1、庖丁巧解牛知识巧学【词析】 音析:i 在词中读 。形析:s+lid （盖） +e义析:to move over a surface while maintaining smooth,continuous contact；act of sliding【典句】The boys amused themselves by sliding down the banister.男孩们从楼梯扶手滑下以取乐。【拓展】1)过去式:slid；过去分词 :slid 或 slidden；现在分词:sliding。2)与 slide 相关的一些短语:slide into（渐渐地；不知不觉地）进入 ;陷入（某种状态）I
2、was just sliding into sleep when someone tapped on my door.我刚要进入梦乡,就有人敲门。let.slide 对 放任不管；听任 自然发展He let his studies slide to go to football practice.他参加足球训练,而置学习于不顾。3）作“滑”讲时,slide 与 slip,glide 的区别:slide 指在一个光滑的表面持续地滑动。 slip 常指因意外而不由自主地滑动。glide 与 slide 同义 ,但另有“ 滑翔”之意。bump into 碰；撞；偶然遇见【词析】 形析:bump(撞击
3、)+into(进入)碰【典句】 In the dark,I bumped into a chair.黑暗中,我撞上了椅子。【拓展】 1)作“遇见”解时,近义词组有 knock into,come across。2)bump 既可以作及物动词,也可以作不及物动词。作不及物动词,表示“碰,撞”时,后面常跟against 或 into。That truck bumped our car.（及物动词）那辆卡车撞了我们的车。Her arm bumped against the table.（不及物动词）她的胳膊撞上了桌子。【词析】 音析:e 在词中读 。形析:con-（反对地）+tent（帐篷）【典句】
4、 She is content with very little.她容易满足。Her answer seems to content the teacher.看来老师对她的回答很满意。【拓展】1）content 作名词 ,除了“ 满足；满意”,还有“容量；含量；题材；内容；要旨”的意思。content 作名词时的读音是ktent 。Oranges have a high water content.橘子的水分大。2）掌握 content 的固定搭配:feel/be content with.对感到满意。如:Are you content with your work？你对你的工作满意吗？be
5、content to do 满足于做；甘心地做。如 :He was content just to sit in front of the television all day.他只要整天坐在电视机前就心满意足了。content oneself with.使自己满足于。如:He contents himself with the present state.他安于现状。badly off 穷的；缺少的【典句】 I went to her home and found her living conditions were badly off.我去她家一看,发现她的生活条件很差。The schoo
6、l was then badly off for teachers.当时学校缺少教师。【拓展】 1)反义词:well off 富裕的；富有的；富有的；有许多的2）比较级:worse off （境况更差）,worse off 的反义词:better off 境况更佳 worse off 和better off 常常与 than,rather than 搭配使用。【词析】 音析:a 在词中读 ,o 读 。形析:as( 作为)+tonish ( 时髦的 )义析:amaze,surprise【典句】I was astonished at what I found.发现的情况使我非常惊讶。【拓展】1)同
7、义词:amaze,surprise同根词:astonishment n.惊讶to ones astonishment 让某人惊讶的是 2)与 astonish 相关的一些用法:astonish sb.使某人惊奇The news astonished everybody.这个消息令大家惊讶。be astonished at sth.对某事感到惊讶 He was astonished at the news.他听到这个消息感到很吃惊。be astonished to see/learn. 看到 /得知感觉很惊讶He was astonished to see his father here.在这里
8、见到他父亲他感到很吃惊。be astonished+that 从句We are all greatly astonished (that) she has failed.她失败了,我们很惊讶。3)形容词 astonished 与 astonishing 的区别:astonished“感到惊讶的”, 指人的主观感受；astonishing“令人惊讶的 ”,指事物本身特征。【词析】 音析:ar 在词中读 ,i 在词中读 。形析:part（部分）+i （我）+cular义析:special,different【典句】 I remember his particular way of smiling.
9、我记得他特有的微笑。Id like you to give us full particulars of what happened.我希望你能为我们提供事情的全部详情。【拓展】1)近义词:special;副词:particularly adv. 特别地2)与 particular 相关的一些词组 :in particular 特别；尤其be particular about 对于（过于）讲究的；挑剔的；苛求的3)particular 作形容词时与 special 的区别:special 常指一般场合下的“特殊”,较普通；particular 常可与 special 通用 ,但含有个别的意味,
10、强调特殊场合下的特殊情况。Its a special case.那是一个特殊情况。In that particular case,the rule doesnt hold.这项规则不适用于那个具体情况。【词析】 音析:前一个字母组合 ou 在词中读 ,后一个 ou 读 。形析:through （通过；穿过）+out（外面的）义析:all over,anywhere【典句】 Chaplin is famous throughout the world.卓别林闻名于世界。Words and images are being sent throughout the world by mobile p
11、hones.文字和图像正通过移动电话传遍全世界。【拓展】 1)作介词时,后面可接时间（=through）和地点（=all over/across）,常见的搭配有:throughout the day 整天 throughout ones life 终生throughout history 在整个历史上 throughout the century 整个世纪throughout the country（遍及）全国 throughout the night 整个晚上2)throughout 作副词时,常用于句尾。如:The house is painted throughout.这所房子全部油漆了
12、一遍。3)through 的一些用法:passed through a tunnel 穿过隧道 work through the night 通宵工作tour through China 遍游中国 a walk through the flowers 在花丛中散步let sb.pass through 让某人通过 read a book through 把书从头到尾读一遍 sleep the night through 一觉睡到天亮 be wet through 浑身湿透【词析】 音析:ai 在词中读 。形析:fail（使失败）+ure【典句】 Failure is the mother of
13、 success.失败是成功之母。【拓展】 1）反义词:success；动词:fail 失败2)与 fail 相关的一些词组:fail in 失败；不及格；不足；缺乏fail+to do sth. （表示否定）不能；没有。如 :I failed to persuade him.= I failed in persuading him.我没能说服他。3)形容词 failing 与 failed 的区别:failing 指“失败中的；不及格的；减弱（或衰退）中的”。failing marriage 瓦解中的婚姻a failing grade 不及格failing health 每况愈下的健康状况f
14、ailing light 渐弱的光线failed 指“失败了的；不成功的；破产了的；倒闭了的”。a failed attempt 失败的尝试a failed candidate 落选的候选人a failed firm 倒闭的公司【词析】 音析:前一个 o 在词中读 ,后一个 o 在词中读 。形析:over（越过）+come （来）义析:defeat,overpower【典句】 We must overcome our own shortcomings by learning from each others strong points.我们必须互相取长补短。We should learn to
15、 overcome difficulties.我们应该学会克服困难。【拓展】1)overcome 常用在被动语态中表示“（感情等）压倒,使受不了”。常和 by,with搭配。如:The child was overcome by weariness and slept.孩子疲倦之极,睡着了。He was overcome with astonishment.他惊异万状。2)over- 作前缀时可表示以下含义:“过度；太甚”,如:over-study 用功过度；over-talk 过分多言“在上；在外；从上”；越过,如:over-bridge 天桥；overcoat 外衣；over-fly 飞跃
16、oversea(s)海外“颠倒；反转”,如:overthrow 推翻；overturn 倾倒；倾覆3)overcome 的过去式和过去分词分别是 overcame 和 overcome；现在分词是 overcoming。【词析】 音析:y 在词中读 。形析:difficult（adj.困难的）+-y （名词后缀）义析:the state of being difficult 【典句】 Bad planning will lead to difficulty later.计划不善会给今后带来麻烦。【拓展】 固定短语:with difficulty 费劲地without difficulty 不费
17、劲地have difficulty in doing sth.做某事困难pick out 挑出；辨别出【词析】 形析:pick（捡起；拾起）+out（外出）义析:choose sth.out【典句】He picked out the ripest peaches.他把熟得最透的桃子挑了出来。【辨析】 choose,select 和 pick out 的区别:choose 指在所提供的对象中,凭个人的判断力进行选择。select 指有目的地、仔细认真地按一定的标准 “精选”。pick out 指按个人喜好或希望进行挑选。cut off 切断；断绝【词析】 形析:cut （切）+off （离开）义
18、析:to break 【典句】 They agreed not to cut off supplies of petrol to Europe.他们同意不断绝对欧洲的汽油供应。【拓展】 与 cut 有关的词组:cut across 取捷径穿越 cut away 切下；逃走cut out 删除；裁剪出 cut into 切入cut down 砍倒 cut up 切碎【词析】 音析:i 在词中读短音 ,e 在词中读 。形析:di-(dia 贯通)+-rect(词根,正) 始终让它走正道指导义析:to conduct,order 【典句】 Can you direct me to the post
19、office？你能告诉我到邮局怎么走吗？He directed many Shakespearean plays in London.他在伦敦导演过许多莎士比亚的戏剧。【拓展】 1)近义词:straight; 反义词: （作形容词时）indirect同根词:direction n.方向；方面；director n.指导者directory n.姓名地址录 directly adv.直接地2)direct 作动词时的一些用法:direct+宾语 +不定式 ,The general directed the troops to attack.将军命令部队进攻。direct+that 从句The g
20、eneral directed that an advance (should) be made the next morning.将军命令部队第二天早上向前推进。3)副词 direct 与 directly 的区别:direct 的意思是“径直地、直接地”。You must go direct to see a doctor.你必须直接去看医生。 （意思是不要耽搁）directly 着重对事物的直接影响,不着重实际距离。She has never spoken directly about Tom.她从不直接谈论汤姆。 （意思是她较为含蓄）knock into 撞上；撞见【词析】 形析:kn
21、ock （敲；击）+into （到里）义析:to meet by chance【典句】 The car drove so fast that it knocked into a tree.这辆车开得很快,撞到树上去了。He knocked into his teacher in the street yesterday.昨天在大街上他偶然遇到了他的老师。【拓展】 同义词组:bump into,run into,come across 表示“（偶然）遇见”,还可用以下形式表达:happen to meet.,meet.by chance,chance to meet.【词析】 音析:or 在词中
22、读 ,u 在词中读 。形析:for （为了） +tune（曲调；和谐）义析:treasure;richness;luck【典句】 I had the good fortune to be chosen for a trip abroad.我很幸运被选中出国旅游。Fortune smiled on us.幸运之神垂青我们。【拓展】 1)和 fortune 相关的词组:have good (bad)fortune 运气好（不好）make ones fortune 发财；发迹2)fortune 作“财富；财产 ”解是可数名词；作“运气；幸运”解时是不可数名词。You can make a fortu
23、ne out of junk if you call it “antiques”.你把废物叫作“古董” 出售也能赚一大笔钱。Fortune knocks once at least at every mans gate.每个人都有交好运的时候。2)近义词:lucky adj.幸运的反义词:unfortunate adj.不幸的同根词:fortune n.运气；命运；财富fortunately adv.幸运地是unfortunately adv.不幸的是3)与 fortunate 相关的一些用法:be fortunate in 在方面很幸运He was fortunate in having s
24、uch nice friends.他真幸运,有这样好的朋友。be fortunate+to do sth.I was fortunate to have passed the exam.我能通过这次考试真是幸运。be fortunate+that 从句 Its very fortunate (that)we have Emma here.真幸运,爱玛和我们在一起。【词析】 音析:ing 读 。形析:s+wing(翅膀),摆动像蛇（s）一样的翅膀。义析:to move to and fro while hanging or supported【典句】 He swung his arms as h
25、e walked.他走路时摆动着手臂。The children are playing on the swings in the park.孩子们在公园里玩秋千。【拓展】1)swing 作动词时,常常用 swing+宾语+副词介词的结构。They swung themselves down from the top of the wall.他们从墙头翻下。2)swing 的过去式和过去分词都是 swung；现在分词是 swinging。【词析】 音析:h 不发音,er 在词中读 。形析:whis（h） （飕飕声）+per义析:to speak softly and secretly 【典句】
26、Dont you know its rude to whisper？难道你不知道窃窃私语不礼貌吗？【拓展】 掌握 whisper 的常见用法:1)whisper sth.She whispered a word in my ear.她对我附耳说了一句话。2)whisper to sb.He whispered to her so that no one else would hear.他对她耳语,以避免让别人听到。3)whisper sth.to sb.I whispered a secret to my closest friend.我对我最亲密的朋友悄悄说了一个秘密。【词析】 音析:a 在
27、词中读 。形析:形近词:last（adj. 最后的） 义析:large and wide【典句】 Siberia is covered with vast forests.西伯利亚被一片广大无垠的森林所覆盖。【辨析】 massive,huge 和 immense 的区别:massive“大而重的”, 强调有分量；huge “巨大的”, 强调体型而非重量；immense“巨大”, 指用一般衡量标准很难衡量。例句精讲NONVERBAL HUMOUR无声的幽默1.Do you find it funny to see someone sliding on a banana skin,bumping
28、into someone else round a corner,or falling down a hole in the road？当你看见有人踩上香蕉皮滑倒,或看到有人在拐角处撞到另一个人身上,或看到有人掉进路中的一个洞里时,你会觉得滑稽可笑吗？【巧解句构】 这个句子是一个一般疑问句。 it 是形式宾语,真正的宾语是 to see someone sliding on a banana skin,bumping into someone else round a corner,or falling down a hole in the road。其中 ,sliding.,bumping.
29、,falling.都是动词的-ing 形式 ,用作宾语补足语。【要点剖析】 这个句子包含两个短语结构:1)find it.to do 意为“ 发现做（某事）很 ”。He found it hard to explain his difficulties to his parents.他发现向父母解释自己的困境是很困难的。2)see sb.doing sth.“看见某人做某事”。在一些表示感官和心理状态的动词,如 see,notice,hear,find 后面,通常用动词的-ing 形式或不带 to 的不定式作宾语补足语。动词的 -ing 形式常表示动作正在进行。拓展延伸 当动词不定式作句子的宾
30、语,同时有一个形容词同宾语在一起时,我们常用 it 作形式宾语。2.However,some actors can astonish us with the deep feelings they can inspire in us for a character they are playing.不管怎样,有些演员能用他们所演的角色在我们身上鼓动起来的深深情感震撼我们。【巧解句构】 这个句子中有两个定语从句: 第一个 they can inspire in us.修饰 the deep feeling；第二个 they are playing 修饰 a character。【要点剖析】 1)动
31、词 inspire 的用法:inspire sb.(with sth.)用鼓舞某人inspire sth.in sb.激起某人心中的某事（情感）inspire sb.to do sth.激励某人做某事2)形容词 inspired 与 inspiring 的区别:inspired 指“得到灵感的；受到鼓舞的”, 指人的内心感受；inspiring 指“鼓舞人心的”, 指事物本身的特征。3.He became famous for using a particular form of acting,including mime and farce.他因为使用一种特殊的表演风格而闻名,这种风格包括哑
32、剧和轻喜剧。【巧解句构】 这是一个简单句。using a particular form of acting,including mime and farce作介词 for 的宾语。其中的 including mime and farce 可看作是表示补充说明的介词短语。拓展延伸 be famous for 与 be famous as 的区别:be famous for 因为而出名The place is famous for green tea.这个地方以绿茶而出名。be famous as 作为而出名 He was famous as a leading scientist.他作为首席科
33、学家而闻名。2)including 一般看作是介词,including 短语可位于句首或句末 ,也可位于句中。Everyone here took part in the fight against the flood,including old people.这里所有的人,包括老人,都参加了防洪战斗。3)与 time 相关的一些词组:at the/that time 那时候at times 有时候at one time 一度；过去曾经,同时at a time“一次；每次 ”或 “在某个时候”at all times 一直,无论何时（相当于 at any times）at the same t
34、ime 同时；但（与此同时）,尽管如此4.This character was a social failure but he was loved by all who watched the films for his determination in overcoming difficulties and being kind even when people were unkind to him.这个角色是一个社会生活中的失败者,但是所有观众都喜爱这个角色,因为他有战胜困难的决心并能善待不善待他的人。【巧解句构】 这是一个由 but 连接的表示转折关系的并列句。在第二个分句中又包含一个由
35、 who 引导的定语从句和一个由 when 引导的时间状语从句。第二个分句中 by 短语和for 短语都可看成是谓语动词 be loved 的搭配,分别交代了他被谁喜爱以及为什么被喜爱。其中,for 的宾语是 his determination in overcoming difficulties 和 being kind even when people were unkind to him。5.The film is set in California in the middle of the nineteenth century when gold was discovered and
36、thousands of people rushed there in search of it.电影的背景是 19 世纪中叶的加利福尼亚州,那时（在那里）发现了金子,成千上万的人都涌向那里去找金子。【巧解句构】 该句中 when 引导的定语从句修饰先行词 the nineteenth century。【要点剖析】 be set in 以为背景,set 作“以为背景”讲,常用于被动语态。The play is set in London.这个戏剧的背景是伦敦。The story is set in the early days of World War .此故事是以第二次世界大战初期为背景的。
37、6.Instead they are caught on the edge of a mountain in a snowstorm in a small wooden house,where they have nothing to eat.他们被暴风雪困在山边的一个小木屋里,什么吃的都没有。【巧解句构】 1)where they have nothing to eat 为非限制性定语从句。2）be caught in a snowstorm 被地点状语 on the edge of a mountain 分割开了,意为“遇上暴风雪”。【要点剖析】 be caught in 遇上,被绊住,受
38、阻We were caught in a heavy traffic jam and arrived late for the meeting.我们遇到了交通堵塞,开会来晚了。We were caught in a shower on the way home.我们在回家的途中遇到暴雨。The car was caught between two trucks.小汽车被卡在两辆货车之间。拓展延伸 on the edge of 在边缘He sat on the edge of a chair.他坐在椅子的边缘。on the edge of 还可引申为 “即将；濒于”。She was on the
39、 edge of screaming at the sight of a snake.一看到蛇,她几乎叫起来。-edged 表示“有 刃（或锋）的 ,有边（或棱） ”的。如:a sharp-edged blade 锋利的刀刃a blue-edged handkerchief 蓝边的手绢edging 是名词,“边；边缘；饰边；缘饰” 。如:The square,with its edging of chestnut trees,looked clean and fresh in the spring sunshine.广场边种着栗树,春晖中看起来干净清新。7.He makes it seem a
40、s if it were one of the most delicious meals that he has ever enjoyed.他把吃皮鞋的情景表演得像是他吃过的最香的一顿饭。【巧解句构】 句中 as if 引导的从句作表语从句,意为“仿佛；好像”,用了虚拟语气。that he has ever enjoyed 是定语从句 ,修饰 meals。在这个句子中,因为 meals 被最高级 the most delicious 修饰,所以只能用 that,不能用 which。【要点剖析】 as if 从句中的内容有时候有主观的想象或夸大性的比喻,此时从句中常用虚拟语气。其时态用法如下:从
41、句情况发生在主句之前,用过去完成时。He looked as if he had met a ghost.他看起来像见了鬼似的。从句情况与主句同时发生,用一般过去时或过去进行时。He talks to me as if he were/was my leader.他跟我说起话来就好像他是我的领导似的。从句情况发生在主句之后,用过去将来时。The black sky looks as if it would fall.漆黑的天空好像是要塌下来似的。注意:如果从句的内容发生的可能性很大 ,则不需要用虚拟语气。拓展延伸 that 在定语从句中可以指人或物,在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语。注意在下面几
42、种情况下必须用 that 引导定语从句:1)先行词是不定代词 all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anything 等。All that we have to do is to practise every day.我们每天都必须做的就是练习。2)先行词被序数词和形容词最高级所修饰。The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.我永远不会忘记我学的第一课。3)先行词被 all,any,every,each,few,little,no,some 等修饰。I have read all the books (that)you gave me.我读完了你给我的所有的书。4)先行词被 the only,the very,the same,the last 修饰。
