1、,IntercuItural communication involves interaction between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.Our goal in this class is to answer some of the following questions: Why do we often uncomfortable when encountering people who are diff
2、erent from yourself? Why do people from different cultures behave in ways that seem strange to you? How do cultural differences influence communication? Which cultural differences are important and which are inconsequential? Why is it difficult to understand and appreciate cultural difference?,CHAPT
3、ER 1,Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future,CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future Challenge? Societies around the globe have been interwoven into a complex fabric of interdependent economic, technological, political, and social relationships. This is call
4、ed Globalization. Globalization has greatly increased the economic strength of many nations and bring people together from different cultures. However, it could resulting more competition for natural resources, international conflicts and security, environmental issues, and world health issues.,CHAP
5、TER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future Other challenges: Due to the worlds increasing population, we will see. more people are moving to developed countries (shifting populations). This could bring more communication issues in multicultural societies. Meanwhile, aging populat
6、ion in more developed countries Could bring more communication issues between older generations and younger generations (this can be treated as co-culture).,No Direct Mind-to-Mind Contact,We can only Infer,We seek to define the world,Communication is self-Reflective,The Brain is an open system - we
7、learn to communicate,Communication has a consequence,CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future Defining Communication: its a dynamic process in which people attempts to share their internal states with other people through the use of symbols. Principles of Communication: It
8、is a dynamic process b) It is symbolic It is contextual (situations) d) it is self-reflective we learn to communicate f) it has a consequence Functions of Communication: Gather information about other people Fulfill interpersonal needs Establishes personal identities Influence others,Dominant Cultur
9、e Its the one in power - control. Control the major institutions within the culture such as: church, gov., education, military, mass media, monetary systems, etc.,Co-CulturesThey are numerous. Distinct and unique patterns of communication that they have learned. Can be based on race, ethnic backgrou
10、nd, age, sex, or other factors.,CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future,We learn our culture through proverbs Offer an important set of instructions,CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future Culture is Transmitted from generation to generation Lear
11、ned Shared Based on symbols Dynamic An intergrated system,We learn our culture from folk tales, legends, and myths.The Epic of Gilgamesh Wencheng (Sumerian),We learn our culture through artArt is a symbolic way of communicating (pics taken from The Corning Museum of Glass),We learned our culture thr
12、ough mass media,Culture is transmitted from generation to generation,Culture is based on symbols,Culture is subjected to change,Culture is integrated,Culture is Ethnocentric,Culture is adaptive,CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future Defining Culture: its a set of human-ma
13、de objectives and subjective elements that increased the probability of survival satisfaction for the participants in an ecological niche share with those who could communicate with each other and lived in the same time and place. Subjective elements include: values, beliefs, attitudes, orientations
14、, and underlying assumptions prevalent among people in the society. Basic functions of Culture: adapt to a particular ecology, and includes the knowledge that people need to have in order to function in their own social environment. Elements include: History, Regligion, Values, Social organizations,
15、 and Language.,CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future In order to study cross-cultural communication, we must pay attention to the following: Each individual are unique. Stereotyping. Objectivity. Communication is not a Cure-all.,CHAPTER 2,The Deep Structure of Culture: R
16、oots of Reality,CHAPTER 2 - The Deep Structure of Culture: Roots of Reality The deep structure of culture is the unconscious assumptions about how the world operates. It makes each culture unique, and explains how and why of a cultures collective action. At the core of any cultures deep structure ar
17、e its social organizations (or social institutions). Lessons about life and ways for living that life Its based on cooperation Three most enduring and influential social organizations that deal with deep structure issues are Family State (Community) Religion (Worldview),CHAPTER 2 - The Deep Structur
18、e of Culture: Roots of Reality Why do most serious confrontations and misunderstandings can be traced to cultural differences? Different civilizations have different views on the relations between God and man, the individual group and the group, the citizen and the state, parents and children, husba
19、nd and wife, as well as differing views of the relative importance of rights and responsibilities, liberty and authority, equality and hierarchy. - p.51,CHAPTER 2 - The Deep Structure of Culture: Roots of Reality The Deep Structure of Culture contains the following: A cultures most important beliefs
20、 History (origin) Involves deep and emotional feelings Supply much of a persons identity,CHAPTER 2 - The Deep Structure of Culture: Roots of Reality The Importance of Family: The family is the principal transmitter of knowledge, values, attitudes, roles, and habits from one generation to the next. T
21、hrough word and example, the family shapes a childs personality and instills modes of thoughts and ways of acting that become habitual - p.55,CHAPTER 2 - The Deep Structure of Culture: Roots of Reality Traditionally, most people encounter two families during the course of their life: the family they
22、 are born into and the family that is formed when and if they take a name. But there are fewer “typical“ American families in the U.S. than ever before. Most of these changes were brought about by the following: Economic changes Technological innovations Demographics Gender roles and opportunities f
23、or women(Examples: Single parent, never married couples, adopted child etc.)Can you think of any similar changes in China?,CHAPTER 2 - The Deep Structure of Culture: Roots of Reality Globalization has major impact on traditional family structure all through the world. The two characteristics of glob
24、alization that have been the most responsible for those changes are (1) mass media and (2) migration. Mass Media Family values exposed to different set of values Example: materials & money vs. spirituality & principles Migration Millions of workers leave their families and move from one place to ano
25、ther place to seek jobs or higher wages.,CHAPTER 2 - The Deep Structure of Culture: Roots of Reality Families perform a series of key functions in all cultures. These functions include teaching members of the culture about economics, socialization, values and religion, individualism and collectivism
26、, and social skills.,CHAPTER 2 - The Deep Structure of Culture: Roots of Reality History is the witness that testifies to the passing of time; illumines reality, vitalizes memory, provides guidance in daily life, and brings us tidings of antiquity. A cultures history affects individual perception an
27、d behavior and how people relate to another culture. Two assumptions: Historical events help explain the character of a culture. What a culture seeks to remember and pass onto the next generation tells us about the character of that culture.,CHAPTER 2 - The Deep Structure of Culture: Roots of Realit
28、y History of United States: Those who originally arrived on the Atlantic coast brought many English values, system of law, and the basic organization of commerce during 16th century. “Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness” liberties had to be secured against abusive power of government (indepen
29、dent from Britain) Environmental factors brought psychological effects on the settlers: survival based on individualism,CHAPTER 2 - The Deep Structure of Culture: Roots of Reality History of Russia: The history of Russians have been subjected to invasion and suffering. (Mongols, Germans, Turks, Pole
30、s, Swedes, French, and English) therefore , militarized absolutism. Molded by the type of leadership that has control the country for thousand of years follow orders and accept “words” (dictums) of their leaders. A deep appreciation and devotion to the performing arts and cultural arts. The size of
31、land have created the people to think (muse) about life.,CHAPTER 2 - The Deep Structure of Culture: Roots of Reality History of China: “Consider the past then youll know the present” the importance of history. History links all members of the culture. Chinas long history of physical and cultural iso
32、lation. may partly attributed their intense national pride. They were the source of the culture of most of neighbors. Considered others were inferior. View family value as priority and civilization has been built on agriculture - Collectivism,CHAPTER 2 - The Deep Structure of Culture: Roots of Reali
33、ty History of Japan: Based on series of islands, Japan is yet another isolated country strong sense of self-identity, acutely aware of anything that comes from outside. 250 years of feudal period loyalty for the feudal lords in the past (now companies); discipline and sacrifice; lack of individualis
34、m. Collectivism cooperative efforts, group identification and group action.,CHAPTER 3,Culture and the Individual: Cultural Identity,CHAPTER 3 - Culture and the Individual: Cultural Identity How identity influences and guides expectations about your own and others social roles, and provides guideline
35、s for your communication interaction with others. Factors include: political views, religious beliefs, lifestyle choices, ethnic similarity, economic interest, etc. Some selected social identities in chapter: Racial Identity Ethnic Identity Gender Identity National Identity Regional Identity Organiz
36、ational Identity Personal Identity Cyber and Fantasy Identity,CHAPTER 3 - Culture and the Individual: Cultural Identity The initial exposure to our identity came from our family - where we began to learn culturally appropriate beliefs, values, and social roles. Later, education and mass media can pl
37、ay a considerable role in our identity development. Three-stage identity development models (Phinney) Unexamined ethnic identity - ethnic identity search - ethnic achievement Four-stage identity development models (Martin and Nakayama) Model for minority: Unexamined identity - conformity - resistanc
38、e and separatism - integration Model for majority: Unexamined identity - acceptance - resistance - redefinition and reintegration,CHAPTER 3 - Culture and the Individual: Cultural Identity,CHAPTER 3 - Culture and the Individual: Cultural Identity The Dark Side of Identity - Stereotyping - a means of
39、organizing your images into fixed and simple categories that you use to represent an entire collection of people. can be positive or negative narrow our perceptions (oversimplified, exaggerated, and overgeneralized) stereotypes are learned (again, begins with our early education) may evolve out of f
40、ear of persons from groups that differ from ones own How to avoid stereotypes? aware of your tendency to engage in categorization open to new information and evidence being aware of your zone of discomfort,CHAPTER 3 - Culture and the Individual: Cultural Identity The Dark Side of Identity - Prejudic
41、e (part 1) - they are deeply held negative feelings associated with a particular group. These sentiments often include anger, fear, aversion, and anxiety. directed at a social group and its members involve with evaluative dimension (right/wrong, moral/immoral) possess centrality (strong belief) Func
42、tions ego-defensive: hold prejudice without having to admit. utilitarian: receiving rewards by holding on to their prejudicial beliefs. value-expressive: when they believe their attitudes are expressing the highest and most moral values of the culture. knowledge: able to categorize, organize, and co
43、nstruct their perceptions of other people in a manner that makes sense to them.,CHAPTER 3 - Culture and the Individual: Cultural Identity The Dark Side of Identity - Prejudice (part 2) Five expressions of prejudice: antilocution; avoidance; discrimination; physical attacks; extermination Causes: Soc
44、ietal sources - major organizations and institutions produce laws, regulations, and norms that create prejudice within a society. Maintaining social identity - the connection between our identity and culture can be personal and emotional. Anything that threatens that bond can become the target of pr
45、ejudice. Scapegoating - minority group gets the blame. How to avoid prejudice? Personal contact & education,CHAPTER 3 - Culture and the Individual: Cultural Identity The Dark Side of Identity - Racism - is an extension of stereotyping and prejudice - the belief in the inherent superiority of a parti
46、cular race. can be categorized as either personal or institutional. institutional can refer to schools, corporations, hospitals, or criminal justice system. may be intentional or unintentional some can be easily to detect, while others are almost impossible. How to avoid racism? Try to be honest to
47、yourself Object to racist jokes and insults whenever you hear them Respect freedom Examine the historical roots of racism,CHAPTER 3 - Culture and the Individual: Cultural Identity The Dark Side of Identity - Ethnocentrism - is the notion that ones own culture is superior to any other. links ethnocen
48、trism to the concepts of stereotyping, prejudice, and racism. can be viewed as three levels: positive, negative, and extremely negative. most people are ethnocentric contributes to cultural identity Why there can be serious consequences if you engage in negative ethnocentrism? The more ethnocentric
49、you are, the more anxious you are; when we are fearful, we are less likely to expect a positive outcome and less willing to trust someone from another culture. How to avoid ethnocentrism? Avoid dogmatism,CHAPTER 4,Shaping Interpretations of Reality: Cultural Values,CHAPTER 4 - Shaping Interpretation
50、 of Reality: Cultural Values Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory data in a way that enables us to make sense of the world.,CHAPTER 4 - Shaping Interpretation of Reality: Cultural Values Perception is selective. A part of perception is determined by culture. P
51、erceptual patterns are learned.Beliefs A storage system. Shaped by individuals culture. Accepted as truths. Usually reflected in your actions and communication behavior.Values Beliefs from the basis of our values. Represents what is expected or hoped for, required or forbidden. Can be classified as primary, secondary, and tertiary.Beliefs Value Attitude Behavior (p.139, Remember this),
