1、,第二代测序技术简介,公司理念:毅新兴业以生命科学研究为本,致力于科学技术服务,为客户提供完美的科研平台 。,基因组SNPs(包括芯片、massarray)第二代大规模测序病毒包装miRNA表达谱蛋白组血清多肽谱2DELC-MS(Shotgun法)代谢组NMRLC-MS,自主仪器恒温金属浴梯度PCR仪恒温振荡仪 Squenom质谱仪 SAI质谱仪MALDI TOF/TOF 测序仪:Polonator G.007,试剂 自主研发 液体蛋白磁珠 SBI试剂 慢病毒 RNA干扰库 MicroRNA研究 干细胞研究,3,内容提纲,从Sanger法到新一代测序技术 第二代测序平台介绍 第二代测序技术应用
2、 宏基因组学(Metagenomics) 泛基因组学(Pangenomics),Key Genomics Technologies,1975 - Southern DNA hybridization technique 1977 - Sangers chain-termination and Maxam、Gilberts chemical DNA sequencing methods 1980 - Automated in situ oligonucleotide synthesis instrument 1985 - Mulliss discovery of PCR at Cetus 199
3、2 - Affymatrix (Fodors group) first gene-chip 1995 - ABIs first automated DNA sequencer 2006 - 2nd generation DNA sequencer on market 2007 and beyond Single molecule sequencing techniques,Sangers Method,Labeled primer (1) Sequence reactions (4) Sequence separations (4) Sequence read-out,1st-Generati
4、on Automated DNA Sequencer,Parallel runs on 96 capillaries on ABI 3700,Limitation of 1st Gen Sequencer,Throughput Time-consuming separation of chain-terminated fragments Hard to produce massively parallel system based electrophoretic separation Sequencing Cost Sample handling Difficult to miniaturiz
5、e,Need for Faster and Cheaper Sequencing Technology,Personal Genome Project,Trends in Next-Generation Sequencing,Large-scale and high-throughput Amplification on solid surface Cluster generation (bridge or polony amplification ) Emulsion PCR (fragment on beads) In situ sequencing by chain extension
6、Sequence by synthesis DNA polymerase Sequence by ligation DNA ligase Massively parallel processing Array of clusters, beads Miniaturization through microfluidic Single molecule detection,测序技术目标,陈竺,日本血吸虫基因组,人类全基因组测序的目标:1000美元/人2008年预测5年内实现,2006年底,美国X大奖基金会设立了基因组Archon X大奖,奖金高达1000万美元。这项大奖将颁给第一个能在10天之内
7、,用不到100万美元的费用,完成100个人类基因组测序的团队。附加条件是覆盖率不小于98%,误差不大于1/100000 bp。,Next-Gen Platforms,GA Illumina/Solexa SBS with reversible fluorescent terminators GS FLX Roche/454 Life Sciences SBS through pyrosequencing SOLiD ABI/Agencourt SBL with dual base encoding POLONATOR Danaher Motion SBL with base encoding,
8、Next-Gen Sequencing Workflow,Fragment Library Preparation Random Pair-end,2nd Generation Performance,Roche/454 Life Sciences Genome Sequencer,Roche/454 Workflow,DNA Library Prep DNA Fragment End repaired Asymetric Adaptors ligated (one biotinylated) Immobilized on streptavidin coated magnetic beads
9、Denatured - ss template DNA library Purified,Emulsion Amplification Template DNA immobilized on primer coated capture beads thru hybridization (1 fragment on each bead) Thermocyle to amplify (forward primer is biotinylated) Amplified beads enriched with streptavidin coated magnetic beads,Roche/454 W
10、orkflow,Bead Deposition One amplified bead per microwell Followed by enzyme beads and packing beads Enzyme beads Sulfurylase Luciferase Packing beads help to keep DNA bead in microwell,Pyrosequencing 4 nucleotides sequentially flow in Incorporation of a nucleotide releases a pyrophosphate (PPi) Sufu
11、rylase convert PPi into ATP ATP hydrolized by luciferase using luciferin to produce light,Pyrosequencing,Convert PPi to ATP,Use ATP to generate light,Remove (d)NTPs and excess ATP,Roche/454 Workflow,Image Acquisition By CCD camera coupled to the picotiterplate Chemiluminescent intensity reflects num
12、ber of nucleotide incorporated in each flow; used to determine homopolymer region Up to 100 cycles repeated,Post-acq Processing De novo sequencing Resequencing Amplicon variant analysis,Image Processing Chemiluminescent event maped to well Flowgram generated for each well Base called,Roche/454 Life
13、Sciences Genome Sequencer, 速度快,一个测序反应耗时10个小时,获得100余万个读长和4-6亿个碱基对。 测序读长最长,单个序列的读长更长,平均可达到400-500个碱基左右 准确度高,读长超过400bp时,单一读长的准确性可以超过99%; 一致性好,测序结果一致性超过99.99%; 可以进行PairEnd测序研究;,功能强大的基因组分析工具 Polonator G.007,Polonator系统是由Dr. George Church和他的研究小组发明,该系统使用了美国最先进试剂处理和检测的部件,采用了最敏感的检测设备,现在已发展成为一个包含多个基因组学应用领域的研究
14、平台,并且承担了美国“Personal Genome Project”的个人基因组测序任务。Polonator G.007最大的优势在于开机运行成本低和Linux 开放资源软件。,Polonator G.007 Workflow,配对末端文库制备:配对末端文库是将基因组DNA打断后,与中间接头连接,再环化,然后用Mme1酶切,使中间接头两端各有30bp的碱基,再加上两端的接头,形成文库。乳液PCR:在微反应器中加入测序模板、PCR反应元件、微珠和引物,进行乳液PCR(Emulsion PCR)。微球富集和固定:PCR完成之后,变性模板,富集带有延伸模板的微珠,去除多余的微珠。将微珠沉积在一块玻
15、片上,微珠上的模板经过3修饰,可以与玻片共价结合。连接反应测序:polonator连接反应的底物是9碱基单链荧光探针混合物。探针的5末端分别标记了CY5、Texas Red、CY3、6-FAM这4种颜色的荧光染料。连接反应中,这些探针按照碱基互补规则与单链DNA模板链配对,结合的探针就提供了一个荧光检测信号,最终被仪器识别。,Polonator G.007,数据量 每次运行可以得到10Gb的高质量数据运行时间 80小时读长 30bp2,每次运行可以读取1.2 1.3109个磁珠准确性 超过99%运行成本 仅为目前二代测序系统运行成本的60%样品数/运行 同时支持2 8道最多16个样品测序,Il
16、lumina/Solexa- Genome Analyzer,Illumina Genome Analyzer是一种基于单分子簇的边合成边测序技术,它基于专有的可逆终止化学反应原理。,Illumina/Solexa Workflow,Solexa Genome Analyzer, 测序通量高:每次运行后可获得30 GB的高品质过滤数据; 简单、快速、自动化:制备样品文库可以在几小时内完成,一个星期内就能得到高精确度的数据; DNA序列的读取长度不断增加,当前达到100 bp; 单个或配对末端支持:Genome Analyzer系统支持单个片段或配对末端文库; 每张芯片有8个通道,每个通道可单独
17、测序一个样品,也可以把多个样品混合在一起测序。,ABI SOLiD Library Prep,Sheared fragments are tagged with adapters (A1 and A2) to each end,ABI SOLiD Emulsion PCR,Emulsion PCR performed using DNA fragments from library on beads (m) coatd with one of the primers,ABI SOLiD Bead Deposition,Amplified bead enriched on polystyrene
18、 beads coated with A2 adaptor; any bead containing the extended products will bind polystyrene bead through its P2 end. This increase the throughput of beads with targeted DNA from 30% to 80% 3 end of enriched product modified to allow covalent attachement to glass slide surface randomly,Fluorescent
19、 Probes,ABI SOLiD Sequence by Ligation,Use dual base encoding through 8-mer probes with a ligation site at the 3 end, a fluorescent dye at the 5 end, and a cleavage site between the fifth and sixth nucleotide Each color represents two nucleotides in which the second base of each dinucleotide unit co
20、nstitutes the first base of the following dinucleotide, knowing just one base in the sequence will lead us to interpret the whole sequence,Next-Gen Research Applications,de novo 测序全基因组重测序/基因组结构变异转录组测序/外显子测序小分子RNA测序分析宏基因组学(Meta-Genomics)泛基因组学( Pangenome )DNA甲基化分析ChIP测序,35,Genome sequencing projects s
21、tatistics,Next-Gen Research Applications,de novo 测序全基因组重测序/基因组结构变异转录组测序/外显子测序小分子RNA测序分析宏基因组学(Meta-Genomics)泛基因组学( Pangenome )DNA甲基化分析ChIP测序,人类基因组计划,Human Genome Project,1000 Genomes Project,Personal Genome Project,Cancer Genome Project,Next-Gen Research Applications,de novo 测序全基因组重测序/基因组结构变异转录组测序/外显
22、子测序小分子RNA测序分析宏基因组学(Meta-Genomics)泛基因组学( Pangenome )DNA甲基化分析ChIP测序,转录组测序/外显子测序,转录本结构研究:UTR鉴定、Intron边界鉴定、可变剪切研究等。 非编码区域功能研究:non-coding RNA研究、microRNA前体研究等。基因转录水平研究 全新转录区域研究,千种植物转录组研究计划,Next-Gen Research Applications,de novo 测序全基因组重测序/基因组结构变异转录组测序/外显子测序小分子RNA测序分析宏基因组学(Meta-Genomics)泛基因组学( Pangenome )DN
23、A甲基化分析ChIP测序,小分子RNA测序分析,新miRNA分子的挖掘,其作用靶基因的预测和鉴定样品间差异表达分析miRNAs聚类和表达谱分析等,Small RNA(micro RNAs、siRNAs和 pi RNAs)是生命活动重要的调控因子,在基因表达调控、生物个体发育、代谢及疾病的发生等生理过程中起着重要的作用。,Next-Gen Research Applications,de novo 测序全基因组重测序/基因组结构变异转录组测序/外显子测序小分子RNA测序分析宏基因组学(Meta-Genomics)泛基因组学( Pangenome )DNA甲基化分析ChIP测序,Metagenom
24、ics,宏基因组学 (也称元基因组学、环境基因组学、生态基因组学)是一种以环境样品中的微生物群体基因组为研究对象,以测序分析和功能基因筛选为研究手段,研究微生物多样性、 种群结构、进化关系、功能活性、相互协作关系及与环境之间关系的新方法。对特定环境微生物种群全基因组DNA研究,可以从整体上对样品群落进行分析,不受微生物是否能培养的限制,而且研究对象从单一基因组到一个基因组集合,也摆脱了对于传统基因组研究的物种限制,开辟了微生物群体基因组学研究的新路径。,Next-Gen Research Applications,de novo 测序全基因组重测序/基因组结构变异转录组测序/外显子测序小分子R
25、NA测序分析宏基因组学(Meta-Genomics)泛基因组学( Pangenome )DNA甲基化分析ChIP测序,Pangenome,Pangenome (whole, supra-genome) is the total gene repertoire in a given species, including: core genome, which is shared by all individuals, dispensable genome, which is shared by some individuals, unique genome, which is unique to
26、 an individual.,Next-Gen Research Applications,de novo 测序全基因组重测序/基因组结构变异转录组测序/外显子测序小分子RNA测序分析宏基因组学(Meta-Genomics)泛基因组学( Pangenome )DNA甲基化分析ChIP测序,DNA甲基化分析,在哺乳动物中,甲基化位点一般发生在CpG的C位点上,导致C碱基的5号碳原子上被加上一个甲基。DNA甲基化也是目前研究得最为深入的表观遗传学标记。重亚硫酸氢盐-基因组测序法(bisulfite sequencing)是研究DNA甲基化的有力工具。用重亚硫酸氢盐(bisulfite)处理DNA
27、后,C碱基被转换成U碱基,而发生甲基化的C碱基则维持不变。在随后进行的PCR扩增过程中,U碱基被替换成T碱基。因此,重亚硫酸氢盐的处理会反映出单个C碱基的甲基化状态。重亚硫酸氢盐法与高通量的测序方法结合后,能够无偏向的提供全基因组范围内的甲基化位点信息。,Next-Gen Research Applications,de novo 测序全基因组重测序/基因组结构变异转录组测序/外显子测序小分子RNA测序分析宏基因组学(Meta-Genomics)泛基因组学( Pangenome )DNA甲基化分析ChIP测序,ChIP-seq,ChIP-Seq是继ChIP-Chip之后蛋白/核酸相互作用研究领域的又一技术突破。通过对染色质免疫共沉淀(ChIP)获得的DNA片段进行大规模测序,可获得数百万条序列标签,并能把所研究蛋白的DNA结合位点精确定位到基因组上。,第二代测序平台解决方案:,