1、担任定语功能的句子称为定语从句，定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。连接先行词与从句的词叫关系词。定语从句一般由关系代词和关系副词来引导，关系词不仅在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，而且在从句中充当一定的成分。根据其与先行词的密切程度，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句。,Period Three Grammar,Speaking & Writing,限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，从句是整个句子不可缺少的部分，从句与主句之间不用逗号隔开。如果去掉它，句子意思就不完整或不明确。译成汉语时，一般先译定语从句，再译先行词。引导限制性定语从句的关系词有：who，whom，that，which，a
2、s，whose，when，where，why。其位置一般紧跟在先行词之后，如果先行词再跟介词短语作定语时，定语从句置于后面。 I saw a book on the desk whose cover is yellow. 我看见了书桌上一本封面是黄颜色的书。 I dont like people who always think of themselves. 我不喜欢那些总是为他们自己着想的人。,一、关系代词引导的定语从句 1常用的关系代词：that，which，who，whom，whose，as(在从句中作主语、宾语、表语) 2意义及作用Is he the man who/that want
3、s to see you?他是那个想见你的男人吗？(who/that在从句中作主语),He is the man(whom/that)I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语) The dog which/that was lost has been found. 丢失的狗找到了。(which/that在从句中用作主语)The package(which/that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的那个包裹快要散开了。(which/that在从句中作宾语) Children who
4、 are not active or whose diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly. 不爱活动，饮食含脂肪高的孩子们会很快发胖。(whose diet表示孩子们的饮食),He lives in a room whose window faces south.他住在那个窗户朝南的房子里。(whose表示那个房子的) 3定语从句先行词为事或物时，只能用that不用which引导的情况：(1)先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。That is one of the most interesting books that are sold in th
5、e bookshop.那是这家书店出售的最有趣的书之一。(2)先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。The first thing that we should do is to get some food.我们该做的第一件事是弄点吃的。,(3)先行词是不定代词时，如all，few，little，much，anything，nothing，something等。 I have forgotten everything that I learnt at school. 我把学校学的所有东西都给忘了。 (4)先行词既有人又有物时。 The writer and his novel that you ha
6、ve just talked about are really well known. 你刚才谈起的那位作家以及他的小说确实很有名。 (5)先行词被only，the very，no，one of等修饰时。 My necklace is not the only thing thats missing. 我不只是丢了一条项链。,(6)在以which，who，whom引起的问句中，为避免重复，常用that。Which is the movie that you like best?哪部是你最喜欢的电影？(7)先行词在主句中作表语，或者关系代词本身作从句的表语时宜用that。China is no
7、longer the country that she was.中国再也不是原来的那个国家了。 4在下列情况下只用which而不用that：(1)当先行词表示事物意义，并且在从句中作介词的宾语，那么就只能用which。,The world in which we live is made of matter. 我们生活于其中的世界是由物质组成的。 (2)在非限制性定语从句中，当关系词表示事物意义时，只能 用which。 The sun heats the earth，which makes it possible for plants to grow. 太阳给予大地热量，这就使植物的生长成为可
8、能。,即时跟踪1 用适当的关系代词填空 1I met a word _ meaning escaped me. 2They work in a factory _ makes radio parts. 3This is the vision phone through _ we can see and talk to our friends. 4Those _ want to go to the computer room write your names here. 5He talked about the teachers and schools _ he had visited.,who
9、se,which/that,which,who,that,二、关系副词引导的定语从句 1常用的关系副词：when，why，where(在从句中只作状语) 2意义及作用I will never forget the days when I was forced to drop out of school.我永远也忘不了我被迫辍学的那些日子。,I dont know the reason why he came so late. 我不知道他来那么晚的原因。 The room where he used to live has now been turned into a museum. 他过去住的
10、那所房子现在变成了一座博物馆了。 注意：并非先行词表示时间、地点、原因时都分别用when，where，why来引导相应的定语从句，若关系词在修饰表示时间、地点或原因的先行词的定语从句中充当主语、宾语等而不是状语时，需用which或that引导相应的定语从句。 Do you still remember the days which/that we spent together in school? 你还记得我们在学校一起度过的那些日子吗？,The reason that he gave for his being late is unreasonable. 他为迟到给出的理由不合理。 This
11、 is the place which we visited last time. 这是我们上次去过的地方。,即时跟踪2 用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空 1The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point _ he can walk correctly and safely. 2The time is not far away _ modern communications will become widespread in Chinas vast countryside. 3Can you help me to t
12、hink of a reason _ seems reasonable for my being absence?,where,when,that,三、“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句 1关系代词的选定如果先行词指事(物)，关系代词就用which，指人用whom。This is the classroom in which we studied last year.这就是我们去年学习用的教室。There are sixty students in our class，twenty of whom are girls.我们班有六十名学生，其中二十名是女生。,2介词的选定(1)根据先行词来选用介词。
13、The reason for which I came here is that I want to get your help.我来这儿的原因是我想得到你的帮助。The farm on which I once worked has taken on a new look.我曾经工作过的农场呈现出一派新景象。(2)根据定语从句中的谓语动词或形容词来选用介词。The person to whom this letter was addressed died three years ago.这封信的收信人三年前就去世了。,Volleyball is a sport of which I am v
14、ery fond. 排球是我很喜欢的运动。 (3)根据句意确定介词。 This is the pilot for whom I bought a camera. 这个就是我给他买照相机的飞行员。 注意：很多情况下关系副词可以用“介词which/whom”来代替。 The day when I met the famous pop star was the greatest day of my life. The day on which I met the famous pop star was the greatest day of my life. 见到这位著名歌星的那天是我一生中最重要的
15、日子。,This is a hall where the medical conference will be held. This is a hall in which the medical conference will be held. 医学会议将在这个礼堂召开。,即时跟踪3 用适当的介词填空 1The school _ which he once studied is very famous. 2Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine _ which you asked. 3Well go to hear the famous singer _ w
16、hom we have often talked. 4The man _ whom you talked is my friend. 5The English play _ which my students acted at the New Years party was a great success.,in,for,about,with,in,.用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空 1I live next door to a couple _ children make a lot of noise. (2016北京) 2The boss of the company is trying t
17、o create an easy atmosphere _ his employees enjoy their work. (2015天津) 3Creating an atmosphere in _ employees feel part of a team is a big challenge. (2015浙江) 4Id skipped nearby Guilin，a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River _ are pictured by ar
18、tists in so many Chinese paintings. (2015全国),whose,where,which,that/which,5Maybe you have a habit _ is driving your family crazy. (2014新课标全国) 6The exact year _ Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008. (2014安徽) 7The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication，especially at wor
19、k _ a good impression is a must. (2014江苏) 8Students should involve themselves in community activities _ they can gain experience for growth. (2014福建) 9I am looking forward to the day _ my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her. (2014湖南),that/which,which/that,where,where,when,10A co
20、mpany _ profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad. (2014山东) 11Please send us all the information _ you have about the candidate for the position. (2014陕西) .单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误) 1Whats more，a good friend is willing to offer the help to which you need，or can at least give you so
21、me advice. (2010重庆，短文改错) 2He wouldnt go to see a play that no one liked it . (2008陕西，短文改错),whose,that,Time sequence通常表示层次、时间顺序关系的连接词有：after(that)， before，first(ly)，second(ly)，third(ly)，at last，finally， later on，next，then，on the one hand等。通过它们能迅速 理清文章的基本脉络。Logical relations 1通常表示平行或递进关系的连接词有：and，or，a
22、lso，as well(as)，likewise，similarly，at the same time，both.and.，besides，furthermore，in addition(to)，moreover，worse still等。这些连接词表明下文将出现与前面同类性质的内容，或是对前面内容的进一步阐述。,2通常表示转折关系的连接词有：although，but，however，instead，nevertheless，on the contrary，otherwise，to the opposite，while，yet，unfortunately等。这些连接词表明下文讲述的将是相反的或
23、全新的内容或观点，需要格外注意。此时应放慢阅读速度，多留心上下文在意义上的转变。 3通常表示因果关系或目的的连接词有：as，as a result，because(of)，consequently，due to，for，now that，since，so，so.that.，such.that.，therefore，thus等。这些连接词也是帮助理解行文思路的有用信号。 4通常表示列举关系的连接词有：for example，for instance，for one thing，for another，such as等。这些词表明下文将给出具体的例子。,5通常表示解释说明的连接词有：in othe
24、r words，namely，that is等，表明下文将对上文作进一步的解释说明。此外，同位语、非限制性定语从句等也起解释说明的作用。 6通常表示归纳总结的连接词有：as a result，so，briefly，in a word，in brief，in short，on the whole，to sum up等。这些词表示下文将进行归纳或总结。,即时跟踪 语法填空 (HHostess，SDSteven Dauthy) H：Welcome to this edition of writers.Tonight we have Steven Dauthy with us.1._(congratu
25、late)on your book Life and Everything in Between，Steven.Its such 2._ success. SD：Thank you. H：This is your first attempt at poetry？Did you ever try it before？Did you ever take any classes in poetry?,Congratulations,a,SD：Well，my only real experience was 3._(write) business plans.Other than that，I hav
26、e zero experience，where writing is concerned.Ive always had a good grasp of English language，thanks to my mom 4._ started me reading when I was very little. H：Whats 5._(hard)thing about creating your work? SD：Definitely 6._(find)the perfect words to fit 7._ I wanted to say.Therere always a word or t
27、wo that I might still rewrite if 8._ (give)the chance. H：Will there be more collections of poetry from Dauthy?,writing,who/that,the hardest,finding,what,given,SD：There will be more of something I suppose，9._ maybe not poetry.I really dont see myself 10._ a poet. Rather，Id see what I wrote as a kind
28、of writing that might inspire people in some way.,but,as,【文体指导】记叙文是以记人、叙事、写景、状物为主要内容，以记 叙、描写为主要表达方式的一种文体，通常分为三类： 1以人物为主的记叙文。即以人物为中心组织材料，围绕这个人物来写一件事或两件事。 2以事件为主的记叙文。即以事件为中心组织材料，围绕中心事件，可以写一个人或几个人。 3以写景状物为主的记叙文。,应注意的是，在一篇记叙文中，写人、写景、写事往往是交织在一起的，不可截然分开，但各有侧重。写记叙文通常应遵循以下几点： 1交待要素，即人、时、地、事； 2按事件发生的先后顺序叙述，做
29、到完整具体； 3重点突出，目的明确，不要玩弄词藻，讲清言明即可。写作时还要注意，本人的经历或耳闻目睹之事用第一人称；他人的经历和事情用第三人称。记叙文所记的都是过去发生的事，所以原则上通常都用过去时态写，但有时也用历史现在时和戏剧现在时。,【亮点句式】 1He was born in China on Nov.13，1968. 2He was a great man with the name of. 3He was born into a poor family. 4When at college，he majored in history. 5He is interested in mus
30、ic. 6His favourite sport is playing football. 7He devotes himself to achieving his life goal. 8He has made great contributions to our country.,【写作任务】你们学校的英语校报最近开展了一次题为“My favourite teacher ”的征文比赛。你计划报名参赛，写作对象是你的英 语老师格林先生(Mr.Green)，因为他讲课生动有趣，并且善 于激发学生的思维，博得了同学们的喜爱。请你根据下列要 点写一篇关于他的英语文章参加比赛：1简要描述他的外貌；2
31、喜欢他的原因。注意：词数100左右。参考词汇：激发motivate,【审题谋篇】 第一步 明确要求该写作属于记叙文，首先描写格林老师的外貌以及大家喜 欢他的原因，最后给出对格林老师的评价。时态以一般现在 时为主。 第二步 确定段落 Para.1：介绍格林老师的外貌以及受欢迎的原因 Para.2：对格林老师进行总评 第三步 词汇热身 1使他看起来更严肃make him look unusually serious 2好像It seems that. 3天生做be born to do,4使他的课堂充满笑声make his class full of laughter 5不擅长be poor in
32、 6取得进步make progress 7把某人当作regard sb.as 8向求助turn to,第四步 句式升级 1我们的格林老师仅比我们大几岁，是个非常特别的老师。(一般表达)Our English teacher Mr.Green is only several years older than us.He is a really special teacher.(句式升级)Our English teacher Mr.Green，who is only several years older than us，is a really special teacher. 2他高个子，留着
33、胡须，显得他很严肃。(一般表达)He is very tall and has a beard.That makes him look unusually serious.(句式升级1)He is very tall and has a beard，which makes him look unusually serious.,(句式升级2)He is a very tall man with a beard，making him look unusually serious. 3当我们有麻烦的时候，我们把他当作可以求助的朋友。(一般表达)We have regarded him as our
34、 friend we can turn to when we are in trouble.(句式升级)He has been regarded as our friend we can turn to when we are in trouble.,My Favorite Teacher Our English teacher Mr.Green，who is only several years older than us，is a really special teacher. He is a very tall man with a beard，making him look unusu
35、ally serious.In fact，he is very kind and humorous.During the class，he always has ways of giving us surprise，such as making a joke or singing a song and so on.Whats more，he can easily cheer up one in low spirits.I used to be poor in English，but with the help of Mr.Green I have made much progress. He has been regarded as our friend we can turn to when we are in trouble.Mr.Green is indeed a good teacher to all of us.,【连句成篇】,
