1、Chapter22:Nonverbal Communication,Nonverbal communication is an elaborate code that is written nowhere,known by none,and understood by all.Edward Sapir(1935),objectives,Describe categories and subcategories of nonverbal communication Identify the importance of nonverbal communication Grasp the funct
2、ions of nonverbal communication,Grasp the evolution of nonverbal communication Understand the relationship between nonverbal communication and culture Develop intercultural skills in nonverbal communication,The definitions of nonverbal communication,Nonverbal communication is open to many interpreta
3、tions Definition: nonverbal communication refers to all human communication events that transcend spoken or written words, and these nonverbal events and behaviors can be interpreted through verbal symbols Definition: nonverbal communication is defined as all types of communication that take place w
4、ithout words Nonverbal communication is an elaborate code that is written nowhere, known by none, and understood by all(Edward Sapir),Why is nonverbal communication so important?,Nonverbal communication is present everywhereImpossible to not communicate ,it is a silent languageWe dont know what we a
5、re saying nonverbally“We must never assume that we are fully aware of what we communicate to someone else.”(Edward Hall) Nonverbal communication usually comes firstInitial impression sometimes decides two strangers to interact verbally or notWhen high degree of uncertainty in the communication situa
6、tion exists, nonverbal communication is particularly important Nonverbal communication is especially likely to be trustedUnconscious and unintentional ,cant control easily not like wordsmore valid than verbal communicationExamples: watch facial expression of poke player; psychiatrists detect their p
7、atients by watching their nonverbal behavior,Why is nonverbal communication so important?,can lead to misunderstanding,especially verbal messages are missing or limited the story of a photographer in Alaskathe language of nonverbal symbols differs from culture to culture ,then cause miscommunication
8、is especially important in intercultural communication situationsCulture is context for nonverbal communication encountersNonverbal communication reinforcement clarify the intended meaning when talkers cant contact verbally easilycase illustration: the meaning of feet in intercultural negotiation P1
9、65 accounts for much of the meaning we derive from conversations outcome of Mehrabian research 93percent of meaning is conveyed nonverballyconservative estimate : 70 percent comes from nonverbal communicationits importance varies in different situation: technical presentation versus intimate relatio
10、nship, job interview, first impressions, expressions of attitudestelephone , e-mail, telecommunication channels, not see social presence,The functions of nonverbal communication,Complement verbal communicationAdd to or moderate verbal communication messages Contradict: nonverbal communication expose
11、 true consciousness Substitute: unable to express yourself by speaking; improper to speak Regulate: use as turn taking , when speak, who first ,when stop Accent or moderate verbal communication Repeat Discussion imagine some situations you use the above functions of nonverbal communication,The Chara
12、cters of Non-Language,The characters of Non-language Non formal rules and stable structure Non signs with clear meaningcontinuation of communication some non-language behaviors come from humans nature,The Relationship between nonverbal communication and Culture,Non-separation,culture is transmitted
13、by communication, culture value system can be shown by nonverbal communication Many Non-language behaviors come from learning of culture Culture establishes standards for nonverbal behaviors,decide the formation and effects of nonverbal communication Different style of interaction is the source of d
14、iscomfort and jeopardy Discussion,The History of Non-Language Research,1872 Darwin :The Expression of the Emotion in Man and AnimalsAnimals express six universal emotions like manFacial expression of human is innate than learnedHuman expressions are determined largely by evolutionIt is difficult to
15、lie nonverbally 50th, Edward Hall at the FSI: The silent languageProximecs and chronemicsOut of consciousness from FreudSpoken words hide more than they revealed 1952 Birdwhistell:Introduction to Kinesics Nonverbal communication cant be separated from verbal communication, taking place at the same t
16、ime Nonverbal communication has different relations with verbal communication(more on later page) American Sign Language is symbols of connection George Trager: research on paralanguage,The categories of nonverbal communication,Kinesics,Classification of kinesics: prekinesics, microkinesics and soci
17、al kinesics Prekinesics: research on the physiological aspects of bodily movements, regardless of culture meaning Microkinesics: be concerned with the attribution of meaning to bodily motionsThe movements of eyelid with different meaning Social kinesics: concerns the social role and meaning that dif
18、ferent bodily movements convey Spitting is showing affection ,disgust or anything else?,Kinesics one: facial expression ,oculesics and head movements,We detect real meaning and emotions by facial expression Six basic emotions are usually shown through facial expression, but anger,surprise and fear h
19、ave more diversity in their interpretation than sadness, happiness and disgust Hidden camera captures respondentss facial expression Culture makes display rules for facial expression,although many emotions are neurophysiological, being shared universally and biologically,Eye contact varies with pers
20、onality and sex Credibility increases with the use of eye contact in U.S.A. Lectures and audience What is meaning of looking downward ,eye rolling ,winking and widening the eyes in different cultures Head movementsShake head or nod ?,The Meaning of Facial expressions,Kinesics: gestures and postures,
21、Nod somebody to come The meaning of “V” sign Do you mean I am foolish or clever? The way of figure The meaning of handing up or handing down What is meaning of OK? How to shank hands? Show thanks to audience How to swear Thumb a ride Flap with two flat arms to the bodys side How to show no money,Fou
22、r basic postures in English-speaking countries:sanding, walking,sitting and bent-knee positions,Four types of kinesics,Emblems:body movements that can be translated into words and that are used intentionally to transmit a messageExamples: “V” has different meaning in different period of time; the fo
23、rearm jerk; the chin flick; the forefinger pointing to the nose Illustrators: serve to complement spoken wordsExamples: show direction to someone; hand slashes through the air to accent some word or phrase; illustrate the verbal message; “draw” a literal picture in the air using fingers, hands and a
24、rms etc. Regulators: serve to control turn-taking and other procedural aspects of interpersonal communicationExamples: eye contact; silence; when to begin and when to end research of Knapp , Hart, Friedrich and Shulmen: leaning forward 40 degrees ;breaking eye contact;foot contact with the floorsmil
25、ing; major nodding movements change of posture (trunk and leg) Affect displays:serve to express emotions What will you see from the face of a person when he shows surprise, fear, disgust,proxemics, Fixed features of space:space of architecture or buildingthe closeness of residences; value, economic
26、factors, religion and culture affects building stylethe size of room symbolizes status, power in U.S.A.screening behavior refers to permanent or semipermanent use of territorysuch as fence, hedges ,survey posts (closed or open door) Simifixed features of space: spatial arrangements of movable object
27、s within a room, such as furniture ,accessories, screens and file cabinets etcsocialpetal arrangement encourage interpersonal communication; socialfugal arrangement induce impersonal relations(zone of participation, religion)example from p 166 show a deep seated concern over territoriality Dynamic s
28、pace: use of personal space (body bubble)Intimate distance;Personal distance ;Public distance;Social distanceculture and varying relationships determine personal space unconsciouslyHigh context culture and low context culture( example: p166)experiment of McCroskey: The distance among genders and eth
29、icwhat will you feel when someone violate your personal space,Some pictures of space,Chronemics: use of time,Time speaks North Americans thinks of time as a road in a progressive linear path, having compartments discrete from one another,called as monochronic time; do one thing in one time; time is
30、commodity, something to be used, bought, controlled Latin Americans and Asia people enjoy polychronic time, dealing with things at the same; time is cyclical, using it more flexibly( example of Vietnam war ) Language affects the conception of time for some nations Informal time , formal time and sci
31、entific time in different culture Time can be viewed in terms of cultural synchrony the rhythms , movements and timing of a culture Different conceptions of time may cause breakdowns of contact,Haptics and paralanguage,Haptics is used to convey warmth,caring, playful, irritation intimacy Study shows
32、 that haptics has more relation with genders , status, Highly touch oriented versus nontouching culture Shuters findings partially deny national stereotypes in different cultures Ribeau ideas of contact cultures and distance cultures Which part is permitted to by touched when showing greeting or car
33、ing ?,Paralanguage is vocal communication other than the verbal content, including loudness, speed of speaking, accent, tone, and grunts Get information from the speakers voice with changing vocal quality, intensity, tone and pitch height ( I will see you tomorrow) How to assess loudness and softnes
34、s in different cultures Silence causes coufusion,Artifacts, sensorics and physical appearance,Artifacts make statements of conformity or betray One proper artifacts may be considered as outlandish in another culture One favorite odor is obnoxious in another culture Taste , auditory, sightseeing are
35、appreciated in different way in different cultures Thermal sensory communication leads to cold or warm personalities Sensory perceptions work together to shape our intercultural contacts Degree of sensory difference=importance number of disliked sensory experiences / importance number of liked senso
36、ry experiences Contrasting differences leads to culture shock Physical appearance for first impression between strangers Rule-governed culture preferences dictate the elements of appearance that are considered physically attractive,The truth about lying,It is hard to hide lying nonverbally than verb
37、ally Lying is functional or life-to-death Characteristics of lyingMore speech errors / less smiling and more fake smilingMore speech hesitations / shorter answers, often yes/noVague answers, with less specific or concrete informationMore slips of the tongue / longer pausesmore allness words like alw
38、ays and neverMore blinking and pupil dilation /speak softlyDrink more water/ swallow more often The more the indicators, the more possibility the lying exists The more important lie is ,the easier it is to detect,Negative effects of misunderstanding of nonverbal communication,Three types of misunder
39、standingMisunderstanding/Unnotice/Enlarge understanding The serious effects of mistaken non-language conversation(some examples from textbook) Do you bow or shake hands with a person from Japan? , in what degree do you bow? How do you interpret a smile and laugh? Happiness, anger or grief? How do Ja
40、panese people show “ do you mean me?” Where do Japanese people focus on when talking with others? How do people think of persons with tattoo ,walks with a slouch and have missing finger joints some cases (see page 3),Developing intercultural skills in nonverbal communication,Observe and discover spe
41、cific kinesic behaviors for any one culture. When people do things that puzzle you, ask them why they are acting in that manner Avoid letting your emotions get the best of you. In many cultures, people will touch you and bump you and you may feel emotionally insecure or angry. Remember, some culture
42、s simply do not think of private, personal body space. Sometimes, fifty Africans can crowd into the same amount of space that holds only twenty North Americans . The reason is that the Africans personal space suffers no intrusion from crowding and touching Notice spatial positions: to figure out the
43、 appropriate interpersonal distance in an intercultural contact, plant yourself and avoid backing away, the other person will then stop at the culturally relevant distance In practicing eye contact, observe what is appropriate within different contexts. Thus, you can learn how to respond If you thin
44、k you acted incorrectly,ask people, if it seems appropriate , what you die wrong, a host national normally will not volunteer information Certain sensoric differences can be frustrating because our old social cues are removed. To counteract this tendency , remind yourself that differences do not hav
45、e a wrongness about them. By trying new fo9ods and enjoying new sounds positively, you can create a pleasant feeling for yourself,Exercises,Spend some time in public places and make a list of the nonverbal communication behaviors you observe. What do these behaviors mean? When are they used? Choose
46、another situation where you can observe oculesic patterns ,what kind of relationships produce what types of proxemic behavior? What is the role of sex on nonverbal behaviors that you observe? Interview some international students about haptics in their culture. What cultural practices differ from yo
47、ur own cultural practices? Ask the international students to describe their feelings when they first came to the China and attempted to interact meaningfully in nonverbal ways. What did they do to adapt to the new culture? What principles does this suggest for you in adapting to intercultural acculturation?,
