1、信阳高中 2018 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试模拟卷（二）英语试题命题人：黄彧 审题人：孙霞第二部分 阅读理解（共两节，满分 40 分）第一节 （共 15 小题；每小题 2 分，满分 30 分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C 和 D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。ABest Science Books of 2017At its heart, Science is about curiosity. So it stands to reason these books about science should make you examine your world
2、 more closely, and in doing so, give you a sense of wonder.Big Chicken, by Maryn McKenna.Investigative journalist Maryn McKenna uses the modern industrial chicken as a window into how antibiotics（抗生素）transformed, modern agriculturefor good and ill. She traces how animal antibiotics endanger human he
3、alth, musing serious problems from antibiotic-resistant stomach infections to UTIs. Recognizing that Americans are going to continue to eat chicken no matter what, McKenna suggests a way in which factory farming rids itself of its dependence on antibiotics.Why Time Flies, by Alan BurdickNew Yorker s
4、taff writer Alan Burdick examines the greatest gift humanity has ever known: time. Time, he writes, appears to exist in two distinct forms. One ls the standardized, objective kind found in clocks and watches; the other is our internal, biological sense of time, the one we measure in our cells, bodie
5、s and minds. But the closer he looks, the less clearer this distinction appears.Paleoart, by Zo LescazeDinosaurs have long captured the imaginations of scientists and artists alike, and Paleoart brings those visions together in a blend of human knowledge and creativity.These images not only show our
6、 changing understanding of dinosaurs, but also reflect the distinct artistic sensibilities of their time. Both artistic and educational, these pictures are certainly influential.What Its Like to Be a Dog, by Gregory BernsBerns, a neuroscientist, trained dogs to sit in a machine: in order to look int
7、o the brains of conscious dogs for the first time. That pioneering work inspired him to dig deeper into the minds of other animals, from sea lions to the extinct thylacine（袋狼）, Berns says, “With their ability to think, choose and feel, dogs and other animals do not deserve the cruel treatment humans
8、 so often do to them.”1. Which book has something to do with public health?A. Why Time Flies. B. Paleoart.C. What Its Like to Bea Dog. D. Big Chicken.2. Who writes about time?A. Alan Burdick. B. Zo Lescaze.C. Gregory Berns. D. Maryn Mckenna.3. What was Berns pioneering work?A. Studying extinct anima
9、ls. B. Observing dog brains.C. Fighting for animal rights. D. Training dogs.【答案】1. D 2. A 3. B【解析】试题分析：这是一篇说明文。介绍了四本 2017 年最好的科学书。【1 题详解】细节理解题。由 Big Chicken, by Maryn McKenna.部分的“She traces how animal antibiotics endanger human health, musing serious problems from antibiotic-resistant stomach infect
10、ions to UTIs. ”可知，这本书的作者追踪动物抗生素如何危害人类健康，思考从抗药性胃感染到非处方药感染的严重问题。因此可知这本书与公共健康有关。故选 D。【2 题详解】细节理解题。由 Why Time Flies, by Alan Burdick 部分的“New Yorker staff writer Alan Burdick examines the greatest gift humanity has ever known: time. Time, he writes, appears to exist in two distinct forms.”可知，这本书的作者 Alan
11、Burdick 考察了人类有史以来知道的最伟大的礼物：时间，他写道，时间似乎以两种截然不同的形式存在。故选 A。【3 题详解】细节理解题。由 What Its Like to Be a Dog, by Gregory Berns 部分的“Berns, a neuroscientist, trained dogs to sit in a machine: in order to look into the brains of conscious dogs for the first time. That pioneering work inspired him to dig deeper int
12、o the minds of other animals”可知，Berns 的创举是研究有意识的狗的大脑。故选 B。BOne form of social prejudice against older people is the belief that they cannot understand or use modern technology. Activities like playing computer games, going on the Net and downloading MP3s are only for the youngsters. Isnt it unfair t
13、hat older people enjoying a computer game should be frowned（皱眉）upon by their children and grandchildren?Nowadays older people have more control over their lives and they play a full part in society. Moreover, better health care has left more people in their sixties and seventies feeling fit and acti
14、ve after retirement. Mental activity, as well as physical exercise, can contribute to better health. Playing computer games is a very effective way of exercising the brain.When personal computers were first introduced, most older people didnt believe they would ever familiarize themselves with it. N
15、ow computers have been around for a few generations and retired people have gradually become more relaxed about using them for fun. Gamers over 65 prefer playing puzzle games and card games. Kate Stevens, aged 72, says: “I find it very relaxing. Its not very demanding, but you still need to concentr
16、ate.”Another development that has favored “grey games” is a change in the type of videogames available on the market. Theres a greater variety of games to choose from, including more intellectual and complex strategy（策略）and simulation（模拟）games. Internet Chess and Train Simulator are among the most p
17、opular of these. Train Simulator is based on real-world rail activities. Players can choose from a variety of challengers, such as keeping to a strict-timetable and using helper engines during a winter storm.Some people argue that “grey gamers” simply dont have the skills required for computer games
18、, and that teenagers are better. This couldnt be further from the truth. Most computer games require the kind of analytical thinking that improves with practice, which means that the “grey gamers: may well be far better than gamers half a century younger than them. In games where speed is the main c
19、onsideration, older people would be at a disadvantage because they may have slower reaction time. On the other hand, “grey gamers” have a preference for shower paced, mind challenging games.4. The second paragraph is intended to _.A. show the best way to exercise the brain B. stress the importance o
20、f good healthC. explain why grey gamers exist D. teach how to play videogames5. What was older peoples attitude towards personal computers at first?A. Doubtful B. ConcernedC. Enthusiastic D. Supportive6. The method the author uses to develop Paragraph 4 is _.A. offering analyses B. giving examplesC.
21、 making comparisons D. providing details7. By saying “This couldnt be further from the truth.” in Paragraph 5, the author means _.A. mind challenging games are not suitable for older peopleB. children should improve their skills with practiceC. playing computer games requires analytical thinkingD. o
22、lder people can perform well in some computer games【答案】4. C 5. A 6. B 7. D【解析】试题分析：玩电脑游戏是锻炼大脑的一种非常有效的方法。通过本文可知年纪大的人在一些电脑游戏中表现得会很好。【小题 1】C 推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句 Playing computer games is a very effective way of exercising the brain. 玩电脑游戏是锻炼大脑的一种非常有效的方法。可知第二段的目的是解释为什么老年游戏玩家的存在。故选 C。【小题 2】A 细节理解题。根据第三段第一句 W
23、hen personal computers were first introduced, most older people didnt believe they would ever familiarize themselves with it.可知最初老年人对个人电脑持怀疑的态度，故选 A。【小题 3】B 推理判断题。纵观第四段可知作者在第一句提出 Another development 之后，通过举例子来进一步阐述、说明。故选 B。【小题 4】D 推理判断题。根据画线句子后的内容 Most computer games require the kind of analytical th
24、inking that improves with practice, which means that the “grey gamers” may well be far better than gamers half a century younger than them. 大多数电脑游戏都需要实际改进的分析思维，这意味着老年游戏玩家会比小他们半个世纪的玩家做得更好。这是对画线句子的解释，可知年纪大的人在一些电脑游戏中表现得很好。故选 D。【名师点拨】细节题是针对文中某个细节、某句话或某部分具体内容设置问题，正确答案的根据一定可以在原文中找到，即原文的改写往往成为正确选项。 【小题 2】A
25、 细节理解题。根据第三段第一句 When personal computers were first introduced, most older people didnt believe they would ever familiarize themselves with it.可知最初老年人对个人电脑持怀疑的态度，故选 A。考点：考查议论文阅读CAfter shopping for deals in stores on “Black Friday”, or online on “Cyber Monday”, Americans and people worldwide are prepa
26、ring for newly popular “Giving Tuesday”. Starting in 2012, now the global event that is celebrated annually on the Tuesday after Thanksgiving is the brainchild of 92nd Street Y, a cultural center in New York City and the United Nations Foundation.As the name indicates, Giving Tuesday is meant to res
27、tart the charitable season and therefore observed by raising funds for local nonprofits and schools, organizing food and clothing drives, and conducting random acts of kindness. In 2015, 700,000 people from 71 countries came together to donate $116.7 million in cash. An additional $1.08 million was
28、spent on gifts.While the easiest way to participate is by donating to your favorite charity, this day can be celebrated in many other ways too. You can give back by volunteering at your local shelter or food bank, or even by donating blood. If all else fails, a purchase from the growing number of or
29、ganizations that give a portion of their sales to charity will do the trick.But perhaps the best way to celebrate the day is by helping those nearest and dearest to you. Assist a family member with a simple chore like folding laundry, cooking dinner, or even reading to a younger sibling. No matter w
30、hat you do, be sure to share your good deed on social media and inspire others to celebrate Giving Tuesday as well!8. Which of the following has the shortest history?A. Giving Tuesday. B. Black Friday.C. Thanksgiving Day. D. Cyber Monday.9. Whats the main purpose of “Giving Tuesday”?A. To make Thank
31、sgiving Day enjoyable.B. To encourage more people to do charities.C. To get voluntary work better known.D. To persuade more people to shop online.10. Why does the author advise sharing good deeds on social media?A. To keep a record of ones experience.B. To help people make new friends.C. To make Giv
32、ing Tuesday more popular.D. To donate money to local schools.11. Which section of a website does the text probably come from?A. Lifestyle. B. Education.C. Culture. D. Business.【答案】8. A 9. B 10. C 11. C【解析】【分析】试题分析：这是一篇说明文。Giving Tuesday 是一个全民性的活动，在假期里做慈善捐助，类似于“黑色星期五”和“网络星期一”那样的节日购物的形式，活动的目的是鼓励各地的人，为
33、了一个而简单的目的而汇聚起来：帮助别人。【8 题详解】细节理解题。由第一段的“Starting in 2012, now the global event that is celebrated annually on the Tuesday after Thanksgiving is the brainchild of 92nd Street Y, a cultural center in New York City and the United Nations Foundation.”可知，Giving Tuesday 这个节日的时间最短。故选 B。【9 题详解】细节理解题。由第二段的“As
34、 the name indicates, Giving Tuesday is meant to restart the charitable season and therefore observed by raising funds for local nonprofits and schools, organizing food and clothing drives, and conducting random acts of kindness.”可知，Giving Tuesday 的主要目的是为了重新开始慈善季，通过为当地的非营利组织和学校筹集资金，组织食物和服装运动，以及进行随意的善
35、举来庆祝。因此可知其目的是鼓励人们做慈善。故选 B。【10 题详解】细节理解题。由最后一段的“No matter what you do, be sure to share your good deed on social media and inspire others to celebrate Giving Tuesday as well!”可知，作者建议将自己的善行分享到媒体上，让更多的人参与到此活动中，使这项活动更流行。故选 C。【11 题详解】推理判断题。纵观全文可知，文章主要介绍了一个全民性慈善活动的节日 Giving Tuesday，因此推断文章选自网站的文化部分。故选 C。【点
36、睛】本篇文章属于跨文化交流活动。除了语言因素外，它还受中西方文化差异的影响，阅读这种文章需要了解在西方做慈善是很普遍的事情。因此这就要求学生在英语学习的过程中，既要有扎实的书本知识，也要广泛阅读，不断提高自己的知识广度，有意识地多了解文化背景知识，多关注社会热点，这样才能做到游刃有余。例如小题 4，解答这类题，就要考虑中西方文化差异，认识到做慈善是一种西方文化，推断出文章的出处。DChinese researchers say they have come up with a simple way to find out a persons biological age how much th
37、e body has aged physically through a urine (尿) test.Their findings will help researchers conduct numbers of ageing studies and even predict a persons risk of age-related diseases, according to a paper published in the journal Frontiers in Ageing Neuroscience.Another paper by researchers at the Beiji
38、ng Hospital and the West China Hospital in Chengdu, Sichuan province, said on Tuesday that people aged at different rates due to changes in their genetic make-up and their environment.Chronological age which is based on ones birth date was an inaccurate measure of biological age so a more accurate m
39、ethod was needed, the team said.Ageing is driven by the lifelong gradual accumulation of a broad variety of molecular (分子) faults in the bodys cells. The team said they had identified a matter 8-oxoGsn that indicated increases in oxidative (氧化性) damage in urine as peoples bodies aged.Cai Jianping, a
40、 co-author at the Beijing Hospital, said: “As we age, we suffer increasing oxidative damage and so the levels of oxidative matters increase in our body.” The team tested the levels of 8-oxoGsn in urine samples from 1,228 Chinese people aged two to 90 and concluded the marker helped accurately determ
41、ine the stage of biological ageing in adults.They had previously found that 8-oxoGsn levels also increased with age in the urine of animals such as mice.The team has also developed a rapid analysis technique called ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography, which can process up to 10 urine sample
42、s an hour, according to the study.12. Scientifically speaking, by what does a doctor judge the stage of a person getting old?A. His condition. B. His biological age.C. His psychology. D. His chronological age.13. What are the outer factors the speed of ones ageing physically depend on?A. Ones birth
43、date.B. The increases in oxidative damage in urine. C. The changes in their genetic make-up and their environment.D. The accumulation of various molecular faults in the bodys cells.14. Which can take the place of the underlined word “marker” in the sixth paragraph?A. 8-oxoGsn.B. Molecular faults.C.
44、Oxidative damage.D. Stage of biological ageing in adults.15. What is the passage about?A. Why people are ageing.B. How to delay peoples ageing physically.C. What determines the stage of peoples ageing physically.D. A rapid method with which to judge how much people are aging physically.【答案】12. B 13.
45、 C 14. A 15. D【解析】研究者们提出了一种简单的检测人类生理年龄的方法：尿液检测。【12 题详解】细节理解题。由第一段中的“Chinese researchers say they have come up with a simple way to find out a persons biological age how much the body has aged physically through a urine (尿) test”可知，医生根据一个人的生理年龄来判断一个人的变老阶段。B 选项正确。【13 题详解】细节理解题。由第三段中的“people aged at di
46、fferent rates due to changes in their genetic make-up and their environment.”可知，人们的遗传构成和环境影响了一个人变老的速度。故 C 选项正确。【14 题详解】词义猜测题。由第六段中的“The team tested the levels of 8-oxoGsn in urine samples from 1,228 Chinese people aged two to 90 and concluded the marker helped accurately determine the stage of biolo
47、gical ageing in adults”可知，研究团队检测了 1，228 个中国人的尿液样本中的 8-oxoGsn 的水平，得出结论为：8-oxoGsn 有助于精确地判断成年人生理变老的程度。故该划线单词指的是“8-oxoGsn”。A 选项正确。【词义猜测题】词义猜测主要的解题策略有：语境猜测、语法猜词和常识猜词。语境既上下文。由于上下文中的生词不是孤立存在的，其词义与句中其它词的词义或具体的语境有着密切的联系。因此在阅读过程中，许多生词的词义可以充分利用上下文中相关的词汇，短语并结合具体的语境来推测。考生可以依据逻辑推理猜测词义：运用逻辑推理猜测词义是使用最广考查最多也最易失分的猜词方
48、式。要求考生具备整合分散、复杂信息的能力，充分利用上下文中相关的词汇并结合具体的语境，从形式和内容上把握语言之间的内在联系，理顺语言之间的逻辑关系，进而达到猜词的目的。常见的逻辑关系有：因果关系，同位关系，对比关系，转折关系等。 【15 题详解】主旨大意题。由第一段“Chinese researchers say they have come up with a simple way to find out a persons biological age how much the body has aged physically through a urine (尿) test”可知，文章主
49、要介绍的是研究者们提出了一种简单的检测人类生理年龄的方法：尿液检测。故 D 选项正确。【名师点睛】概括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来概括(如议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句，记叙文寻找概括情节和中心的动词或反映人物特点的形容词)。文中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，务必牢记作者的观点才是体现全文中心的。此时，要注意一些转折词，如 but, yet, however, although, in spite of, by contrast, on the contrary等。当文章中表示相反的观点时，往往用到这些词。答题时要弄清哪个是作者的观点，排除迷惑性信息，准确归纳主旨大意。第二节 （共 5 小题；每小题 2 分，满分 10 分）根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，选项中有两项为多余选项。A daily multivitamin may give your well-being an extra benefit, but if youve ever swallowed one and felt sick rig
