1、Period Three Grammar & Writing,在复合句中起名词作用的句子叫做名词性从句。其功能相当于名词(短语)，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句必须使用陈述语序。,一、同位语从句 1定义：在复合句中作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。 2引导词：连词that，whether；连接代词what，who；连接副词when，where，how等。 3同位语从句常用在belief，doubt，fact，hope，idea，information，news，order，possibility，promise，question，suggestion，truth，thoug
2、ht等表示抽象意义的名词后面，说明该名词的具体内容。There is no doubt that he can win the first prize.他能获得第一名，这是毫无疑问的。The question who should do the work requires consideration.谁该做这项工作需要考虑。,4同位语从句与定语从句的区别：(1)从性质上区别The news that our team has won the game is true.我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。(同位语从句)The news that he told me yesterday was tr
3、ue.昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。(定语从句),(2)从引导词that在句子中所作的成分区别We received an order that we should send a few people to help the other groups.我们收到命令派几个人去帮助别的小组。(同位语从句)The order that we received was that we should send a few people to help the other groups.我们收到的命令是派几个人去帮助别的小组。(定语从句),5在suggestion，advice，request，order
4、，demand，requirement等表示“建议、命令、要求”的名词后所跟的同位语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气，即用“should动词原形”表示，should可省略。This is our only request that this problem (should) be settled as soon as possible.尽快解决这个问题是我们唯一的请求。,即时跟踪1 用适当的连接词填空 1There is no doubt _ his lessons are interesting. 2He has no idea _ the meeting will be held in the
5、meeting room. 3We have some doubt _ they can complete the work on time. 4Its still a complete mystery _ caused the accident. 5The government gave the order _ all these houses (should) be pulled down in three weeks.,that,when,whether,what,that,二、主语从句在句中起主语作用的从句称为主语从句。主语从句的引导词主要有从属连词、连接代词和连接副词。,1that(
6、不充当句子成分，仅起引导作用，且不能省略)That they were really sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.很明显，她们的确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。Its certain that she will do well in her exam.毫无疑问她考试成绩将会很好。,2whetherWhether hell come here isnt clear.他是否来这里还不清楚。 3连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever；连接副
7、词where，when，how，why等。Whatever was said here must be kept secret.在这儿所说的话必须保密。Where we can look up his address is still a problem.我们在哪儿可以查到他的地址还是个难题。,即时跟踪2 1_ (众所周知) light travels in straight lines. 2_(我们乘车还是步行) makes no difference. 3_(哪一个计划更好) should be discussed. 4_(会议将什么时候举行) is unknown. 5_(我们得不到的东
8、西) seems better than what we already have.,It is known to us all thatWhether we go by bus or on footWhich plan is better When the meeting will be heldWhat we cant get,三、表语从句在句中作表语的从句称为表语从句。表语从句一般由that，whether，as，as if，who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever，where，why，how等引导。This is wher
9、e he worked ten years ago.这就是他十年前工作的地方。,The reason why he was absent yesterday was that he was ill.他昨天没有到场的原因是他病了。在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气即“(should)动词原形”表示。My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow.我的建议是明天一早就出发。,即时跟踪3 用适当的连接词填空 1.My decision is_ all of us are to start at 7 o
10、clock tomorrow morning. 2.The problem is_ we should stay. 3.The question is_ she should have a low opinion of the test.,that,where,whether,1引导词that在宾语从句中常可以省略，但在以下几种情况下一般不省略：,(1)and连接两个宾语从句，that引导的宾语从句放在and后面时，that不能省略。Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.大家都会看出所发生的事并知道汤姆非常害
11、怕。(2)that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略。The new system is similar to the old one in that there is still a strong central government.新体制类似于旧体制，因为仍有一个强有力的中央政府。,2介词的宾语从句介词后也可跟宾语从句，但that引导的宾语从句除在except，in后作宾语外，一般不跟在介词后。如果需要，多用it作形式宾语，然后再接从句。I know nothing about my new neighbour except that he is a teacher.我只知道我
12、的新邻居是一位老师。You may depend on it that I shall always help you.你要相信我会一直帮你的。,3whether与if都可以引导宾语从句，常可互换。但在以下几种情况下不能互换。(1)宾语从句中的whether与or not直接连用，就不能换成if；不直接连用，可换。I dont know whether or not the report is true.I dont know whether/if the report is true or not.我不知道这个报告是不是真的。,(2)介词后的宾语从句要用whether引导。whether可与
13、不定式连用，whether也可引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，还可引导让步状语从句，以上均不能换成if。但引导条件从句时，只能用if，而不能用whether。It depends on whether we have enough time.它取决于我们是否有足够的时间。They dont know whether to go there.他们不知道是否去那儿。Please come to see me if you have time.如果你有时间请来看我。,即时跟踪4 1.He doesnt know_ (邮局在哪里). 2.Can you tell me_ (他是谁)？ 3.I wa
14、nt to know_ (他是否要来). 4.We all believe_ (他是一个诚实的人). 5_ (我认为是必要的) that we take plenty of boiled water every day.,where the post office is,who he is,whether/if hell come,that he is an honest person,I think it necessary,用适当的连接词填空 1We now realize _ important family is and how important to be near them，es
15、pecially when youre raising children. (2016全国) 2Your support is important to our work._ you can do helps. (2016北京) 3Scientists are still not exactly sure _ genes influence aging，but they believe that they do. (2016四川),how,Whatever,how,4_ we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel. (2015北
16、京) 5We must find out _ Karl is coming，so we can book a room for him. (2015重庆) 6A ship in harbor is safe，but thats not _ ships are built for. (2015安徽) 7The exhibition tells us _ we should do something to stop air pollution. (2015四川),How,when,what,why,8You have to know _ youre going if you are to plan
17、 the best way of getting there. (2015湖南) 9Reading her biography，I was lost in admiration for _ Doris Lessing had achieved in literature. (2015陕西) 10I truly believe _ beauty comes from within. (2015北京) 11The best moment for the football star was _ he scored the winning goal. (2014北京),where,what,that,
18、when,12Some people believe _ has happened before or is happening now will repeat itself in the future. (2014北京) 13Exactly _ the potato was introduced into Europe is uncertain，but it was probably around 1565. (2014大纲全国) 14What a mess！You are always so lazy!Im not to blame，mum.I am _ you have made me.
19、 (2014江苏) 15It is difficult for us to imagine _ life was like for slaves in the ancient world. (2014山东),whatever,when,what,what,2That is which other teachers say. 3This is how I need to improve in the future. 4But before long they began to see which was happening. 5Here is my idea about how a friend
20、 is like.,What,what,what/where,what,what,【文体指导】新闻报道包括四部分：标题、导语、正文、结束语。新闻报道的标题与一般记叙文议论文的标题都不同，它往往是一句完整的话，只用一个词或短语的很少，几乎没有；而且它往往要把所报道的事件的主要内容或主要内容中最重要的部分“说”出来，让读者一看标题就大致了解正文的内容。,导语是正文开头的第一句话或第一个自然段。它是全篇内容的高度概括，一般是用简洁明了的语言把主要意思或最重要的内容写出来，以吸引读者阅读全篇。正文即新闻报道的主要部分，它承接导语，对导语中提出的问题或报道的事件进行具体详细的阐述，其顺序可按时间先后将事
21、件的来龙去脉叙述清楚；也可按逻辑顺序由主到次去安排。结束语一般是对背景、有关资料的来源的介绍，或对有关内容的补充。它不是每一篇新闻报道所必有的，需要与否，需根据具体情况而定。,【常用句式】 1Witness said.目击者说 2Reports from.say.来自的报道称 3Details of what happened are still unclear.事件的详情仍不清楚。 4So far there is no word on.迄今尚无关于的消息。 5Recently，.successfully did.最近，成功地 6It is said/reported that.据说/报道
22、7It is likely that.很可能 8As is reported，./According to the report，.据报道,【写作任务】对于太空探索，人类的脚步从未停止。北京时间2015年6月28日美国“猎鹰9号”运载火箭升空后突发爆炸解体，太空探索公司载人火箭计划2017年发射或延期；据中国国防科工委消息，嫦娥四号于2015年上半年已研制出部分产品，计划2020年之前发射。世界强国争先恐后发展航天事业，是由于发展航天事业有多方面的应用价值、科学价值和商业价值。请你利用以下要点写一篇100词左右的新闻报道，阐述一下太空探索的意义。使用第一人称。根据内容需要，可适当增加细节。,写
23、作要点： 1太空探索的益处：(1)学术研究价值；(2)寻找新的人类家园，解决人口过多问题。 2太空探索的坏处：(1)消耗大量财力物力；(2)造成太空污染。 3你的看法：注意：1.词数100左右；2内容充实，结构完整，语意连贯；3书写须清晰、工整。,【审题谋篇】第一步 明确要求本文要求从正反两个方面阐述中国航天事业发展的意义，最后发表自己的看法。首先概述中国航天事业的基本情况，然后从_与_两方面阐述航天事业的意义，最后阐述自己的观点。 第二步 确定段落 Para.1：_ Para.2：_ Para.3：_ Para.4：_,益处,总体介绍中国航天事业发展的成就；,太空探索的益处；,太空探索的坏处
24、；,坏处,发表评论。,第三步 词汇热身 1随着的发展_ 2取得巨大成就_ 3太空探索_ 4人口过剩_ 5财力物力_ 6采取措施_,with the development of,make great achievements,space exploration,overpopulation,financial and material resources,take measures,第四步 句式升级 1随着科技的发展，近几年里我们在太空探索方面已获得很大成就。(一般表达)As science and technology develop，we have made great progress
25、in exploring the space in the last few years.(句式升级)_，we have made great achievements in the exploration of space in the last few years.(高级词汇),With the development of science and technology,2寻找新的星球居住，解决人口过多问题。(一般表达)To solve the problems of overpopulation，we can find another planet in space to live on
26、.(句式升级)_，we can relieve the problems of overpopulation.(if条件句) 3我们应该采取措施减少污染，确保太空探索安全。(一般表达)We should do something to reduce the pollution and ensure the safety of space exploration.(句式升级)_ the pollution and ensure the safety of space exploration.(被动语态),If we can find another planet to live on,Measu
27、res should be taken to reduce,【连句成篇】With the development of science and technology，we have made great achievements in the exploration of space in the last few years.Space exploration really has many positive consequences. When we do research there，we also learn more about space exploration.In additi
28、on，overpopulation is a huge problem for us.If we can find another planet to live on，we can relieve the problems.,However，it not only takes plenty of financial and material resources to explore the space，but also much rubbish is brought there and the air is polluted.In my opinion，the research into space is sure to make more contributions to mankind.But measures should be taken to reduce the pollution and ensure the safety of space exploration.,
