1、,Unit TwoHiroshima,the“Liveliest”Cityin Japan,Outline,Background Information Detailed Study of the Text Textual Analysis Structure Writing style Writing techniques Exercises,Background Information,About JapanAtomic BombA-Bomb Explosion in Hiroshima,3Name: Nippon,3Capital: Tokyo,3Geography: four main
2、 islands Honsu本州; Hokkaido北海道;Kyushu九州; Shikoku四国,3Area: 371,857sqkm.,3Population: 122,700,000 (1988),3Its aggression to China: July 7,1937, lasting 8 years,3The Second World War: 1939 witnessed the breakout of the 2nd World War in Hitlers invasion of Poland on Sept. 1.,the Axis / the Axis Powers: t
3、he alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan,The Second World War,Sept. 1, 1939, the 2nd World War broke out. France and Britain declared war on Germany immediately. June 22, 1941,Gr. invaded USSR. Dec. 7, 1941, the Battle of Pearl Harbor. Sept. 1943, Italy surrendered. May. 7, 1945, Gr. surrendered unc
4、onditionally. Aug. 6, 1945, the first A-bomb exploded in Hiroshima. Aug. 8, 1945, USSR declared war on Japan and occupied Manchuria. Aug. 9, 1945, the dropping of the second A-bomb in Nagasaki. Aug. 14, 1945, Japan announced its surrender.,Atomic Bomb,A kind of deadly weapon. Its explosion produces
5、great amounts of heat, a shock wave and intense radiation. The region of the explosion becomes radioactively contaminated polluted and radioactive products may be deposited elsewhere as fallout. Nowadays the production of such kind of weapons are strictly forbidden by the whole world.,CONTENT,Backgr
6、ound,A-Bomb Explosion in Hiroshima,At 8:15 a.m. on August 6, 1945, by the order of President Truman, the first Atomic bomb, nicknamed Little Boy was exploded over a point near the centre of Hiroshima, destroying almost everything with a radius (半径) of 830-1,450 meters. The damage beyond this area wa
7、s considerable, and over 71,000 people were killed instantly. Many more later died of injuries and the effects of radiation. Casualties numbered nearly 130,000.,Background,Survivors are still dying of leukaemia (白血病), pernicious anaemia (严重贫血) and other diseases induced by radiation. At that time al
8、most 98% of the buildings were destroyed or severely damaged. The Japanese dedicated post-war Hiroshima to peace. A destroyed area named “Peace City“ has been set aside as a memorial. A Peace Park was built. A special hospital built here treats people suffering from exposure to radiation and conduct
9、s research into its effects.,Detailed Study of the Text,Hiroshima - the “Liveliest” City in JapanThe implication in the title:The rhetoric device used in the title:Irony: saying the opposite of what is meant/ the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense.,Information cove
10、red in Paragraph One: The author didnt understand Japanese. He was taking a train to come here. He was preoccupied with some sad thoughts. He was here on a reportorial mission. Hiroshima was not the authors first assignment. He was American. He was tortured by a guilty conscience / the crime of the
11、A-bomb.,must be: to express strong probability.There is not a soul in the hall. The meeting must have been postponed/put off.slip to a stop: come to a stop smoothly and effortlessly.The dancer slipped to a stop when the music ended.have a lump in ones throat: be choked with emotionHe had a lump in h
12、is throat on hearing the news of his friends serious illness.,have something on ones mind: be troubled by; =sth. weighs heavy on ones mindI have had this matter on my mind for a long time.on ones mind: occupying ones thought, esp. as a source of worry.She is sleepless because her daughters illness i
13、s very much on her mind.have sth to do with: (nothing; much; little; a lot) be connected with.What he has done has nothing to do with her.,Paraphrase:I was so overcome with emotion that I could not speak or think clearly.I was occupied with some sad thoughts.My sad thoughts had no connection with wh
14、at the stationmaster might say.,very: used for emphasizing the following noun.The very sight of the monument reminds me of my close friends killed in the battle.Paraphrase: The fact that I was now in Hiroshima was in itself a much more exciting experience for me than any trip I had ever taken or any
15、 reporting work I had ever done in the past. Was I not at the scene of the crime?Rhetorical question for emphasis, usually asked only for effect, as to emphasize a point, no answer being expected.,An example of rhetorical question:(From Shakespeares Merchant of Venice)Shylock: I am a Jew. Hath not a
16、 Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, healed by the same means, warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer, as a Christian is? If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you t
17、ickle us, do we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong us, shall we not revenge?,Cf. slip; slide; glide,Slide implies accelerated motion without loosing contact with the slippery surface. Slip often suggests involuntary rather than voluntary,sometimes even definitely implying a
18、 loss of footing and a fall. Glide, rather close to slide, means to move smoothly, quietly and continuously as is characteristic of dances. E.g. Plane glided down to the airfield.,Cf. action & act Actions speak louder than words. His heroic act of saving the drowning man deserves all praise.Cf. soil
19、 & earth soil: u. c.the top layer of the earth in which plants, trees etc grow土壤； literary a country, an area of land国土 earth: the substance that plants grow in泥土（Exercise: viii. 1-4）,To distinguish: seem, appear, look,Seem suggests a personal opinion based on evidence that satisfies the judgment. L
20、ook implies that the opinion is based on a visual impression. Appear may convey the same implication as look, but it sometimes suggests a distorted impression produced by an optical illusion, a restricted point of view etc.E.g.The setting sun made the spires appear ablaze.,Little girls and elderly l
21、adies in kimonos rubbed shoulders with teenagers and women in western dress.(implication)In Japan, traditional style and western style exist side by side with each other.rub shoulders with: meet and mix withe.g. He loves such kind of gatherings, where he can rub shoulders with the young and exchange
22、 ideas on various subjects.,serious-looking: a.+v-ing a.good-looking; easy-going; plain-sailing; high-sounding; longstandingbe oblivious of:be unaware ofHe is so deep in thought that he is totally oblivious of what his partners are talking about.Paraphrase:They were so absorbed in their conversation
23、 that they seemed not to pay any attention to the crowds about them.,pop open: burst open with an explosive soundsound like: look like; smell like; taste like; (very much)That book looks very much like a box.Sichuan dialect sounds much the same as Hubei dialect, which makes it difficult to distingui
24、sh one from the other.martyred: the city that has been made to suffer a lotlurch:sway/swing/roll suddenly,screech to a halt: come to a stop with a screech(a harsh piercing sound) (when the brake was suddenly applied. )loss of face:humiliationadmit & confess (Exercise VIII: 9-10)will accept any desti
25、nation without concern for:will agree to go wherever they are asked to without caring about how long it will take,intermezzo: sth that fills the time between two events; the performance between two acts;the ride between his arrival at the station and his meeting with the mayor.a.find oneself v-ingpr
26、ep. Phraseheave a long, musical sigh: (humorous) utter a sighheave a sigh of relief,thanks to: with the help of; owing tomoor: secure a boat with cables; anchorThe rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle betwe
27、en the kimono and the miniskirt.Paraphrase: The traditional floating houses among high modern buildings represent the constant struggle between old tradition (traditional culture) and new development (Western style).,Figure of speech: metonymyMiniskirt:western style; new development Kimono: traditio
28、nal style / cultureWhat is metonymy?,It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another.This substituted name may be an attribute of that other thing or be closely associated with it. In other words, it involves a “change of name”, the substitu
29、ted name suggesting the thing meant.Examples:The pen is mightier than sword.He took to the bottle.Use your brains.Never let your heart rule your head.,Metonymy can be derived from various sources-from names of persons, from animals, professions, locations or place names, etc. as illustrated below:1.
30、 Names of personsJohn Bull: England, or the English peopleUncle Sam: The USA.Ivan: the Russian peopleJohn Doe: ordinary American citizen.2. AnimalsBritish lion: England or the English government,the bear: The former Soviet Union or the Soviet government.3. Parts of the bodyheart: feelings or emotion
31、shead, brain: wisdom, intelligence, reasongray hair: old age4. Professionsthe bar: the legal professionthe bench:position of judge or magistratethe veil: vocation of a nunthe press: newspapers,5. Location of government, of business or industrial enterprisesDowning Street: the British governmentthe W
32、hite House: the American governmentCapitol Hill: the Legislative branch of US.the Pentagon: the US military establishmentKremlin:the government of the former USSR.Fleet Street: the British pressWall Street: US financial circlesMadison Avenue: American ad. industryHollywood:film-making industry of US
33、.,A Brief Summary of What has been Studied,The order of the details:/the development of paragraphs.arrival at the stationto the outside take a ride to the City Hall to the canal embankment following an order of time.possible literary style: narration; narrativePart I: (para 1.) The Arrival Part II:
34、(The Japanese .the kimono and the miniskirt.) Way to the City Hall,Porcelain-faced:n.+n.+eda.chicken-hearted; lion-hearted; iron-fisted; wall-eyedThis done, I entered one of the low-ceilinged rooms of the little house.This done -absolute structure:n.+another part adj.adv.doing/doneprep. Phraseto do,
35、low-ceilinged: a.+n.+eda.sad-eyed; tight-lipped; empty-headed; cold-blooded; warm-hearted;stuff-necked; high-minded; dull-witted; quick-witted;experiencing a twinge of embarrassment:suffering from a strong feeling of shame when I thought of the prospect of meeting the mayor of Hiroshima in my socks.
36、,Quite unexpectedly, the strange emotion which had overwhelmed me at the station returned, and I was again crushed by the thought that I now stood on the site of the first atomic bombardment.- I was again overcome by a guilty conscience as I had been when I first arrived at the station. the thought
37、that I now was at the very spotonce again overwhelmed me.,slay: (slew, slain) slaughter; massacrelinger on to die in slow agony: stay alive but become weaker, then die slowly and in great paininhibited: awkward; uneasyAfter three days in Japan, the spinal column becomes extraordinarily flexible: Not
38、ice the humor in the formal, learned, scientific term: spinal columnParaphrase: After three days in Japan one gets quite used to bowing to people as a ritual to show gratitude or respect.,Cf. be familiar to ; be familiar withThis city is familiar to everyone of us.We are all familiar with the city.(
39、exercise viii: 5-6) agitated: disturbed; upsetSeldom has a city gained such world renown: Inversion Words to introduce inverted structure: rarely; little; never; not only; not until; scarcely; only; so; under no circumstances,a town known throughout the world for its-oyster: anti-climax to achieve h
40、umor, surprise, satire etc.Understanding: The mayor said this because he did not want to embarrass the foreigners by talking about the disaster and he wanted people to forget the tragic past and also because Hiroshima was famous for its oysters.,Anti-climax, as the name implies, is the opposite of c
41、limax and is a device that involves stating ones thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. It is often used to ridicule or satirize. The device is based on the principle that the lower the thought decreases in importance, th
42、e higher the force of the ridicule or satire. The effect can range from humorous to devastating (extremely shocking, impressive).,Climax: Deriving from the Greek word for “ladder”, implying the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of
43、 a ladder ascending evenly.Examples of climax and anti-climax:I came, I saw, I conquered.Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. (From Bacon, “Of Reading”),Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.Golf does queer
44、things to the players. The average man will show greater distress more openly over the loss of a golf ball than over the loss of his business, his home, or a close relation.“For God, for America, for Yale.” This is the motto for the Yale.,I was just about tomy sad reverie:Paraphrase: I was on the po
45、int of showing my agreement by nodding when I suddenly realized what he meant. His words shocked me out of my sad dreamy thinking.,Cf. cautiously & carefullyCareful implies painstaking efforts, thoroughness in avoiding error, etc. Cautious suggests a careful holdback from action until all possibilit
46、ies have been considered to avoid failure or danger.E.g. Be careful not to break the eggs.Be cautious of giving offence.谨防得罪人。,back away; head towardConversion from noun to verbpuzzled: bewildered (usu. in passive)Distinguish the following:puzzle & surprisepuzzling & puzzledsurprising & surprisedcon
47、fess & admit: admit: to agree, often unwillingly that sth is true.,confess: say or admit (one has done wrong); acknowledge 招认；供认；承认Paraphrase: I must admit that it never occurred to me that I would hear the mayor of Hiroshima talk about oysters.cataclysm & catastrophe & disastercataclysm: n. (fml) a
48、 sudden disaster or a violent event that causes change.大灾难/变；动乱catastrophe: n. a sudden disaster that causes many people to suffer.灾难/祸； 大祸/横祸,Paraphrase: I thought that people here had not forgotten the disaster the city had suffered.Time marches on: things are changing; history is advancingHidden
49、wounds and burns: visible and invisible scars.,Summary of this part: Meeting the Mayor smell of: give out a smell ofStretchers and wheelchairs lined send shivers down the spine of any healthy visitor. stretchers and wheelchairs are for invalids and the disabled. 2) stretchers and wheelchairs are put
50、 against the walls in the many corridors. 3)even healthy visitors would shiver when they see those surgical instruments.,I thought somehow I had been spared1) spare: v. not harm or damage (usu. passive.)They killed the man but spared the kid.Paraphrase: I thought for some reason or other I had not been affected/I thought for some reason or other, no harm had been done to me. But soon I began to lose my hair and water began to accumulate in my belly2) spare: v.make sth/sb. available toCan you spare me five minutes?Will you spare me a ticket?,
