1、铁 道 与 城 市 轨 道 交 通 学 院 二零零七年八月十八日,车 辆 工 程 II 轨道车辆设计理论,Vehicle Engineering II -Railway Vehicle Design Theory,Railway and Urban Mass Transit Research Institute,Introduction,Development of Railway Vehicleinter-city vehicle, or main line vehiclehigh speed vehiclemetro vehiclelight rail vehiclemono rail v
2、ehiclemaglev vehicleintelligent transportation vehicle,By Fengming 2004Tongji University,Introduction,Development of Railway VehicleICE:,Introduction,Development of Railway VehicleTGV:,Introduction,Development of Railway Vehicle500系：,Introduction,Development of Railway VehicleX2000:,Introduction,Dev
3、elopment of Railway VehicleTR06,Introduction,Degrees-of freedom:-1 body with 5 dofs = 52 bogies with 5 dofs = 104 wheelsets with 2 dofs = 8Total = 26, i.e. 52 states,Introduction,Introduction,Development of Railway Vehicle Design18251960s, Empirical Design Period19601990s, Analytical Design Period19
4、90current, “Mehchatronic” Design Period,Introduction,Empirical Design,Talent Genius,experience,prototype,improve,Very slow,Introduction,Analytical Design,Concept Design,Schematic Design,PP Design,Prototype,Running Experiment,Customer,Scientist,Researcher,Introduction,Analytical DesignConcept Design:
5、 principle designSchematic Design or Technical Design（技术设计）：including Kinetics, Dynamics analysis, to Evaluate the ride quality, running safety, braking ability;PP design(施工设计)：CAD, CAM, CAE(mainly including the parts strength analysis, using FEM technology );Prototype: Test rig running test, On-lin
6、e test evaluation;Running Test: 0.5million Kilometers running test, Fatigue life test;Customers: Evaluation from the point view of customers;,Introduction,Mechatronic Design,Mechanical system,Track inputs,Vehicle outputs (acceleration, displacement, etc),Introduction,Mechatronic Design,Actuators,Sen
7、sors,Controller,Load changes,Body acceleration (minimise),Suspension deflection (constrain),Stability (constrain),Curving performance (optimise),Vehicle system,Track features (deterministic),Track irregularities (stochastic),Introduction,Mechatronic Design,Introduction,Mechatronic Design,Introductio
8、n,Contents of this lesson1. Vehicle Dynamics:Basic dynamic principlesSafety criterionRide Quality2. Strength Analysis of Railway Vehicle Parts:Forces acted on parts, car body, bogieFEM analysis method, including constraints, forces applying, element selection, meshing technique, etc.,Part I: Vehicle
9、 System Dynamics,Introduction,Damper,Secondary suspension,Primary suspension,Part I: Vehicle System Dynamics,Introduction,Secondary suspension,Primary suspension,Part I: Vehicle System Dynamics,Introduction,Bogies,Part I: Vehicle System Dynamics,Introduction,Coned wheel,Flange,Rail,Sleeper,Part I: V
10、ehicle System Dynamics,1 Causes of Vehicle Vibration Related to track1.Dipped joints of rails,1 Causes of Vehicle Vibration,2. Track Vertical Deflection,1 Causes of Vehicle Vibration,3. Track local irregularitylateral curvaturevertical curvaturesuper elevationswitchrail corrugation rail wearBallast
11、irregularity(caused by temperature variation),1 Causes of Vehicle Vibration,4. Track Random irregularity Gage: (yl-yr)/2 Cross level: (zl-zr)/2alignment: (yl+yr)/2 Vertical Profile: (zl+zr)/2,1 Causes of Vehicle Vibration,4. Track Random irregularity,1 Causes of Vehicle Vibration,4. Track Random irr
12、egularity Gage:nominal gauge 1435mm，, gauge will be widened according curve radius（600m）, but should not be greater 6mm then the nominal value, and 2mm less then that value； Cross level: 在正线及到发线上，不得超过4mm，其它线上不得超过6mm； alignment:用10m弦线测量，正线不得超过4mm，站线及专用线不得超过6mm； Vertical Profile:大修后的线路，用10m弦线测量，正线不得超过
13、4mm，站线及专用线不得超过6mm；,1 Causes of Vehicle Vibration,Related to Vehicle Eccentric Wheel Mass Non-uniform of Wheel Flat Wheel Hunting of Tapered Wheelset,Causes Related to Vehicle,Eccentric wheelvertical movement of wheelset axle center:,V - vehicle running speed r0 wheel nominal radius T time elapsed W
14、wheel angular velocity,Causes Related to Vehicle,Mass non-uniform Unbalanced force produced:,Mw wheel weightt initial phase anglev - vehicle running speedr0 wheel nominal radiust time elapsedWhen running speed 120Km/h, unbalanced value should be less then 75g.m.,Causes Related to Vehicle,Flat wheelW
15、hen wheel has flat area, momentum acted on wheel:,Mw wheel weightV - vehicle running speed Its periodical time:,Causes Related to Vehicle,Hunting of Tapered Wheelset,Lateral deflection y,Yaw angle ,Causes Related to Vehicle,Hunting of Tapered Wheelset,Coned wheel,Flange,Rail,Sleeper,Causes Related t
16、o Vehicle,Hunting of Tapered Wheelset,Causes Related to Vehicle,Hunting of Tapered Wheelset 当分析自由轮对的蛇行运动时，作如下假设： 1、轮对无任何约束，单独在轨道上滚动； 2、钢轨顶部呈刀刃状，而且是两根平行直线； 3、轮对是两个对称锥体，轮轨间无任何相对滑动； 4、不计轮对上的任何作用力和惯性力； 则经过推导，轮对的运动方程为：,Causes Related to Vehicle,Hunting of Tapered Wheelset where： V Running speed; W- angul
17、ar frequency :b half of wheelset nominal rolling radius distance r0 nominal rolling radius0 effective wheel conicity,Causes Related to Vehicle,Hunting of Tapered Wheelset Hunting periodical time:Hunting wave length:as b increases, Lw increases, so weaker is the hunting The same to r0when 0 increases
18、, Lw decreases, so stronger is the hunting,Causes Related to Vehicle,Hunting of Tapered Wheelset,Causes Related to Vehicle,Hunting of Tapered Wheelset,The wheels are made conical, the smaller circumference at the outer edge. The pair of wheels are fixed to the axle and thus if anything throws the wh
19、eels in the slightest degree to one side the wheel is immediately rolling on a larger circumference than the other and the tendency to roll back is introduced. The carriage is kept always in the middle of the track. A beautiful arrangement.The flanges are a necessary precaution but they ought never
20、to touch the rail and therefore they cannot be said to keep the wheels on the rails. They ought not to come into action except to meet an accidental, lateral force.,Isambard Kingdom Brunel in 1838 :,Causes Related to Vehicle,Hunting of Tapered WheelsetGeorge Stephenson in 1821:,It must understood th
21、e form of edge railway wheels are conical that is the outer is rather less than the inner diameter about 3/16 of an inch. Then from a small irregularity of the railway the wheels may be thrown a little to the right or a little to the left, when the former happens the right wheel will expose a large
22、and the left one smaller diameter to the bearing surface of the rail which will cause the latter to loose ground of the former but at the same time in moving forward it gradually exposes a greater diameter to the rail while the right one on the contrary is gradually exposing a lesser which will caus
23、e it to loose ground of the left one but will regain it on its progress as has been described alternatively gaining and loosing ground of each other which will cause the wheels to proceed in an oscillatory but easy motion on the rails,Summary,Causes of producing vehicle vibration including: track ir
24、regularities, vehicle itself; As to a vehicle designer, have to understand thoroughly the dynamics of railway vehicles in order to achieve good performance; Railway vehicle has its own characteristics. Special Thanks to Prof. R. M. Goodall and Dr. T. X. Mei for offering materials on latest development of railway vehicle.,
