1、笔译,教师:那艳武,第一节 文学文体的语言,文学是借语言文字来作雕塑描写的艺术,而语言是文学的主要工具,它与各种事实、生活现象结合在一起,构成了文学的材料。文学是语言的艺术。没有语言就没有文学。文学文体主要包括散文、小说、戏剧、诗歌。它们之间存在明显差异,但是使用的文学语言却有着共同的基本特点。据研究,文学文本的语言特征主要有以下几个方面:,一、形象性 形象性是文学文本语言的基本特征。栩栩如生的人物、优美如画的景色,引人入胜的故事、充盈律动的情感等等,是文学作品的魅力所在,而这一切都是用语言材料来表现的。杰出的文学家都努力追求语言的形象生动。著名的语言大师老舍说:“在小说中,我们可以这么说,用
2、字与其俏皮,不如正确;与其正确,不如生动”。概括地说,文学语言的形象性,是通过语言的手段对人物和事物进行细致的描绘,使人物的形象鲜明、事物的形态突出,具有可视性的效果。,英语语言也同样具有生动的形象性,力图以各种语言手段在读者的脑海中塑造生动鲜明的形象,以达到表情达意的效果。例如 He was a lovely boy, clad in skeleton leaves and the juices that ooze out of trees but the most entrancing thing about him was that he had all his first teeth.
3、 When he saw she was a grown-up, he gnashed the little pearls at her.,二、丰富的含蓄性含蓄性也是文学语言的特征之一。,含蓄就是“意不浅露,语不穷尽,句中有余味,篇中有余意,其妙不外寄言而已。”(沈祥龙论词随笔),即文中不让本意从字面上直接表露出来,而将它蕴含在言辞的深处或所写的形象里,让读者经过思索,透过字面的意义去了解其中的底蕴,使文章富有韵味。含蓄的语言,也可避免语意浅露,使语气委婉而言简意赅。如中国人都是有很多忌讳的,特别是对“死”字更是避而不谈。柯岩的周总理,你在哪里这样写道:“我们对着高山喊:周总理山谷回音:他刚离
4、去,他刚离去”中国人民对周总理的鞠躬尽瘁为人民的高尚品格十分敬仰,他的去世,使全国人民都非常的悲痛。用“他刚离去”而不用“他刚去世”,就避免了给中国人民以强烈的刺激,收到委婉曲折的效果。,三、隐喻的象征性 文学作品中大量采用象征的手法,而对象征手法的理解往往牵涉到对文化背景和作者本人的了解。有的象征是处于同一文化、乃至不同文化中的人们所共同使用的,如红玫瑰代表爱情,过去西方文化中的象征,现在则被许多东方的文化接受了。象征蕴藉隽永,能丰富人们的联想,耐人寻味,使人获得韵味无穷的感觉。高尔基说:“在象征的下面,可以巧妙地把讽刺和大胆的语言掩盖起来,在象征中可以注入丰富的内容。”如茅盾的白杨礼赞运用
5、象征手法,以白杨树的伟岸、正直、力争上游、倔强挺立,来象征北方抗日军民的坚强不屈、力争上游的精神和意志,能给人以战斗的鼓舞。,四、意合的模糊性就语篇的衔接而言,如果词与词、句与句之间使用语言形式手段连接来表达语法意义和逻辑关系,就是所谓的形合;如果不用语言形式手段而借助词语或句子所含意义来表达语法意义和逻辑关系,就是所谓的。意合有时会造成语篇的语义表面呈模糊状态,使读者对语篇呈现的人或物之间的关系有多种理解。在这一点上,汉语尤为突出。,枯藤老树昏鸦,小桥流水人家,古道西风瘦马。夕阳西下,断肠人在天涯。(马志远天净沙秋思) 这首诗28个字,前三行9个名词之间没有如限定词、介词、关系词及连词等的形
6、式连接手段,表达的事物之间的逻辑关系不明确,枯藤与老树什么关系,是绕于树干还是垂于树干;昏鸦是落在树上还是在树上盘旋。另外,句与句之间也没有任何如连词、照应等衔接手段,各句之间的语义关系留给读者去猜测。但也恰恰是语篇的这种模糊性给了读者以想象的空间,增加了文学作品的艺术性,使读者感受到作者漂泊在外的思乡愁绪。,英语语言中也常采用象征手法。在红字中,象征主义的手法被霍桑体现得淋漓尽致。文中的主人公海丝特、珠儿 、丁梅斯代尔和齐灵渥斯,红字 “A”以及背景海关、监狱、刑台、森林、小溪,都分别有着鲜明的象征意义。 红字“A”更是带有多种象征意义。在小说中,它首先是惩罚的标志。海丝特是因为被认为与丁梅
7、斯代尔通奸而佩戴这个红色的“A”字,因为它是通奸(Adultery)的首字母。其次,红字“A”是海丝特在新英格兰孤独的(Alone)生活和真情受到压制的巨大痛苦( Agony)的象征。境界去,指引人们前进的方向。,五、鲜明的个性特征 鲜明的语言个性特征,是指在文学写作过程中写作者形成了自己独特的语言风格。一般来说,文学文本是写作者的生命体验和情感演绎的物化形式,作为其媒介的语言就不能不带上写作者个性和情感的烙印。而且,成就越高的作家,他的语言的个性特征就越明显,愈独特。例如,李白的诗几乎满眼都是夸张的语言,“飞流直下三千尺,疑是银河落九天”(望庐山瀑布),“,“白发三千丈,缘愁似个长”(秋浦歌
8、),“天姥连天向天横,势拔五岳掩赤城”(梦游天姥吟留别),“兴酣落笔摇五岳,诗成笑傲凌沦州”(江上吟)等等,可以随手捻来上百例。夸张,古人称之为“激昂之言”,李白创造性地大量运用,无疑给他的诗篇造成了气势磅礴的个人风格特色,表现了他洒脱不羁的气质、傲世独立的人格、豪迈的气概以及激昂的情怀。,第二节 文学文体的翻译方法,文学翻译是一项再现艺术的语言活动, 它除了翻译的一般特性外, 还具有再创造性。文学翻译要真实再现原著的思想意境及语言表达方式就必然涉及语言的模糊性。文学翻译是艺术的再创造, 是艺术的模糊再现。,一、文学翻译的原则 1、严复 “信”、“达”、 “ 雅”; 严复:信达雅天演论译例言(
9、1898) 2、 鲁迅“信与顺”; 3、傅雷“神似”与“形似”说: “以效果而论,翻译应该象临画一样,所求不在形似而在神似。”(高老头重译本序) 4、钱钟书“化境” 之说:文学的最高标准是“化”。把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字,既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹,又能完全保存原有的风味,那就算得入于化境了。十七世纪有人赞美这种造诣的翻译,比为原作的投胎转世,躯壳换了一个,而精神姿致依然故我。,二、文学文体的翻译方法直译、意译与归化、异化 (一).直译与意译: 直译(literal translation)和意译(free translation)关心的是语言层面的技术处理问题,即如何
10、在保持原语形式的同时,不让其意义失真;而意译则认为语言有不同的文化内涵和表达形式,当形式成为翻译的障碍时,就要采取意译。直译和意译之争的靶心是意义和形式的得失问题。在中国的翻译史上,赞成直译和意译的均有人在,初期佛典翻译中的文质说,唐代玄奘的“求真”与“喻俗”,近代有严复的“信达雅”及鲁迅的“宁信而不顺”与赵景深的“宁顺而不信”等,都是从直译和意译的角度来探讨翻译的原则。,1、直译 (literal translation) 英、汉语的结构有相同的一面,汉译时可照译,即直译。直译既忠实原文内容,又符合原文的结构形式。直译有不少优点,例如能传达原文意义,体现原文风格等。 例如: O, My lo
11、ve is like a red, red rose/ Thats newly sprung in June. Many American government officials get black money by accepting bribe.但是,直译具有一定的局限性。例如译文有时冗长罗唆,晦涩难懂,有时不能正确传达原文意义,有时甚至事与愿违。,(1)否定All the answers are not right. 误:所有答案都不对。 正:答案并非全对。 Every body wouldnt like it. 误:每个人都不会喜欢它。 正:并不是每上人都会喜欢它。 It is a
12、wise man that never makes mistakes. 误:聪明人从不犯错误。 正:无论怎样聪明的人也难免犯错误。,(3) 引典与习语 如果是尽人皆知的典故。可以直译,不必加说明,如果多数人不知道,最好是意译,或者直译加注释。 He met his Waterloo. 句中meet ones Waterloo是成语典故,由 拿破仑在Waterloo遇到惨败而来,所以要意译。“他吃了大败仗”,2 意译 (free translation) 英、汉这两种语言之间还有许多差别,如完整照译,势必出现“英化汉语”,这时就需要意译。意译是在忠实原文内容的前提下,摆脱原文结构的束缚,使译文符
13、合汉语的规范。“直译”不等于“死译”,“意译”也不等于“乱译”(“胡译”)。 只有在正确理解原文的基础上,运用相应的翻译方法以调整原文结构,用规范的汉语加以表达,这才真正做到“意译”。如果把“意译”理解为凭主观臆想来理解原文,可以不分析原文结构,只看词面意义,自己编造句子,势必造成“乱译”(胡译)。,意译的基本技巧: (1)增补法: 英语有时用词很简洁,在翻译时要增加原文字面上没有、而意思上包含的字词,以免导致语义含糊或歧义。 The crowds melted away. 人群渐渐散开了。 评析:原文中并没有“渐渐”一词,但melt含有渐渐融化、渐渐散尽的意味,因此在译文中加入了“渐渐”这样
14、一个状语。 As he sat down and began talking, words poured out. 他一坐下来就讲开了,滔滔不绝地讲个没完。 He felt the patriot rise within his breast. 他感到一种爱国热情在胸中激荡。,(2)省略译法: 所谓省略译法,就是把原文中需要而译文中不需要的单词、词组等在翻译过程中加以省略。英语是形合语言,重形合(hypotaxis),即词与词、分句与分句之间都用明确的关联词等语法词表示出来。汉语是意合语言,重意合(parataxis),即分句短语按顺序排列,少用关联词,少用关系副词等,往往比较简洁。因此在英译
15、汉时,减词译法的使用也很普遍。 But its the way I am, and try as I might, I am not able to change it. 但我就是这个脾气,虽几经努力,却未能改变。 He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast upon his eyes, but said nothing. 他耸耸肩,摇摇头,两眼看天,一句话不说。 John rose gloomily as the train stopped, for he was thinking of his ailing mother. 火车停了,约翰
16、想起了病中的母亲,郁郁的站了起来。,翻译练习,在翻译下列句子时请使用增补法或省略法。 1、Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice. 2、After the football match, hes got an important meeting. 3、Basically, the theory proposed, among other things, that the maximum speed possible in the universe is that of light.
17、4、The journey which has brought me to Peking has been a very long one. Long when measured in miles. Long when measured in time. 5、Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 6、It is better to do well than to say well. 7、In September 1939, the Second World War broke ou
18、t. 8、If you write to him, the response would be absolute silence and void. 9、Anyone who does not recognize this fact is not a materialist 10Sunday is the day when I am least busy.,(3)正译与反译 从广义上说,任何反说转正说和正说转反说以及任何相反概念的转译都属于这种译法。如hunger march-反饥饿游行,terror war-反恐战争,dust mask-防尘罩,tear test-抗拉扯实验, the he
19、ad of the story-故事的后面等都属于广义的正反译法。而今天讨论的主要指带有否定词的正反翻译。英语中含有no,not,never,none,un-,-less,im-,in-,ir-等成分的词句,都被视为否定表达,简称反说。相反,英语中不含这些成分的词句称为肯定说法,简称正说。汉语中含有“不”,“没”,“未”,“休”,“莫”,“非”,“否”,“勿”等也都是否定表达。在翻译中通常都可以保留原文的否定表达,但有时为了表达更为顺畅,符合目的语的表达方法,或为了增强语言效果,有时反说正译,或正说反译。,a.反说正译: Dont lose time in posting this lette
20、r. The significance of these incidents wasnt lost on us. 这件事引起了我们的重视。 Elliott was too clever not see that many of the persons who accepted his invitation did so only to get a free meal and that of these some were stupid and some worthless. 艾略特是一个聪明人。他定能看得出许多接受他邀请的人只是为了来吃一顿不花钱的饭。他知道这些人有的愚不可及,有的则微不足道。
21、 Hitlers undisguised effort to persecute the Jews met with world-wide condemnation. 希特勒对犹太人的露骨迫害行为受到全世界的谴责。,b. 正说反译 英语中很多词本身就含有否定意义,beyond, absent, stop, bad, avoid, exclude, except, doubt, resistant, refuse, few, little, 这类词在翻译中要译出它的含有的否定意义。 Children were excluded from getting in the building. 孩子不许
22、进入这幢楼房。 I have fallen behind with my correspondence. 我有一些信件没有及时答复。 Fully clothed, he fell across his bunk and was instantly sleep. 他衣服也不脱往床铺上横着一躺,很快就睡着了。 Sir William and Lady Lucas are determined to go, merely on that account, for in general you know they visit no new comers. 卢卡斯爵士夫妇打定主意要去,还不就是为了这个缘
23、故,因为你知道,他们通常是不去拜访新搬来的邻居的。,翻译练习,在翻译下列句子时请使用正反译法。 1、The world today is far from peaceful. 2、Africa is not kicking out Western imperialism in order to invite other new masters. 3、Mr. White has refrained from making any official comment on the coup in that country. 4、Do you know why she is always trying
24、 to avoid you? 5、His arrival three days in advance is beyond our expectation. 6、The idea that he should become an assistant to his boss has never deserted him. 7、The window refuses to open. 窗户打不开。 8、The explanation is pretty thin. 这个解释站不住脚。 9、Such a chance denied me. 我没有得到这个机会。 10、He was 75, but he
25、carried his years lightly. 他75岁了,可是并不显老。,(4)转性译法:,在翻译中,将原文中的某一词类转换为译文的另一词类,如在英译汉中,将英语的名词译成汉语的动词,英语的形容词译成汉语的副词等等,这种翻译方法就叫做转性译法(conversion)。英汉两种语言中词类不尽相同,各词类的使用频率、使用方式也不尽相同,因此,原来英语中属于某种词类的词,在译成汉语时可以转为或必须专为另一种不同的词类。在英译汉时有些句子可以逐词对译,有些句子则不能机械地把原文词类“对号入座”,否则会使译文佶屈聱牙,甚至逻辑混乱。,One after another, speakers cal
26、led for the downfall of imperialism, abolition of exploitation of man by man, liberation of the oppressed of the world. 发言人相继表示要打倒帝国主义,消灭人剥削人的制度,解放全世界被压迫的人民。 His very appearance at any affair proclaims it a triumph. 无论什么事情,只要他一露面,就算是成功了。 The overthrow of the Caetano dictatorship has demonstrated aga
27、in the futility of the colonial wars. 卡埃塔独裁统治被推翻,再一次证明进行殖民战争是枉费心机。,Topic 10,Division,(5)分句,英汉两中语言在句法结构存在很大差异。英语重形合,连接词较为发达,句子结构层层包孕,叠床架屋,句子在空间上呈大树型结构,长句较多;汉语重意合,句子与句子之间缺乏必要的连接词,积词成句,积句成章,流水句较多,呈线型排列,一句接一句,短句较多,句子结构呈竹竿型分布。针对英汉句子结构的不同特征,在翻译时要根据各自的语言习惯作响应的分句,以确保译文通顺流畅,The good tidings filled the whole
28、nation with joy. 捷报传来,举国欢腾。 There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.(拆开定语从句) 我访问过一些地方,遇到不少人,要谈起来,奇妙的事可多着呢。,It was sufficient that there was tenderness in her eyes, weakness in her manner, good nature and hope in her thoughts. (拆开名词从句) 只要她眼睛里含情脉脉,举止里透漏
29、着娇柔,思想里洋溢着善良和希望,这就够了。 After singing a concert in this city, he said he wanted to greet his admires backstage as he always does.(拆开状语从句) 他在那个城市演唱了一场音乐会。 音乐会结束了以后,他提出要像往常那样到后台去见见他的崇拜者。,b. 合句法,既有分句,就有合句,这是英汉两种语言在词汇,语法以及修辞方面的差异造成的。相比较而言,在英译汉时,分句法比合句法更为常见。但有时候也会见到把英语的两个单句,复合句和并列句压缩糅合在一起翻译的情况。这样处理比较符合汉语语言
30、的洗练简洁的特点,从而避免译文的拖泥带水和罗嗦的缺点。 His eyes were triumphantly cold. There was no light in them, no feeling, no interest. 他的目光傲慢冷酷,呆滞无光,淡漠无情。 The stimulation provided by a late mystery show on TV or a hard fought game of chess or an animated chat with friends may be delightful, but it will tend to keep us w
31、ide awake. 很晚的引人入胜的电视节目,激烈的棋赛或跟朋友热烈的聊天,往往会使人过于兴奋,久久不能入睡。(主从复合句的合译),练习,运用分句与合句的翻译技巧翻译下列句子:1 In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colours. 2 Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me? 3 Alchemists made resultless efforts to transform one metal into
32、 another. 4 The time could have been more profitably spent in making a detailed investigation. 5 She was not ugly; she had simply a plain dull, gentle, countenance.,6 The book is so lovely that I was simply taken away.7 Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity, of the appeti
33、te for adventure over the love of ease. 8 In her face were two sharply blended the delicate features of her mother, a coast aristocrat of French descent, and the heavy ones of her florid Irish father. 9 There is now a single accepted pronunciation for the vast majority of words in ordinary polite us
34、e, deviation from which is regarded either as a provincialism or as a vulgarism. 10 Three rains had passed, and it was that lean season when the villages store of grain and other dried foods from the last harvest was almost gone.,(二). 归化与异化,翻译的归化/异化 (domesticating translation and foreignizing transl
35、ation)是在1995年由美国学者L.Venuti(文努迪)所提出的,而这一术语又直接来源于德国学者Schleiermacher(施莱尔马赫)1813年宣读的一篇论文。Schleiermacher着重探讨了翻译与理解之间不可分割的关系,指出翻译有两种情况,一种是让读者靠近作者(异化),另一种是让作者靠近读者(归化)。如果让读者靠近作者的语境,他就能感受到异国的情调。归化和异化是将语言层次的讨论延续升格至文化、诗学和政治层面。从19世纪70年代到20世纪70年代,我国的文学翻译除“五四”后十余年异化译法一度占上风外,大部分时间还是以归化译法为主调。20世纪最后20年,中国翻译界受西方翻译理论的
36、启发,对异化、归化进行了重新思考,异化译法开始受到重视。,1、归化策略 (domesticating method ),归化是采用民族中心主义态度,是外语文本符合译语的文化价值观,把原作者带入译语文化。 译者在翻译的时候,心中既要想着原作及原作作者,尽可能的把原文的内容和风格准确而生动的表达出来;同时,译者还要想着译文的读者,翻译出来的东西要尽可能接近读者,便于读者理解和接受。,例如: Love me, love my dog. 爱屋及乌。 a lion in the way 拦路虎 lick ones boots 拍马屁 Diamond cuts diamond 棋逢对手 A flash i
37、n a pan 昙花一现 Have one foot in the grave 风烛残年 To grow like mushrooms 雨后春笋 One boy is a boy,two boys half a boy,three boys nobody 一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。,练习:,请用“归化”的翻译方法,翻译下面几句话: Lead a dogs life Jack of all trades A drowned rat Let the cat out of the bag. Every dog has his day. Dont shed crocodile t
38、ears to me; you know you are really glad that theyre met with misfortune. Your honor, I confess the corn. I was royally drunk. Dont play your ace in the hole until the critical moment. The gravy train is just not for me. George Washington adopted a Fabian policy during the war of Independence.,2、 异化
39、策略 (foreignizing method),异化是指对文化价值观的偏离主义的压力下,接受外语文本的语言及文化差异,把读者带入外国情境。异化译法的核心,就是尽量传译原文的“异质因素”,具体说来,就是要尽量传达原作的异域文化特色,异语语言形式,以及作者的异常写作手法。 例如: “crocodile tears”译作“鳄鱼的眼泪” “an olive branch”译作“橄榄枝” “sour grapes”译作“酸葡萄” “the cold war”译作“冷战”等等。 异化可以在句子结构层次出现。朱生豪翻译的莎士比亚戏剧是公认的佳译,其中就运用了不少“欧化句式”例如:在哈姆雷特第一幕第三场中,
40、波洛涅斯告诫女儿不要轻信哈姆雷特时说: “You speak like a green girlUnsifted in such perilous circumstance” 朱生豪将其译为:“你讲的话完全像是一个不曾经历过这种危险的不懂事的女孩子。” 异化揭示了深层含义,又再现了原文的表层形式,一方面丰富和完善了汉语的表达力,使表达意思的手段更准确,更多样化;另一方面,也为我们了解西方文化打开了一扇窗户。,练习:,请用“异化”的翻译方法翻译下面十个句子。 Armed to teeth Meet ones Waterloo Dark horse Crocodile tears Ivory to
41、wer He looked cool in his new clothes. This is the last supper in our college life. The cold war between the husband and wife ended when the husband found a better job. The fear that the Black Monday might return soon alarmed these Wall Streeters. The wealth he had boasted for years turned out to be
42、 the emperors new clothes.,第三节 经典作品翻译分析,一、红楼梦英译选 1、 却说秦氏听宝玉梦中唤他的乳名,心中纳闷,又不好细问。彼时宝玉迷迷惑惑,若有所失,遂起身解怀整衣,袭人过来给他系裤带时,刚伸手至大腿处,只觉冰冷粘湿的一片,吓的慌忙退回手来,问:“是怎么了?”宝玉红了脸,把他的手一捻,袭人本是个聪明女子,年纪又比宝玉大两岁,近来也渐省人事,今见宝玉如此光景,心中便觉察了一半,不觉把个粉脸羞的飞红,遂不好再问。,Translation : Qin-shi was surprised to hear Bao-yu call out her childhood na
43、me in his sleep, but did not like to pursue the matter. As she stood wondering, Bao-yu, who was still bemused after his dream and not yet in full possession of his faculties, got out of bed and began to stretch himself and to adjust his clothes, assisted by Aroma. As she was doing up his trousers, h
44、er hand, chancing to stray over his thigh, came into contact with something cold and sticky which caused her to draw it back in alarm and ask him if he was all right. Instead of answering, he merely reddened and gave the hand a squeeze. Aroma had always been an intelligent girl. She was, in any case
45、, a year or two older than Bao-yu and had recently begun to have some understanding of the facts of life. Observing the condition that Bao-yu was in, she therefore had more than an inkling of what had happened. Abandoning her question, she busied herself with his clothes, her cheeks suffused by a cr
46、imson blush of embarrassment. (Translated by David Hawkes) (原文一段,译文两段,改变了原文的语篇结构;姓名翻译使用了拼音和意译两种手段;局部地方的行文角度与杨氏夫妇的也有所不同。保留了原文的朦胧笔触,但较多地渲染了有关情境。),2 话说周瑞家的送走了刘姥姥去后,便上来回王夫人话,谁知王夫人不在上房,问丫鬟们,方知往薛姨妈那边说话儿去了。周瑞家的听说便出东角门,过东院,往梨香院来。 Translation 1 : When Zhou Ruis wife had finished seeing off Grannie Liu, she w
47、ent to Lady Wangs place to report. Lady Wang, however, was not in her apartment. The maids said that she had gone off to visit Aunt Xue. Zhou Ruis wife accordingly went out by the gate in the east corner of the compound, crossed the eastern courtyard, and made her way to Pear Tree Court. (Translated
48、 by David Hawkes) (译文紧扣原文,用另一种方式意译了梨香院。),Translation 2: Having seen off Granny Liu, Mrs. Zhou went to Lady Wang, reporting Granny Lius departure, to find that Lady Wang was not in. Asked, the maids informed her that she had gone to Aunt Xues for a chat. Then Mrs. Zhou went through the east corner ga
49、te, crossed the east yard and went to Lixiang Yard. (译文紧扣原文,半音半意译了梨香院,遣词造句也较两种前译有所不同。),3 话说宝玉和凤姐回家,见过众人,宝玉回明贾母要约秦钟上家塾之事,自己也有个伴读的朋友,正好发奋;又着实称赞秦钟人品行事,最是可人怜爱的。 Translation 1: After Hsi-feng and Pao-yu reached home and had paid their greetings, Pao-yu told the Lady Dowager of Chin Chungs eagerness to attend their clan school, and the incentive it would be for him to have a friend and companion in his studies. He painted a glowing picture of the other boys admirable character and lovable qualities. (Translated by Yang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang) (译文基本上紧扣原文,遣词地道,意译贾母。),