1、11跨文化交际期末考试复习题Define the following items:1. culture ：what the behavior and customs mean to the people who are following them 2. communication ：give or exchange information or ideas.3. intercultural communication ：communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct
2、 enough to alter the communication event.4. high-context culture ： a culture in which meaning is not necessarily contained in words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. 5. low-context culture ：a culture in which the majority of the information is vested in t
3、he explicit code. 6. relationship between culture and language ：Culture influences language by way of symbols and rules for using those symbols, as well as our perceptions of the universe (the meaning associated with the symbols).Language, on the other hand, would seem to have a major impact on the
4、way an individual perceives and conceptualizes the world.7. verbal communication ：communication done both orally and in written language8. analytical thinking patterns (inductive) ：analyze and dissect things into elements in order to understand them properly.The emphasis is upon the parts rather tha
5、n the whole of things.9. synthetic thinking patterns (deductive) ： synthesize elements into a unit, with the emphasis on the “whole”.10. nonverbal communication ：involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that is generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and t
6、hat has potential message value for the source or receiver. 11. body language ：refers to all nonverbal codes which are associated with body movements.It includes gestures, head movements, facial expressions, eye behaviors, postures and other displays that can be used to communicate.12. monochronic t
7、ime (M Time) ：It schedules one event at a time. In these cultures time is perceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching from the past into the future. 13. polychronic time (P Time) ：schedules several activities at the same time. In these culture people emphasize the involvement of pe
8、ople more than schedules. They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and often break them. 14. ethnocentrism ：the view of things in which ones own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it.15. stereotypes ：a form of generalization about som
9、e group of people, or a means of organizing images into fixed and simple categories that are used to stand for the entire collection of people. 2216. prejudice ：It refers to negative attitudes towards other people that are based on faulty and inflexible stereotypes. It is an unfair, biased, or intol
10、erant attitude towards another group of people. 17. discrimination ：It refers to the behavioral manifestations of the prejudice, it can be thought of as prejudice “in action”. 18. racism ：The belief that race accounts for differences in human character or ability and that a particular race is superi
11、or to others.19. culture shock ：Troublesome feelings such as depression, loneliness, confusion, inadequacy, hostility, frustration, and tension, caused by the loss of familiar cues from the home culture. 20. acculturation ：It is culture change that results from continuous firsthand contact between t
12、wo distinct cultural groups. Essay Writing1. Describe your personal intercultural experiences in about 300-500 words.2. From the perspective of intercultural communication, analyze the following movies. (1) Joy Luck Club 喜福会(2) Guasha 刮痧(3) Crash 撞车I. Give a brief definitions of the following terms(
13、名词解释)1. Non-verbal communicationIt refers to communication through a whole variety of different types f signal come into play, including the way we more, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the di
14、stance we stand from each other.2. privacyprivacy: It could be understood as the right of an individual to self-determination as to the degree to which the individual is willing to share with others information about himself that may be compromised by unauthorized exchange of such information among
15、other individuals or organizations.3. slangWords and expressions which are regarded as very informal and so are not considered suitable for formal social situations or serious writing.4. collectivist cultureCollectivist cultures place little value on individual identity and great value on group iden
16、tity. They have been labeled as “we” cultures because basic unit is the in-group or collective. 5. culture shockculture shock： It is a psychological phenomenon that is experienced most often by those who, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, in the process of adjusting themselves to a new culture.6
17、. proverb 33Proverbs are those popular short sayings containing words of advice or warningare an important part of the language and culture of a society.7. intercultural communication.8. Individual Culture Individuals tend to define themselves by the extent to which they are different from, rather t
18、han similar to other. People are encouraged to display self-confidence and assertiveness, disclosure of personal thoughts and feelings.9. CultureCulture means: (a) The arts, customs, and habits that characterize a particular society or nation. (b).The beliefs, values, behavior and material objects t
19、hat constitute a peoples way of life.10. Proxemics Proxemics refers to the study of spatial relations. The study of proxemics includes three aspects of space: (a) fixed features of space. (b) semifixed features of space, and (c) personal space11. NormsNorms refer to rules for appropriate behavior, w
20、hich provide the expectations people have of one another and of others. Norms are the outward manifestations of beliefs and values.12. Individualism Individualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or ought to be paramount, and that all values, right, and duties originat
21、e in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative, independence，individual expression, and even privacy.13. ParalanguageThe set of nonphonemic properties of speech, such as speaking tempo, vocal pitch, and intonational contours, that can be used to communicate attitudes or other shades of meaning.14. Low-context cultureCultures in which little of the meaning is determined by the message is encoded in the explicit code are labeled low-context.
