1、不定式用法,如何复习真题,阅读（除研究解题技巧外），精读一篇文章做到以下几步： 1、文章总体结构、大意 2、文章中生词、生句、进行长难句分析 3、文章翻译。读一句英文，能跟着很快翻译出来。 4、掌握重要句型、词组、词汇，运用于写作（能融会贯通）,This means that a DNA database may have a lot of data from some regions and not others, so a persons test results may differ depending on the company that processes the results.
2、 分词短语做状语 这意味着DNA数据库也许有许多来自某些地区而不是其他地区的数据，因此，一个人的测试结果也许因为处理结果的公司不同而不同。,To take this approach to the New Englanders normally means to start with the Puritans theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the churchimportant subjects that we may not neglect. 动词不定式做主语和宾语 用这种方法去探讨新英格兰人一般意味着从清
3、教徒们的神学创新及其关于教堂的鲜明观点入手我们不会忽略的重要主题。,Not long ago, with the country entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak, the U.S, workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of the primary causes of the poor U.S. economic performance. (独立主格结构) 不久前，由于美国进入了经济衰退时期并且日本处于前泡沫的巅峰时期，美国劳动力被嘲笑缺乏教育，以及是导致美国
4、不良经济业绩的主要原因之一。,网络目前是用于人际交流的最高效媒介之一,Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed. At present, Internet is one of the most efficient media which are used for interpersonal communication. There is no denying that Internet is currently one of the most efficient media u
5、sed for interpersonal communication.,结尾：In brief/To sum up, I strongly believe/I contend that,Basing on the points made above, I am fully convinced that“paper plates” is to “china” as “functional” is to “artistic” That _is to human being as sunshine is to flower is universally accepted.,不定式在句子中充当什么成
6、分？,不定式的时态和语态的基本形式： （以write为例）,解释,(1)不定式的一般形式所表示的动作，通常与谓语的动作（状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或是在它之 后发生。,(2)如果谓语表示的动作（情况）发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行，这时不定式就要用进行式。,(3)如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，就要用完成式。,They pretended to be studying when the teacher came in.,Im sorry to have kept you waiting.,I want to have a holiday as soon as possible .,4
7、）动词不定式的复合结构：for + 名词或代词宾格构成动词不定式的复合结构。For 所跟名词或代词是逻辑上的主语，动词不定式是逻辑上的谓语动词。For us to learn foreign languages is important. It is important for us to learn foreign languages.Can you arrange for a car to take us there?,不定式的语态,（2） 不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式动作的承受者，不定式用被动语态,He asked to be sent to work in countryside.,H
8、ave you got a key to unlock the door?,key unlock the door,你有开门的钥匙吗？,（1）不定式所修饰的名词与不定式在逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式用主动语态。,The book is difficult to understand.,（3） 不定式所修饰的名词与不定式在逻辑上构成动宾关系时，不定式用主动语态。,I have got a letter to write.,I need a room to live in.,(4)不定式在一些形容词后，与逻辑主语是被动关系常用主动形式表被动意思 sth be adj. to do It is ad
9、j. to do sth.,6. 动词不定式的否定结构是在前面加not，如：He decided not to go home.I am sorry not to have helped you.,不定式的语法功能,（1） 作主语,To talk with him is a great pleasure.,一般情况下，不定式（短语） 作主语时， 通常用形式主语“it” 代替,It is a great pleasure to talk with him.,注意,*1、动词不定式作主语时，谓语动词用 单数形式。例如,To get there by car takes a whole day.To
10、 make a plan for our future is important.,* It is/was +adj.+of sb. to doeg: It is brave of him to save the girl in the water.例如：kind, nice, good, brave, clever, wise, stupid, foolish, honest, careless, cruel, generous etc.*It is +adj.+for sb.(用宾格) +to doeg.1: It is not difficult for us to learn Engl
11、ish well.例如：difficult, wonderful, meaningful, painful, useful,不定式的逻辑主语：of（品质） / for （性质） sb. to do,不定式作宾语的形容词常见的有： ready, eager, sure, glad, anxious, sorry, afraid, free, pleased, willing,此外还要注意一些特殊疑问词+不定式的形式（如：what to do, where to go ），作tell, ask, know, show等动词的宾语。,不定式作宾语的动词常见的有：want, hope, wish, a
12、sk, choose, decide, manage, offer, promise, refuse, seek, pretend, learn, afford, need,I dont know what to do.,（2） 作宾语,Would you like to watch TV?,如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语， 则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面， 例如：Marx found it important tostudy the situation in Russia.能带形式宾语的动词还有 think,believe,feel,consider,m
13、ake等。,不定式动词在介词but, except, 后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do 的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to, 否则要带to。,1) She could do nothing but cry.,2) I have no choice but to go.,3.某些及物动词：forget, mean remember, regret, try, go on, 等可用-ing也可用动词不定式作宾语，但表达的意思不同,I forget to bring my homework.,I forget opening the windows.,I mean “I didnt
14、bring my homework.”,I mean “I have opened the windows.”,在had better, had best, would rather, would ratherthan, would sooner, cannot but, cannot help but等结构后直接跟动词原形或“not+动词原形”。 e.g.: Youd better listen to your teachers opinion.He cannot but move to another street.We cannot help but admire his courage
15、.He always prefers to ride a bicycle rather than ride on a crowded bus.,（3） 作表语（表将来时）,My plan is to finish the experiment on time.,（4） 作宾补,I asked him to come to my office.,注意不定式的省略,hear, see, watch, notice等感官动词后的省略,I heard her sing this song.,have, let, make三个使役动词后的省略,I made him stand outside.,这两类省
16、略的不定式一旦变成被动语态，不定式要补充完整.,She was heard to.,He was made to .,（5）作定语 动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词 或代词后。I have a meeting to attend. 注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如： He found a good house to live in. The child has nothing to worry about. Do you have a pen to write with ?,（6） 作状语, 目的状语,We do as much as we ca
17、n to make our world beautiful.,注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致： To save money, every means has been tried. To save money, he has tried every means. To learn English well, a dictionary is needed. To learn English well, he needs a dictionary., 结果状语,He hurried to the school to find nobody there.,原因状语,We were ve
18、ry excited to hear the news.,作独立成分 插入语,用来说明说话人的态度,对整个句子进行解释. To tell you the truth, I dont like the wayhe talked.,动词不定式做状语应注意：,1.In order to和so as to意义上没区别，但so as to不能置于句首,2.adj/adv+enough（for sb） to,3.too+adj/adv+to有肯定与否定,The child is too young to dress himself. 否定,She is too anxious (ready/easy/ea
19、ger/glad) to know the results. 肯定,不定式中作结果状语的注意点： 1）某些形容词在“tooto”结构中表示肯定，这类词是： anxious, eager, glad, ready, surprised, willing,She was too surprised to see how angry her father was.,2）在not, never, only, all, but等后的tooto结构中，too的含义为very，不定式没有否定含义。,Im only too glad to stay at home. Its never too old to
20、learn.,不定式的省略 当不定式在某些词后充当成分时，常可省略动词原形，但要保留不定式的符号“to”,（1） 形容词后不定式的省略，如：happy, glad, eager, anxious, ready,-Would you mind looking after my cat? -Not at all. I am happy to.,（2） 动词后不定式的省略， 如： like, love, care, wish , hope, want, expect, prefer, mean,-Will you go to the cinema with us? -Sorry, I dont wa
21、nt to.,（3） 宾语补足语中的省略， 如： ask, tell, order, persuade, advise, permit, allow,The boy wants to ride his bike in the street, but his mother tells him not to.,（4） 在某些固定用法中的省略，如：ought to, have to, used to, be able to，be going to,-Alice, why didnt you come yesterday? -I was going to, but I had an unexpecte
22、d visitor.,The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier_ it more difficult. A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make 2. Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job. A. Expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects 3. Having a trip abroad is certainl
23、y good for the old couples but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen,Exercises:,难点：1、动名词和不定式作主语的区别：,动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为； 不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。eg. Playing with fire is dangerous.To play with fire will be dangerous.Smoking is prohibited here.To smoke so muc
24、h isnt good for you.,2. 动名词和不定式作表语的区别：,动名词作表语表示一般或抽象的行为； 不定式作表语往往表示具体的某次动作,特别是将来的动作时,多用不定式. eg. My favourite hobby is jogging.His idea is to give up the plan.,现在进行时着重强调动作正在进行. eg. He is cleaning the window.,3.某些动词接不定式与动名词作宾语的区别,1) remember to do 记住要做某事remember doing 记得过去做过某事,我记得在街上见过他。,I remember me
25、eting him in the street.,我想起来要给我父母亲写信。,I remember to write a letter to my parents.,2)forget to do 忘记去做某事forget doing 忘记做过某事,我忘了去为她寄那封信了.,I forgot to mail the letter for her.,我忘记了写过那篇作文.,I forgot writing that composition.,3) stop doing 停止 做某事stop to do 停下正在做的事而去做另外一件事,请不要抽烟,Stop smoking, please.,咱们停下
26、来休息一下吧。,Lets stop to have a rest.,4) mean to do 打算做某事mean doing 意味着,I meant to catch up with the early bus.,This means wasting a lot of money.,我打算赶上早班车.,这意味着花很多钱.,5) try to do 设法尽力做某事try doing 试着做某事,You should try to overcome your shortcomings.,你设法尽力克服你的缺点.,Try working out the physics problem in ano
27、ther way.,试着用另一种方法去计算这物理难题.,6)regret to do 对要做的事表示抱歉或遗憾regret doing 对已做过的事表示后悔,我后悔花了那么多钱.,我很遗憾地吿诉你,你高考失败了.,I regret spending so much money.,I regret to tell you have failed the college entrance exam.,一.allow,advise, forbid, permit + doingallow,advise,forbid,permit +sb. +to doeg. We dont allow smokin
28、g here.We dont allow students to smoke.二.need, require, want + doing (主动形式表被动意义)to be doneeg. The window needs/ requires/ wants cleaning.to be cleaned.三. look forward to, lead to, pay attention to,stick to, devote oneself to, object to, get down to,get / be used to + doing,四. love, like, prefer, hat
29、e, + doing 表示一般倾向性.to do表示一次具体动作 eg. I like chatting on the Internet.I like to go to the cinema tonight. 五. begin, start, continue + doing / to do 区别不大.如果谈论一项长期的或习惯的动作,常用doing.eg. She starts making preparations at eight every day.I was beginning to get worried.She began to understand what they reall
30、y wanted.The meat began to give off a bad smell. 六. Should / would like / love + to do eg.The little child would love to be taken to the zoo.,4. 现在分词与不定式作宾语补足语的区别: 现在分词作宾补强调动作正在进行. 不定式作宾补强调动作的全过程.I saw the girl getting on the tractor.我看见那个女孩正在上拖拉机. I saw the girl get on the tractor and drive off.我看见
31、那个女孩上了拖拉机, 然后把车开走了.I smell something _ in the kitchen. Can I callyou back in a minute ?A. burning B. burntC. being burnt D. to be burnt,A,5.不定式与现在分词作定语的区别:主要表现在时态上 不定式作定语通常指将来的动作. 现在分词作定语表示动作正在进行.eg. He has two letters to write.Do you know the man sitting at the desk ?He is a student at Oxford Unive
32、rsity,_ fora degree in computer science.A. studied B. studying C. to have studied D. to be studying,B,6. 现在分词与不定式作结果状语的区别:现在分词作结果状语,一般表示显而易见的结果.不定式作结果状语表示预想不到的结果.这两种结 构常位于句末,用逗号与句子分开.eg. I hurried to the office, only to find it was closed.European football is played in 80 countries,making it the mos
33、t popular sport in the world.,1. a My adviser encouraged _ a summer course to improve my writing skills.A. for me taking B. me takingC. for me to take D. me to takeb. Paul doesnt have to be made _ . He always works hard.A. learn B. to learnC. learned D. learning,Note:不定式可以作宾补，但在使役动词let, make, have 或
34、感官动词see, watch, look at, observe, notice, hear, listen to, feel后作宾补时，常省去to.但在被动语态中，宾 补变主补时，要加上to.,B,D,2.a. -Can the project be finished as planned?- Sure, _ it completed in time, well work two more hours a day.A. having got B. to getC. getting D. getb. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only
35、 _ thefilm stars had left.A. to tell B. to be toldC. telling D. toldc. You were silly not _ your car.A. to lock B. to have lockedC. locking D. having locked,B,B,Note:不定式作状语，表示目的、结果、原因或条件,To look at him, you will like him.（条件）,We were very excited to hear the news.（原因）,B,3. a. Im going to the superma
36、rket this afternoon. Do you have anything _ .A. to be buying B. to buyC. for buying D. boughtb. There are five pairs _, but Im at a loss which to buy.A. to be chosen B. for choosingC. to choose D. to choose from,B,Note:作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，且不定式所修饰 的词是不定式动作的承受者，不定式后须有相应的介词,D,He is looking for a room to li
37、ve in. There is nothing to worry about. Please give me a knife to cut with.,但修饰这三个名词time, place, way,后面的介词习惯上省去,He had no money and no place to live.,1._such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. A.Having suffered B.Suffering C.To suffer D.Suffered 解析：答案为A。本题考查分词短语作状
38、语的用法。分词作状语，其逻辑主语必须是句子的主语，而本句的主语看似是it,其实它为形式主语，真正的主语为不定式，而不定式省略了逻辑主语for people，所以应用现在分词，又因already，应用完成时。,2. One learns a language by making mistakes and _ them. A.correct B.correcting C.corrects D.to correct 解析：答案为B。本题考查动名词作介词宾语的用法。介词by意为“通过，凭”，后面常接动名词，形成“by+ v. ing ”结构，表示通过做某事而得到某种结果。本题中只有correcting
39、符合。,3. The picture _ on the wall is painted by my nephew. A.having hung B.hanging C.hangs D.being hung 解析：答案为B。本题考查现在分词作定语的用法。根据句意“墙上挂的那幅画是我侄子画的”，可知空白处所填的动词形式在句中作定语，表说话时仍在进行的动作或所处的解题关键在于分析picture与hang之间的逻辑关系。,4.“We cant go out in this weather,”said Bob, out of the window. A. looking B. to look C. lo
40、oked D. having looked 解析：答案为A。本句考非谓与动词作伴随状语。全句合理的句意是：Bob看着窗外说，“我们不能在这种天气出去”。Bob在说话的同时在看着窗外，应使用现在分词一般式，表主动和进行。A项正合语境。B项不定式表主动、将来的动作。C项表被动完成的动作（上处不是并列谓语）。D项表完成的主动动作，均不合语境。,5.Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures_ in your mind instead of before your eyes. A. to f
41、orm B. form C. forming D. having formed 解析：答案为C。全句意为：读书是一种与看电视相当不同的体验，有画面在你的心中，而不是在你的眼前形成。所以本题考非谓语动词，表主动且进行着的动作。人们看书时，读到什么情节或场面，这样的情节或场面便（同时）在心中形成。,I am looking forward to _(see) you again. The boy was lucky enough to escape _ (punish) I apologize to you for _(tell) you the truth immediately. Its no
42、 use _(try ) to make me believe you. The girl _(sit) under that tree is my sister. _(lose) her new bicycle made Mary so upset. _( receive) a reply , he decided to write again.,seeing,being punished,not telling,trying,sitting,Losing,Not having received,Toms _(attend) the meeting made everyone there very happy. The teacher asked me _(hand ) in my homework. We dont allow _ (smoke), so you must go to the smoking room. We dont allow you _( smoke) here. Nobody are allowed _(smoke) here.,attending,to hand,smoking,to smoke,to smoke,
