitative Analysis of the Administrative M
15、anagement Institute at Cornell University11. The Americans With Disability Act and Its Applicability to the Mentally Ill, Human Immune-Deficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Populations: A Statistical Analysis参考答案下面这写论文标题是否合适?如果不合适,请修改。1. Auditory Perspectives of Different Types of
16、 Music (合适)2. Electromagnetic Fields Have Harmful Effects on Humans (不合适)改为 :Harmful Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Humans3. How to Use Water Resources for Irrigation in Semiarid Land(不合适)该为: Using Water Resources for Irrigation in Semiarid Land4. Water Quality Can Be Protected Through the Suc
17、cessful Integration of Research and Education( 不合适)该为: Protecting Water Quality Through the Successful Integration of Research and Education5. The Single Community Concept: A Model for Adult Environmental Education (合适 )6. Physics and Art: Conceptual Linkages Can Be Uncovered(不合适)改为: Physics and Art
18、: Uncovering Conceptual Linkages7. Diamond Is Used for Electronic Devices(不合适)该为 :Use of Diamond for Electric Devices8. Yellow Fevers Effect on Transportation and Commerce (合适)9. The Nature of Student Science Project Is Compared with Educational Goals for Science(不合适)改为: The Nature of Student Scienc
19、e Projects in Comparison to Educational Goals for Science10. A Qualitative / Quantitative analysis of the Administrative Management Institute at Cornell University (合适)11. The Americans With Disability Act and Its Applicability to the Mentally Ill, Human Immune-Deficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Populations: A Statistical Analysis ( 不合适)该为: The Americans With Disability Act and Its Applicability to the Mentally Ill, Human Immune-Deficiency Virus and AIDS Populations: A Statistical Analysis