1、Grammar and usage,No.2 high school in Xinhua -Wufei,Past perfect tense,Lead in,Hong Kong _ to China in 1997.,returned,Macao _ to China in 1999.,returned,Hong Kong _to China before Macao came back to China.,had returned,Hong had returned to China before Macao came back to China.,Present,Past,Hong Kon
2、g had come back to China,Macao came back to China,Form,had done,When to use,The past perfect tense is often used with the simple past tense. If one action happens before another in the past, the past perfect tense is used.,present,past,The past perfect tense shows us 过去的过去,主语 + had + 过去分词 （肯定式）主语 +h
3、ad + not + 过去分词 （否定式）Had + 主语 + 过去分词 （疑问式） 主语 + had +been+ 过去分词 (被动语态）如：We had not heard from him since we left here.自从我们离开以来一直没有收到他的来信。,Past perfect tense,Structure,过去完成时的判断依据,(一）与过去完成时常用的时间状语有： by 加过去的时间点 by the end of 加过去的时间点 before加过去的时间点,1._我已经读完了这本小说_by twelve oclock last night. 2._他们已经种了六百棵树b
4、efore last Sunday. 3_我们已经学会了三首英语歌by the end of last term.,（二在宾语从句中，主句是过去时,从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时，尤指在told ,said ,knew ,heard ,thought等动词后的宾语从句中,1.She said that-她看过这部电影. 2.I knew _你以前是一个公主.,警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。,When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.,（三）在时间，条件，原因，方式等状语从句中，主从句的动作发生有先后顺序，动作在前的，要用过
5、去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时,1.他完成他的家庭作业后，he went to bed. 2.When I got to the station,-火车已经离开了,（四）表示意向的动词，如hope ,wish ,expect ,think , intend ,mean ,suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本未能”,had meant/intended to do, 表示过去未曾实现的愿望、打算、想法等。,我原本希望that you would come , but you didnt. 2-我原本打算that I would go.,那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。(hope),We
6、 _that you would come, but you didnt.,I _to come, but I was too busy.,我原打算来的，但太忙了。（mean）,had hoped,had meant,1.When Mark opened the door, he saw a woman standing there. He _ her before.A. never saw B. had never seen C. never sees D. has never seen2.The news came as no surprise to me, for I _ of it e
7、arlier.A. hear B. heard C. have heard D. had heard,Have a try,5、表示“一就”的几个句型： Hardly had+ 主语 + 过去分词 + when + 一般过去时。 No sooner had + 主语 + 过去分词 + than + 一般过去时。 Scarcely had + 主语 + 过去分词+ before + 一般过去时。 如：No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.我们一坐下，车就开了。,典型考题,The students _ busily when Miss
8、Brownwent to get a book she _ in the office. A. had written, left B. were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left,答案D. “把书忘在办公室“发生在“去取书“这一过去的动作之前，因此“忘了书“这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在“同学们正忙于“这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。,2. John and I _ friends for eight year
9、s. We first got to know each other at a Christmas party. But we _ each other a couple of times before that. (02 北京春)A. had been; have seen B. have been; have seenC. had been; had seenD. have been; had seen;,By the end of last year, we _20,000 cars.(produce),had produced,We _that you would be able to
10、 visit us.(expect),had expected,1.There_(be) 25 parks in our city up till 2000. 2.By the end of last term we _(finish) the book. 3.They finished earlier than we _(expect). 4.That was the second time that she _(see) her grandfather. 5.It was 3 years since we _(part). 6.I _(hope) that I could do the j
11、ob. 7.I _(intend) to see you but I was too busy. 8.Before the first non-stop flight made in 1949, it _(be) necessary for all planes to land for refueling.,practice,过去完成时与一般过去时的区别,1.They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. 2.The arrived at the station at ten yesterday.,She was very happy. He
12、r whole family were pleased with her too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.,The Titanic,When the Titanic was built, people thought it would never sink. However, this passenger ship _(surprise) everyone when it sank on its first journey. The Titanic_(build) in Belfast, Irelan
13、d. Its markers_(spend) a great deal of money building the ship. When it _(finish), it was the largest and most comfortable ship ever built. The Titanic set sail on 10th April 1921. I _(want) to set foot on the Titanic ever since it was built, said Molly Brown, a Titanic survivor. I never thought it
14、would sink. On 13th April, the Titanic was sailing at full speed towards New York.,surprised,was built,spent,was finished,had wanted,The captain _(receive) warnings about icebergs all day, but had paid little attention to the warnings as they _(arrive). At 2.20 a.m., the Titanic sank into the sea. I
15、t _(hit) an iceberg just over two hours before. Of the 2,200 people on the ship, only 705 _(survive). Explorer Robert Ballard _(search) for the Titanic for more than 20 year before he found it. When new technology was developed, we (11)_(use) it to send cameras down into sea. Finally, we found the s
16、hip . With his cameras, he was able to find the hole along the side of the ship which_(cause) it to fill with water and sink.,had received,arrived,had hit,had searched,used,had caused,survived,Discussion,Discuss in pairs about the question:,How do you know you will use the past perfect tense or the
17、present perfect tense?,Compare,1.The present perfect tense is used when we are talking about a past event which relates to the present time.,Howard Carter is one of the most famous explorers the world has ever known.,2.The past perfect tense is used when we are discussing the past and want to talk a
18、bout an even earlier event.,Not long after the tomb had been opened, people in Carters team began to fall ill and die strangely.,Complete the short passage about the inventor of paper.,1、表示发生在过去但对现在有影响的动作。,你听说过林则徐的故事吗？,Have you heard about the story of Lin Zexu?,2、表示从过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在（可能还会继续下去）的动作，常用
19、于延续性动词，多带有延续性时间状语，如: since, for three weeks, so far, In recent years等。,这座房子已闲置好多年。,The house has been empty for many years.,3、表示将来，用于时间、条件等从句中。,我一完成工作就和你一起去。,Ill go with you as soon as I have finished my work.,Summary,注*终止性动词一般不与延续性时间状语连用，所以有些句子在汉语中成立， 在英语中则要适当变通。如：“他参军已经三年了。”不能翻译成： “He has joined t
20、he army for three years.”但可变通为： ”He has been a soldier/ in the army for three years.” “He joined the army three years ago.” 但是终止性动词的否定式则可以用于完成时。如：We havent seen each other for a long time.,*在“this is the first (second) time that ”句型中，从句谓语常用现在完成时. 这是我第三次来这里。 This is the third time that I have been here. 在特定的语境中也有特殊的： This is the first time that we are having our fingers taken. I hope its also the last. 这是我们第一次被取指纹，我希望这也是最后一次。,*副词before常与现在完成时连用。 Have you ever met him before? 你以前见过他吗？,Homework,Finish the exercises,Thank you!,
