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类型专题10 世界与环境-五年高考(2014-2018年)英语阅读理解话题分类解读与训练 Word版含解析.doc

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    专题10 世界与环境-五年高考(2014-2018年)英语阅读理解话题分类解读与训练 Word版含解析.doc
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    1、专题 10 世界与环境“世界与环境”是高中新课程标准话题之一,亦是高考英语常考话题。本话 题包括动植物保护、生态保护、环境污染和保护等方面。这些话题与学生的生活 息息相关,联系密切。通过对这些话题的学习以及高考英语对这些话题的考查,可以让学生 多注意身边的人和事、关注社会环境、树立环保意识、学会与大自然和谐相处。 是高考英语热点话题,通常以阅读理解、完形填空和书面表达 的形式考查。历年高考试题中与“世界与环境”相关话题的试题很多。因此要密切关注该话题的相关试题,尤其是阅读理解类试题。Passage 1(2018 年北京卷)体裁 话题 词数 难度 建议时间说明文 大蜡螟为解决塑料污染提供了新的途

    2、径365 7 分钟Plastic-Eating WormsHumans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs

    3、of some hungry worms. Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down abou

    4、t 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste(糊状物) and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass apparently broken down by enzymes (酶)

    5、from the worms stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017. Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms ability to break down their everyday food beeswax also allows them to break down plastic. Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the

    6、carbon-carbon bond, is there as well, she explains, The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond. Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared wi

    7、th previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?Bertocchini agrees and hopes her teams findings might one day help em

    8、ploy the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process not simply millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic. 43. What can we learn about the worms in the study?A. They take plastics as their everyday food. B. They are newly evo

    9、lved creatures. C. They can consume plastics. D. They wind up in landfills. 44. According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to . A. identify other means of the breakdownB. find out the source of the enzymeC. confirm the research findingsD. increase the breakdown speed45. It can be i

    10、nferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might . A. help to raise wormsB. help make plastic bagsC. be used to clean the oceansD. be produced in factories in future46. What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To explain a study method on worms. B. To introduce the diet of a special worm. C

    11、. To present a way to break down plastics. D. To propose new means to keep eco-balance. 【文章大意】本文为说明文。文章介绍了一种吃塑料的虫子大蜡螟,它胃中的酶能够降解塑料,这为解决塑料污染提供了新的途径。44.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第四段 The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its

    12、gut microbes(肠道微生物)?可知,下一步研究是辨清分解的原因,查明这种酶来源于哪里,是虫子自己产生的还是它肠道里的微生物产生的。故选 B。45.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段 But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process not simply millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic. 可以推断出,Bertocchini 希望这种化学物质将来能在工业生产中使用,而不是仅仅依靠蠕虫来分解塑料。故选 D。46.C 【解析】写作意图题

    13、。根据文章第一段最后一句 So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms. 可知,有一种新的方法被用于分解塑料。再根据最后一段最后一句 But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process not simply millions of worms thrown on top of the plast

    14、ic. 可知,Bertocchini 希望将这种方法推广到工业中。由此可以推知写作意图为介绍一种分解塑料的方法。故选 C。Passage 2(2018 年浙江卷)体裁 话题 词数 难度 建议时间说明文 几种购物袋的使用情况 286 7 分钟Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when you consider that hes an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things

    15、that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road. What is even more interesting is that one of Steins jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags. Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year. So many end up in tree branches or along highways that

    16、a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银台) . The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California, including Los Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most peop

    17、le assume.Among the bag makers argument: many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags, which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport. And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at, they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today.

    18、 The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement: reusable shopping bags. The stronger a reusable bag is, the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out. However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make. One study found that

    19、 a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.Environmentalists dont dispute(质疑) these points. They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years.24. What has Steven Stein been hired to do?A. Help increas

    20、e grocery sales. B. Recycle the waste material.C. Stop things falling off trucks. D. Argue for the use of plastic bags.25. What does the word “headwinds”in paragraph 2 refer to?A. Bans on plastic bags. B. Effects of city development.C. Headaches caused by garbage. D. Plastic bags hung in trees.26. W

    21、hat is a disadvantage of reusable bags according to plastic-bag makers?A. They are quite expensive. B. Replacing them can be difficult.C. They are less strong than plastic bags. D. Producing them requires more energy.27. What is the best title for the text?A. Plastic, Paper or Neither B. Industry, P

    22、ollution and EnvironmentC. Recycle or Throw Away D. Garbage Collection and Waste Control24.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段 one of Steins jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags.和第二段 plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for t

    23、he planet as most people assume.可知塑料袋生产商雇用 Steven Stein 是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害,是对塑料袋被禁用的解释和争论。故选 D。26.D 【解析】 细节理解题。根据第四段 However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make.可知塑料袋生产商认为生产耐用且能重复使用的袋子需要更多的能量,故选 D。27.A 【解析】标题归纳题。文章讲述了使用塑料袋造成的环境问题,纸袋容易回收,但生产和运输需要更多的能源,希望消费者使用耐用可重复

    24、使用的袋子。对这三种方式进行了对比,Plastic, Paper or Neither 既能概括全文,又能吸引读者,最适合作为标题。故选 A。Passage 3(2017 年江苏卷)体裁 话题 词数 难度 建议时间说明文 气候变暖及应对途经 690 8 分钟Old Problem, New ApproachesWhile clean energy is increasingly used in our daily life, global warming will continue for some decades after CO2 emissions(排放) peak. So even i

    25、f emissions were to begin to decrease today, we would still face the challenge of adapting to climate change. Here I will stress some smarter and more creative examples of climate adaptation.When it comes to adaptation, it is important to understand that climate change is a process. We are therefore

    26、 not talking about adapting to a new standard, but to a constantly shifting set of conditions. This is why, in part at least, the US National Climate Assessment says that: “There is no one-size fits all adaptation.“ Nevertheless, there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost.A

    27、round the world, people are adapting in surprising ways, especially in some poor countries. Floods have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades. Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster. His not-for-profit organization runs 100 river boats that serve as floating li

    28、braries, schools, and health clinics, and are equipped with solar panels and other communicating facilities. Rezwan is creating floating connectivity(连接) to replace flooded roads and highways. But he is also working at a far more fundamental level: his staff show people how to make floating gardens

    29、and fish ponds to prevent starvation during the wet season.Elsewhere in Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken. Chewang Norphel lives in a mountainous region in India, where he is known as the Ice Man. The loss of glaciers(冰川) there due to global warming represents an enormous threat to

    30、agriculture. Without the glaciers, water will arrive in the rivers at times when it can damage crops. Norphels inspiration came from seeing the waste of water over winter, when it was not needed. He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring. His fi

    31、elds of ice supply perfectly timed irrigation(灌溉) water. Having created nine such ice reserves, Norphel calculates that he has stored about 200,000m3of water. Climate change is a continuing process, so Norphels ice reserves will not last forever. Warming will overtake them. But he is providing a few

    32、 years during which the farmers will, perhaps, be able to find other means of adapting.Increasing Earths reflectiveness can cool the planet. In southern Spain the sudden increase of greenhouses(which reflect light back to space) has changed the warming trend locally, and actually cooled the region.

    33、While Spain as a whole is heating up quickly, temperatures near the greenhouses have decreased. This example should act as an inspiration for all cities. By painting buildings white, cities may slow down the warming process.In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fal

    34、len victim to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the life-giving ice. The outcome is still far from clear. But the World Bank has included the project on its list of “100 ideas to save the planet“.More ordinary for

    35、ms of adaptation are happening everywhere. A friend of mine owns an area of land in western Victoria. Over five generations the land has been too wet for cropping. But during the past decade declining rainfall has allowed him to plant highly profitable crops. Farmers in many countries are also adapt

    36、ing like this either by growing new produce, or by growing the same things differently. This is common sense. But some suggestions for adapting are not. When the polluting industries argue that weve lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, its a nonsense designed

    37、to make the case for business as usual.Human beings will continue to adapt to the changing climate in both ordinary and astonishing ways. But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution. After all, if we adapt in that way, we may avoid the

    38、 need to change in so many others.65. The underlined part in Paragraph 2 implies .A. adaptation is an ever-changing processB. the cost of adaptation varies with timeC. global warming affects adaptation formsD. adaptation to climate change is challenging66. What is special with regard to Rezwans proj

    39、ect?A. The project receives government support.B. Different organizations work with each other.C. His organization makes the best of a bad situation.D. The project connects flooded roads and highways.67. What did the Ice Man do to reduce the effect of global warming?A. Storing ice for future use.B.

    40、Protecting the glaciers from melting.C. Changing the irrigation time.D. Postponing the melting of the glaciers.68. What do we learn from the Peru example?A. White paint is usually safe for buildings.B. The global warming trend cannot be stopped.C. This country is heating up too quickly.D. Sunlight r

    41、eflection may relieve global warming.69. According to the author, polluting industries should .A. adapt to carbon pollution B. plant highly profitable cropsC. leave carbon emission alone D. fight against carbon pollution70. Whats the authors preferred solution to global warming?A. Setting up a new s

    42、tandard. B. Reducing carbon emission.C. Adapting to climate change. D. Monitoring polluting industries.【话题解读】文章关注的是我们熟悉的话题气候变暖,不同的是,文章给出了一些应对气候变暖的新途径。66.C 【解析】考查细节理解。根据第三段首句可知,世界范围内尤其是一些贫穷地区的人们使用了令人意想不到的方法去适应环境的改变,化劣势为优势,再结合下文的内容可知,Rezwan 就是这么做的,故答案为 C。67.A 【解析】考查细节理解。由第四段中的“.He directed the wasted

    43、water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring.“可知,他把水引入盆地,水在那里结冰并被存储到春天使用,故 A 正确。69.D 【解析】考查推理判断。根据第七段中的“When the polluting industries argue that weve lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt“可知,污染行业辩称因为人们没有赢得治理碳污染的战役,只能适应,再结合下文的“its a n

    44、onsense designed to make the case for business as usual“可知,作者认为污染行业的这种说法是荒谬的,其目的是给自己的商业行为制造借口。由此可推知,对于污染行业来说,负责任的做法是同碳污染抗争,以减少碳排放,故 D 正确。70.B 【解析 】考查细节理解。根据最后一段第二句“But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution“可知,作者认为最明智的应对全球变暖的方法是减少碳排放,

    45、故 B 正确。 Passage 4(2016 年北京卷)体裁 话题 词数 难度 建议时间说明文 通过电击和药物治疗拯救加州兀鹰350 8 分钟California Condors Shocking RecoveryCalifornia condors are North Americas largest birds, with wind-length of up to 3 meters. In the 1980s, electrical lines and lead poisoning(铅中毒) nearly drove them to dying out. Now, electric sho

    46、ck training and medical treatment are helping to rescue these big birds.In the late 1980s, the last few condors were taken from the wild to be bred(繁殖). Since 1992, there have been multiple reintroductions to the wild, and there are now more than 150 flying over California and nearby Arizona, Utah a

    47、nd Baja in Mexico.Electrical lines have been killing them off. “As they go in to rest for the night, they just dont see the power lines,” says Bruce Rideout of San Diego Zoo. Their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrocution(电死) if they touch two lines at once.So scientists ha

    48、ve come up with a shocking idea. Tall poles, placed in large training areas, teach the birds to stay clear of electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric shock. Before the training was introduced, 66% of set-freed birds died of electrocution. This has now dropped to 18%.Lead pois

    49、onous has proved more difficult to deal with. When condors eat dead bodies of other animals containing lead, they absorb large quantities of lead. This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney(肾) failures and death. So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo, where they are treated with calcium EDTA, a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days. This work is starting to pay off. The annual death rate for adult condors has droppe

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