1、四级写作高分技巧 第二讲,王飞飞,Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists?(CET4 2005.12) 1名校校园正成为旅游新热点 2校园是否应对游客开放，人们看法不同 3我认为 It is true that many university campuses, especially those of the prestigious ones, have recently become the new tourist attractions. Pros and cons have been put forward concerning
2、this new phenomenon. Some people are quite in favor of the campus opening to tourists while others are opposed to it. The opening of campus will stimulate the tourist industry, but the easier access to campus will lead to some accidents or safety problems which will interfere in students life. In my
3、 opinion, campuses can be open to tourists once a week, say, on Saturday or Sunday. This suggestion, I believe, is quite feasible because it could kill two birds with one stone. For one thing, campuses could attract many tourists on weekends, thus boosting the tourism. For another, restricted openin
4、g of campus will beneficially narrow the gap between campuses and the outside world. Furthermore, this will also attract more public attention and build a great reputation for the university.,二. 历年真题回顾,趋势预测,1. 1998.6 命题 Do lucky Numbers Really Bring Good Luck? 1.有些人认为某些数字会带来好运 2. 也有些人认为数字和运气无关 3. 试说
5、明你的看法2. 1999.1 命题 Dont Hesitate to Say “No” 1. 请求帮助时，在什么情况下我们会说“不” 2. 为什么有些人在该说“不”的时候不说“不” 3. 该说“不”时不说“不”的坏处3. 1999.6 命题 Reading Selectively or Extensively? 1.有人认为读书要有选择 2.有人认为应当博览群书 3. 我的看法4. 2000.1 命题 How I Finance My College Education 1. 大学的费用（tuition and fees）可以通过多种途径解决 2. 哪种途径适合我（说明理由）5. 2000.6
6、 命题 Is a test of Spoken English Necessary? 1. 很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是 2. 也有人持不同的意见， 3. 我的看法和打算,二. 历年真题回顾,趋势预测,6. 2001.1 命题 How to Succeed in a Job Interview 1. 面试在求职过程中的作用 2. 取得面试成功的因素：仪表，举止谈吐，能力，专业知识，自信，实事求是7. 2001.6 书信 A Letter to a Schoolmate 1. 表示欢迎 2. 提出对度假安排的建议 3. 提醒应注意的事项8. 2002.1 书信 A Letter to
7、 the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus 假如你是李明，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信，内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质 量，价格，环境，服务等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼而有之。9. 2002.6 图表 Student Use of Computers 1. 图示为1990年，1995年，2002年某大学生使用计算机的情况，请描述其变化； 2. 请说明发生这些变化的原因（可从计算机的用途，价格或社会发展等方面加以说 明）； 3. 你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。10. 2003.1 命题 I
8、t Pays to Be Honest 1. 当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象 2. 诚实利人利己，做人应该诚实,二. 历年真题回顾,趋势预测,11. 2003.6 命题 An Eye-witness Account of a Traffic Accident 假如你在某日某地目击一起车祸，就此写一份见证书。见证书必须包括以下几点： 1. 车祸发生的时间地点 2. 你所见到的车祸情况 3. 你对车祸原因的分析12. 2003.9 命题 The Day My Classmate Fell Ill/ Got Injured 1. 简单叙述一下这位同学生病，受伤的情况 2. 同学老师和我是如何帮助他的
9、 3. 人与人之间的这种关爱给我的感受是13. 2004.1 书信 A Letter in Reply to a Friend 1. 建议报考的专业及理由 2. 报考该专业的基本条件 3. 应当如何备考14. 2004.6 应用文 A Brief Introduction to a Tourist Attraction 要点：1. 欢迎词；2. 一天的行程安排；3. 对旅客即将访问的地点进行描述；4. 你应该让这个介绍很吸引人，并且让每个人都清楚了解你的行程安排。15. 2005.1 应用文 A Campaign Speech 1. 你认为自己具备什么条件（能力，性格，爱好）可以胜任学生会主席
10、工作 2. 如果你当选你将为本校同学做什么,二. 历年真题回顾,趋势预测,16. 2005.6 命题 In Honor of Teachers on the Occasion of Teachers Day 1. 向老师致以节日的祝贺 2. 从一件难忘的事回忆老师的教诲和无私的奉献 3. 我如何回报老师的关爱17. 2005.12 命题 Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists? 1. 名校校园正成为旅游新热点 2. 校园是否应对游客开放，人们看法不同 3. 我认为18. 2006.6 应用文 Volunteers Needed 1. 校
11、学生会将组织一次暑假志愿活动，现招聘志愿者 2. 本次志愿者活动的目的，内容，安排等 3. 报名条件及联系方式19. 2006.6 （新） 命题 On Students Selection Lectures 1. 有些大学允许学生自由选择某些课程的任课教师 2. 学生选择教师时所考虑的主要因素 3. 学生自由选任课教师的益处和可能产生的问题20. 2006.12 命题 Spring Festival Gala on CCTV 1. 许多人喜欢在除夕观看春节联欢会 2. 有些人却提出取消春节联欢会 3. 在我看来,二. 历年真题回顾,趋势预测,21. 2007.6 应用文 Welcome to
12、Our Club 1. 本社团的主要活动内容 2. 参加本社团的好处 3. 如何加入本社团22. 2007.12 命题 What Electives to Choose 1. 各大学开设了各种各样的选修课 2. 学生因各种原因选择了不同的选修课 3. 以你自己为例23. 2008.6 命题 Recreational Activities 1. 娱乐活动多种多样 2. 娱乐活动可以使人们受益，也可以带来危害 3. 作为大学生，我认为24. 2008.12 命题 Limiting the use of Disposable Plastic Bags 1. 一次性塑料袋被广泛使用 2. 由此带来的问
13、题 3. 限制使用一次性塑料袋的意义25. 2009.06 命题 Free Admissions to Museums 1. 越来越多的博物馆对公众免费开放 2. 有人认为是会造成不利影响 3. 我的看法是26. 2009.12 命题 Create a green campus 1.建设绿色校园十分重要 2.绿色校园不仅指绿色环境 3.为了建设绿色校园我们应该,未来考试命题趋势的预测:由此可见，历史上四级考试共出现过三种题型的命题：命题作文，书信作文和图表作文，而其中绝大多数都是命题作文，书信和图表在近几年才出现。四级作文就题目本身来说，都与考生的生活息息相关，是考生比较容易发挥的题目。作文的
14、目的主要在于考查学生的写作能力，而并不是把学生对题目的理解力放在考查的第一位。猜题押宝的做法是不可行的。无论在平时的学习还是考试中，都要注意培养自己分析问题，解决问题的，判断事物的抽象思维能力，要对所有作文的体裁都有所了解和练习，不能有任何偏废。更重要的是要不断通过读，背，仿，写，改的过程来强化语感，提高语言的质量。四级作文命题有如下特征：1. 与实事有一定的关联，但不紧跟实事。2. 命题对所有考生而言是公平的，尽量避免对特定专业，地域等类别学生的偏向性3. 命题不会过偏，即保证任何考生都有话可说。,三. 得分技巧,1. 词语的运用2. 句子写作3. 段落写作,1. 词语的运用,三个原则：用词
15、准确；用词得当；同义词的 使用名词的单复数 动词的搭配形容词的恰当运用介词及介词短语的运用技巧 a fact beyond dispute “无可争辩的事实”,中国学生常把外语学习问题统统归罪于词汇量不大， 而解决问题的通常方法就是以应试为目的的词汇背诵，但毫无疑问这是最死板而效率地下的方法，而且缺乏实际沟通力；在语境中学习词汇才是最好最有效的途径。查阅字典有技巧，每遇见生词就查字典不是好方法，经常“遭遇”它，借助语境理解它的意义，印象更深，记得更牢。,在一个段落里，同一个词的使用不要过于频繁， 要考虑选择用同义词或近义词替代，这样可以避免单调和重复。譬如”good”是学生们喜欢用的一个词，在
16、口语中用的比较多， 但如在英语写作中用得过多， 就会显得词汇贫乏，单调无味。,We had a very good evening on Friday. After a meal at a very good Italian restaurant we went to a good film. I liked it because the actors were all so good and the plot was a good one as well. Afterwards we were in such a good mood that decided to visit some go
17、od friends of ours and tell them all about our evening. They were very good about our calling round so late and I was glad that I was able to do them a good turn by mending their clock while we were there. We had a very enjoyable evening on Friday. After a meal at a romantic Italian restaurant we we
18、nt to a very powerful film. I liked it because the actors were so sensitive and the plot was an original one as well. Afterwards we felt so exhilarated that we decided to visit some close friends of ours and tell them all about our evening. They were very understanding about our calling around so la
19、te and I was glad that I was able to do them a favor by mending their clock while we were there.,I had a very nice childhood. I went to a very nice school in Scotland where the teachers were all nice to the children and the lessons were always nice. It was in a very nice part of the country and it s
20、eems to me now that the weather was always nice. I thought it was especially nice in winter when it was nice to play in the snow. Our school uniform was very nice and school dinners were always nice. I wonder if it was really as nice as I think now or if I am just becoming old? I had a very happy ch
21、ildhood. I went to a very pleasant school in Scotland where the teachers were all kind to the children and the lessons were always interesting. It was in a very beautiful part of the country and it seems to me now that the weather was always fine. I thought it was especially enjoyable in winter when
22、 it was exciting to play in the snow. Our school uniform was very attractive and school dinners were always delicious. I wonder if it was really as wonderful as I think now or if I am just becoming old?,2. 句子写作,A. 句子的分类 B. 基本句型的扩展 C. 句子的多样性 D. 句子的连贯一致 E. 标点符号,A. 句子的分类,a.英语句子按其语法结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句三种类型。
23、 简单句是构成各类句子的基础；两个或两个以上的意义相关的简单句可以联结成并列句；简单句的每个句子成分可以扩展成从句而构成复合句。,简单句,只包含一个主语和谓语的句子称为简单句。但有时一个句子可包含两个或两个以上并列的主语或谓语，还仍为简单句。有些句子包含定语、状语、同位语、独立成分、插入语等多种附加成分，但只要是单一主谓结构，它们仍然是简单句。 - She fell from the horse and broke her leg.,并列句,并列句包含两个或两个以上的相互独立的分句，分句之间由并列连词或分号连接来表示分句之间的并列、选择或转折等逻辑关系。这种句子主要用来表达各自具有同等重要性的
24、一些思想。 - I like singing, but she likes dancing. - This is the best book I have ever read; it kept me up all night.,复合句,由一个主句和至少一个从句构成的句子称为复合句。在复合句中，主句是整个句子的主体部分，从句只是整个句子的一个成分，不能独立存在，在句法关系上从属于主句。从句须用关联词引导，来表明与主句的关系。 - That is exactly what I want to say. - There was only one school in the small town wh
25、ere I was born.,从句作表语,从句作定语,b. 英语句子按交际功能分为四种，即陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。,陈述句 Declarative Sentence,陈述句 用来陈述观点、事实或说话人的看法。- I havent finished my homework.- Browsing on the Internet is my favorite pastime.,疑问句 Interrogative Sentence,用来提问的句子称为疑问句。一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句，附加疑问句。 -Do you know the way to go to the train sta
26、tion? - How many students are there in your class? - Is your favorite winter outdoor activity skiing or skating? - She has found her bike, hasnt she?,祈使句 Imperative Sentence,用来表达命令、请求或建议的句子称为祈使句。 - Dont be late again.,感叹句 Exclamatory sentence,用来抒发强烈感情的句子称为感叹句。 -How beautiful the scenery is! - What a
27、 great idea!,c. 英语基本句型,英语句型的变化取决于其中的谓语动词。谓语动词有不及物动词、连系动词和及物动词三种，就此产生千差万别的各种句型，但基本的句子结构只有五种。,a) SV（主语+谓语动词）,- They will come. - The boy cried.,b) SVP (主语+谓语+表语),- Mary is a student. - It tastes sweet.,c) SVO （主语+谓语+宾语）,- She bought a skirt. - We have finished the job.,d) SVoO (主语+谓语+间宾+直宾),- The boy
28、gives Mary the ball. - I teach the students English. - Father told me a story.,e) SVOC (主语+谓语+宾语+宾补),- They elected him the president. - We painted the wall green. - He asked the boy to paint wall. - We heard her singing. 这种句子结构中的动词是复合及物动词，其后跟复合宾语，即“宾语+补语”。,只有掌握了基本句型，便能对各种看上去变化复杂的简单句加以剖析，并在写作中正确地运用它
29、们。,- Those fancy, expensive dresses cost too much money and require a beautiful figure.- Many young people, particularly the Youth league members, would give the sick and the aged a helping hand in case of emergency.,First draft: Hong Kong is a very large city.Second draft: Hong Kong is an overcrowd
30、ed and commercialized city. Final draft: Hong Kong is an overcrowded and commercialized city with a population of over seven million.,B. 基本句型的扩展,带有状语成分的语句定语及定语从句主语和主语从句表语从句宾语从句,a. 带有状语成分的语句,在句子中加介词短语，状语从句等进行修饰，不仅可使句式灵活多样，而且表达意义也更为深刻和具体。 - Suzhou is a beautiful city. It attracts a lot of visitors eac
31、h day from both the domestic and foreign countries. - Suzhou is a beautiful city, attracting thousands of visitors each day from both the domestic and foreign countries.,常见的用介词所引导的状语,引导时间、过程等状语的介词和短语in/on/at/between/till/until/fromtoat the time of/at the moment of/the momentas soon as/in the course
32、of/at the point ofat the sight of/at the thought of/on the brink of （“处于边缘”）on the verge of/on the occasion of/at the beginning ofat the end of/in the middle of/at the closing point ofon the edge of/on the threshold of,接近于，濒临于,在的开头,在快要开始的时候,在的前夕,引导地点、程度、空间、范围等状语的介词和短语in/at/by/near/behind/above/overu
33、nder/beyond/through/besides/except/except forto the extent of/in front of/at the back of/at the rear ofin the front of/in the middle of/in the midst ofwithin the scope of/beyond the scope of/apart fromat the foot of/on the tip of/on the top of/in addition toto face up to/in the face of/in place of/b
34、y the side ofto the point of/to the degree of,引导目的、前提、结果、条件、原因、让步等状语的介词和短语if/only if/given/in order to/in case ofwith a view to/by virtue of/because of/owing todue to/so as to/by reason of/by means ofin accordance with/on account of/in consideration ofin the event of/in view of/subject to/as a resul
35、t ofunder the influence of/under the guidance ofunder the pressure of/in pursuit of/for the sake ofin search of/according to/on the basis of/in line within the light of/in spite of/even though/althoughthough/despite/to the satisfaction of/to the taste of,着眼于, 以.为目的, 考虑到,依靠, 由于,由于,考虑到，由于,按照, 根据, 当作,引
36、导比较、指涉、对象、指谓等状语的介词和短语for/to/as to/as for/as far as/be concernedwith reference to/in regard to/in respect to/in honor ofin relation to/in connection with/in contrast toin comparison with/in the matter of/in opposition toin terms of/on the subject of/in response to,向.表示敬意, 为祝贺.,关于, 论及,引导方式、方法、手段等状语的介词
37、和短语by means of/by way of/via/by dint ofinstead of/with the help of/with the aid of/by force ofin the wake of/in the habit of/in the manner of/in the form ofon behalf of/in the name of/at the request ofon the recommendation of/on the chance of /through the help ofthrough the channel of/in exchange of
38、/in place ofon demand of.,He succeeded by dint of hard work. 借助,由于, 迫于, 通过, 以.手段,尾随, 紧跟, 仿效,有.的习惯, 常常,We went to the cinema on the chance of seeing Paul there. 期望,引导补充、关联、衔接等状语的介词和短语（常用插入式）so to speak/to be honest/to be direct/to be franklike it or not/believe it or not/if not best/come to think of
39、itas it were/in the final analysis/by fair means of foulas luck would have it/come what may/in general/in particularby the way/hopefully/incidentally,不论发生什么事情,He made a great fortune by fair means or foul. 他不择手段地发了一笔大财。,As luck would have it, I just caught the train in time. 我正好赶上车，真是幸运。,I must go n
40、ow. Incidentally, if you want that book Ill bring it next time. 我现在该走了。顺便提一句,如果你要那本书,我下次带来。,状语从句的引导词although/since/when/while/just asbefore/after/whatever/but as/if,b. 定语及定语从句,如果说状语对语意的表达具有“辐射”作用的话，那么，定语的作用则是“聚焦”-是词语性质及意义范畴更具体、更清晰。形容词，名词，现在分词，过去分词，不定式，介词短语都可用作定语。英语的定语从句分为两种：一是限定性的定语从句，二是非限定性的定语从句。限定
41、性的定语从句常以that, which, who, whom, whose, where, why, when等的关系词作引导，一般紧跟随所修饰的名词。,for example: - This is the place where Jack met his girlfriend for the first time. - I cant figure out the reason why there are more and more Chinese young people who wish to go to the United States to further their studies
42、. - At home on the small farm in the U.S. state of Michigan, where he was being reared by his grandparents, the youngster could talk a little with his relative.,c. 主语和主语从句,在英语中，作主语的语言成分包括：名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式、名词从句。For example- Listening to a piece of music without understanding what it is means nothing b
43、ut a waste of time.- To help others is to help yourself in a sense.,主语从句,主语从句就是以what, who, which, why, how, when, which等词所引导的名词从句。这些名词从句出现在谓语动词之前并作主语时，我们就将其称为主语从句。- What she has been doing all these years still remains a mystery.- How she succeeded in getting the post is still unknown,It 作形式主语,由于英语是个突出主语的语言，因此，如果句子的实际主语太长，英语习惯用先行代词it作形式主语，然后再引出实际的主语。 It is+ 形容词+that 从句 It is+ 不及物动词+that 从句 It is+ 名词+that 从句 It is+ 动词的过去分词+that 从句,
