1、Attributive Clause 定语从句一、定义定语从句：修饰名词或代词的从句。换句话说，名词、代词后的从句叫定语从句。 先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词、代词、甚至词组或句子叫先行词。 关系词 ：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。1 关系代词：在定语从句中担任主、宾、表、定语成分2 关系副词：在定语从句中担任状语成分关系词 3 个功能：1. 连接功能（连接先行词与定语从句） ； 2. 担任功能（在定语从句中担任主、宾、表、定、状语） ； 3. 替代功能（在定语从句中代替先行词） 。关系代词在定语从句中充当主语的是： who, that, which, as 宾语的是： who, whom, tha
2、t, which, as 定语的是： whose, which先行词是人时，关系代词是：who, whom, that, as 先行词是物时，关系代词是：which, that, whose, as关系副词有：when (先行词为时间), where (先行词为地点), why (先行词为原因)关系副词 = 介词 + which / whom定语从句分为两种：限制性与非限制性。先行词与关系词之间无逗号隔开为限制性；有逗号隔开则为非限制性，且一般由 which 引导。唯一可以置于先行词之前的定语从句由关系代词 as 引导。二、关系代词引导的定语从句 1.who 指人，在从句中做主语 (1) Th
3、e boys who are playing football are from Class One. (2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 2. whom 指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。 (1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus. (2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see. 注意：关系代词 whom 在口语和非正式语体中常用 who 代替，可省略。 (3) The man who/who
4、m you met just now is my friend. 3. which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略 (1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. (2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 4. that 指人时，相当于 who 或者 whom；指物时，相当于 which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。 (5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each y
5、ear rises one million. (6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning? 5. whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语，有从属关系。(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor. (2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in. whose 指物时，常用以下结构来代替 (3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. (4) The c
6、lassroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. (5) Do you like the book whose cover is yellow? (6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow? 三、介词+关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导 (1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous. (2) The school in which he
7、 once studied is very famous. (3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for. (4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked. (5) Well go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about. (6) Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we hav
8、e often talked. 注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of 等 (1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T) (2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F) 2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用 whom，不可用 who 或者 that；指物时用which，不能用 that；关系代词是所有格时用 whose (1) The man with whom you talked is m
9、y friend. (T) (2) The man who/that you talked with is my friend. (F) (3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T) (4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F) 3.“介词+关系代词”前可有 some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few 等代词或者数词 (1) He loved his pare
10、nts deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. (2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. (3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. 四、关系副词引导的定语从句 1. when 指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语 (1) I still remember the day when I first came to the s
11、chool. (2) The time when we got together finally came. 2. where 指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语 (1) Shanghai is the city where I was born. (2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 3. why 指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语 (1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. (2) I dont know the reason why he
12、looks unhappy today. 注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换 (1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear, (2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up. (3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which/where I was born.
13、 难点分析 （一）只能用 that 不用 which1当先行词是 anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some 等代词时，或者是由 every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等修饰时 (1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said? (2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world. (
14、3) All that can be done has been done. (4) There is little that I can do for you. 注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用 who (4) Any man that/who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing. 2. 当先行词被序数词修饰 (1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 (1) This is the best film that I hav
15、e seen. 4. 当形容词被 the very, the only, the last 修饰时 (1) This is the very dictionary that I want to buy, (2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned. 当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用 who (3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting.5. 当先行词前面有 who, which 等疑问代词
16、时 (1) Who is the man that is standing there? (2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 6. 当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时 (1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned? 只能用 which, who, whom 不用 that1. 关系代词直接放在介词后面时，要用 which，不用 that； 要用 whom，不用 who。2. 引导非限制性定语从句时，要用 which, who, whom, 不 用
17、that，也不能省略。（二）关系代词 as 和 which 引导的定语从句 as 和 which 引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是： 1as 和 which 都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。 (1) He married her, as/which was natural. (2) He was honest, as/which we can see. 2. as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as 有“正如，正像”的意思 (1) As is kno
18、wn to all, China is a developing country. (2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent. (3) John, as you know, is a famous writer. (4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I dont believe. 注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用 which (5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teach
19、er angry. 3. 当先行次由 such, the same 修饰时，常用 as (1) I have never heard such a story as he tells. (2) He is not such a fool as he looks. (3) This is the same book as I lost last week. 注意：当先行次由 the same 修饰时，偶尔也用 that 引导定语从句，但是和由 as 所引导的定语从句意思不同 (4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她
20、穿着她在 Mary 婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。 (5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。 （三）以 the way 为先行词的定语从句通常由 in which, that 引导，而且通常可以省略。 (1) The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising. （四） but 有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句 (1) There are very few but understand his idea. (but= who
21、dont ) （五）区分定语从句和同位语从句 1定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系 (1) The plane that has just taken off is for London. 定语从句 (2) The fact that he has been dead is clear. 同位语从句 2定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略；同位语从句主要由 that 引导，在句中一般不做成分；句子也可以由 when, where, how, why, whether, what 等词引导，充当成分 (1)
22、 The news he told me is true. (2) The news that he has just died is true. (3) The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. 定语 (4) The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve. 3. 同位语从句和先行词一般可以用 be 动词发展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句不可以 (1) The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. (2) The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice. (3) The fact that the earth moves around the earth is known to all. 同位语 (4) The fact is that the earth moves around the earth.
