1、得阅读者得胜利,高考英语实际上是对考生英语语篇处理的考查，不管是完形填空、阅读理解、短文改错、还是书面表达都是以语篇形式呈现的，所以英语阅读是关键。,阅读理解第一节 阅读,阅读理解能力考查要求,考纲要求考生能做到以下六点：1、理解主旨要义。2、理解文中具体信息。3、根据上下文推断生词词义/熟词新义。4、做出简单判断和推理。5、理解文章的基本结构。6、理解作者的意图、观点和态度。,阅读理解之考题分析(09-11)陕西卷,2009陕西卷,2010陕西卷,2011陕西卷,09-11高考陕西卷阅读理解考察项目,命题特点,1、体裁：记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文,2、命题形式：主要围绕主旨大意题、细节理
2、解题，词义推测题、推断题，加重了推理判断题的考查,3、题材特点： 多样化、生活化、交际化,阅读理解解题技巧：争取找到答案的依据，每个问题的答案均应在原文中找到相关的语句或段落。,主旨大意题,此类题型用以考查考生对文章主题或中心思想的领会和理解能力。,常见设问方式1. 标题类常见的标题型题干 1)The best title/ headline for this passage might be_. 2)The text (passage) could be entitled _. 3)What is the best title for the passage? 4)Which of the
3、following would be suitable as a title for the passage?,2. 大意类常见的主题型题干： 5) This passage chiefly deals with_. 6) Whats the topic of the article? 7) What is the subject discussed in the text? 8) With what topic is the passage chiefly concerned? 3. 目的主旨大意题 9) The authors main purpose in writing the pas
4、sage is_. 10) The passage is meant to _ 11) The purpose of this article is _,1.研究文章的题目及副标题 .,2.浏览全文各个段落,了解每一段大意.,3.逐段阅读文章,集中理解关键词,抓住每段的主题句,对阐述主题的句子可跳过.,4.抓住每一段的大意后,综合概括全文的中心.,5.阅读该小题的所有选项,对比分析其异同,并尝试用所选项带到文章中印证各段内容是否支持文章主题.,寻找主题句Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The
5、world population is rising, so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive.,段首,寻找主题句Nothing is as usefu
6、l as a flashlight in a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand a camper also needs one after th
7、e light of the campfire has been out.,段中,The people along the Silk Road did not share just goods. They also shared their beliefs. The Silk Road provided pathways for learning, diplomacy, and religion . 56. What is the best title for the passage? A. The Silk Road; Past and Present B. The Silk Road; E
8、ast Meets West C. The Silk Road; Routes Full of Dangers D. The Silk Road; Pathways for Learning,事实细节题,此类题型的问题以what、who、which、when、where、how或者why等词引导，就文中某句、某段或某一具体细节进行提问并要求考生回答。,常见的设问方式1. Which of the following is truefalsementioned? 2. What does the writer pay least attention to? 3. Choose the right
9、 order of the events given in the passage. 4. All of the following statements may be truefalse except _ 5. Which of the following is not the result of?,6. Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of. . . ? 7. Which of the following mapsdiagrams gives the right position ofrelationsh
10、ip of. . . ? 8. Which of the following maps shows the right way to get to? 9. Which of the drawings below gives an idea of whatis like?,做题要领：,1.明确题意，顺藤摸瓜。,2.按照要求，寻找答案源。,3.找准关键词，明白其暗示作用。,4.多读课文，正确使用排除法。,大部分细节就是用英语解释英语,原文：The things that a kleptomaniac steals are seldom of great value. 考题：Kleptomaniac
11、s usually steal things that are unimportant. 原文： Highway accidents are the leading killer of teenagers. 考题： Most teenagers lost their lives driving on highways.,2009陕西卷A篇细节题 I managed to get into my wool snow trousers. But I struggled with my jacket because it didnt fit well. It was a hand-me-down f
12、rom my brother, and it made me wonder why I had to wear his ugly clothes, At least my hat and scarf were mine, and they were quite pretty. Finally it was time to have Miss Finlayson help me with my boots（靴子）. 41. The little girl was more satisfied with her_. A. trousers B. jacket C. boots D. hat,猜测词
13、义题,此类题型要求学生通过阅读,根据已知的信息或常识推测不熟悉的词或词组的含义,其中包含“旧词新意”和“超纲词”两种情况。,常见的提问方式：1）The word “” in paragraph can best be replaced by .2）The underlined word “” most probably means3）By saying “”, the author means 4）The expression “” is closest to 5）According to the passage, the phrase “” suggests 6）The underlined
14、 part “ ” (in Para. ) means,解题技巧 一、针对性的解释1 根据定义猜测词义定义常用的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。2根据复述推测词义根据同位语、定语、状语等推测词义，同位语前常有 or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or rather, say, i.e. 等。3. 根据举例猜测词义,二、内在逻辑关系 1 根据对比关系猜测词义
15、 表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有：unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。 2 根据比较关系猜测词义 表示比较关系的词和短语主要有：similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。 3 根据因果关系猜测词义 4 根据同义、近义、并列、替代、说明等关系猜测词义,三、通过构词法 1 根据前缀猜测词义 2 根据后缀猜测词义 3 根据复合词的各部分猜测词义,2009陕西卷C篇猜测词义题 Even though science can tell us that some of
16、our traditional beliefs dont hold water, there is still a lot of truth in the old wives tales. 50. The phrase “hold water” in the last paragraph most probably means “ ” A. to be believable B. to be valuable C. to be admirable D. to be suitable,He is an air courier. And he paid only $110 for the roun
17、d-trip ticket to Paris. Air couriers get cheap airline tickets because they take important packages and papers to foreign countries. 53. An air courier is a person who _. A. manages a business company in foreign countries B. organizes international flights for tourists C. travels around the world wi
18、th cheap tickets D. delivers papers and packages to foreign countries （2009陕西卷D篇）,推理判断题,既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度去考虑，不要固守自己的看法或观点。,常见的设问方式 1. It can be inferred/concluded/seen from the passage that _. 2. Which of the following conclusions can we draw according t
19、o the passage? 3. In which of the following publications would this passage most likely be printed? 4. The passage implies, but doesnt directly state that _. 5. The writer suggests that _. 6. The author probably feels that _. 7. The author uses the example of to show that _. 8. Whats the authors att
20、itude toward _?,做题要领：,1.严格按照材料中所提供信息进行推理,千万不能掺杂自己的主观想法和观念.,2.如果某选项内容是阅读材料的简单重复,那它就不是推论.,3.如果某选项所表达的内容与经验相吻合,文中没有涉及,那它属于主观臆断的结论. 4.某些过渡词(however,but,on thecontrary,whats more)后面的内容往往能够反映作者的观点和态度.,2009年陕西卷A篇推理判断题 Somehow, from long years of practice, she managed to act as though I wasnt an annoying li
21、ttle girl, she pushed and pushed, less gently this time. With a greater sigh, seeing the end of her struggle with me, she asked, “Now, where are your mittens?” 44. We can learn from the text that Miss Finlayson _. A. was losing confidence in the little girl. B. gradually lost patience with the littl
22、e girl. C. became disappointed with the little girl. D. was getting bored with the little girl.,2009陕西卷语篇结构及作者意图题 “Old wives tales” are beliefs passed down from one generation to another, For example, most of us remember our patents telling us to eat more of certain foods or not to do certain things
23、. Is there any truth in these teachings? Some of them agree with present medical thinking, but others have not passed the test of time.,49. The author develops the third paragraph mainly _.A. by cause and effects B. by order in space C. by order in time D. by examples 51. What is the authors attitud
24、e toward “old wives tales” in the text? A. Subjective B. Objective C. Dissatisfied D. Curious,细心划线 稳得分,用笔在文中作分析符号，在答题依据旁标注题号，表示这个问题我是有案可稽的。,第二节 段落大意匹配,命题态势,考察方向：略读文章、领会大意的能力提取、分析和处理信息能力 文体：说明文 话题：如：健康、天气、文娱与体育、 旅游和交通、自然、科普知识与现代技术、历史和地理、社会、文学与艺术,2010年陕西高考段落大意匹配题样题分析,A. Gift giving proven to be valuab
25、le B. Memories from gift giving C. Moments and events for gift giving D. Various functions of gift giving E. Gift giving as a wasteful practice F. Gift giving as a two-way social activity,61. There are many occasions (场合) for giving gifts in modern industrialized societies: birthdays, naming ceremon
26、ies, weddings, anniversaries, New Year. It is common to give gifts on many of these celebrations in western cultures. In addition, special events, such as ones first day of school or graduation from university, often require gift giving.,C,A. Gift giving proven to be valuable B. Memories from gift g
27、iving C. Moments and events for gift giving D. Various functions of gift giving E. Gift giving as a wasteful practice F. Gift giving as a two-way social activity,62. What is happening when we give gifts? Most important, we are exchanging gifts. If someone gives me a gift for my birthday, I know that
28、 I am usually expected to give one on his or her next birthday. A gift builds up or confirms a social obligation (义务).,F,A. Gift giving proven to be valuable B. Memories from gift giving C. Moments and events for gift giving D. Various functions of gift giving E. Gift giving as a wasteful practice F
29、. Gift giving as a two-way social activity,63. Gifts tighten personal relationships and provide a means of communication between loved ones. People say that a gift lets the recipient (接受者) know we are thinking of them, and that we want to make the person “feel special.” We want people to feel wanted
30、, to feel part of our social or family group. We give presents to say “Im sorry.” Sometimes it is difficult for us to find a present that someone will like. Sometimes we give things that we like or would feel comfortable with. In all these cases, the gifts are sending out messages often very express
31、ive ones.,D,A. Gift giving proven to be valuable B. Memories from gift giving C. Moments and events for gift giving D. Various functions of gift giving E. Gift giving as a wasteful practice F. Gift giving as a two-way social activity,64. People tend to talk about presents in a fairly loving way. A w
32、oman whose mother had died years ago described the many gifts around her house. These were gifts that her mother had given her over the years: “I appreciate these, and they mean something to me,” the woman said, “because I remember the occasions they were given on, and that they were from my mother,
33、 and the relationship weve had. “The gifts remain and keep the relationship alive in mind. This woman felt the same way about the gifts she gave to others. She hoped that the recipients would look at her gifts in years to come and remember her.,B,A. Gift giving proven to be valuable B. Memories from
34、 gift giving C. Moments and events for gift giving D. Various functions of gift giving E. Gift giving as a wasteful practice F. Gift giving as a two-way social activity,65. Emotions (情感) like these suggest that a positive spirit still lies behind gift giving. They prove that the anthropologist Claud
35、e Levi-Strauss was wrong to say that modern western gift giving is highly wasteful. Studies in Canada and elsewhere have also shown that this is not the case. Each gift is unique even if so many are given. The emotional benefit for those who exchange gifts is the very reason for the tradition to con
36、tinue.,A,影响阅读理解的几个因素：,一、词汇,词汇量贫乏,词义理解不准确,不重视构词法,二、理解能力 三、语法基础差 四、心里素质的问题,如何快速提高阅读理解走出误区,误区1.以为读得越慢，对文章的信息了解越多，理解程度也越高。,心理学与心理语言学表明：阅读速度与理解率几乎没有关系。即使有，正好相反：速度越快，理解率越高。,阅读速度快，有助于把握文章的主旨大意。,措施：,1.经常进行限时阅读。不仅注意准确率，更要注重速度，逐渐养成习惯。,2.强制把手或笔等物体离开读物。让大脑活动、眼睛转动和手指翻书。,3、进行意群阅读，扩大视幅。逐词阅读还会割断词与词的联系。,误区2.阅读时将文字读出
37、声来，或在心里清晰地发出单词的音。,实验证明，默读是朗读的2倍。,过分依赖声音而非语意，将影响阅读的广度和深度。,1.阅读时紧闭双唇。,2.有意识地将阅读速度加快到超过讲话的最快速度。,措施：,误区3.对已读过的内容感到不放心或因没看懂，再次倒回去读。,倒读次数太多会影响阅读速度。,对一篇文章的理解一般情况是相对的，并不要求记住每个细节。,1.建立只读一遍就能懂的自信心。,2、首先理解文章大意。,3、阅读中目光始终从左到右移动。（除根据题目要求，有必要重读有些内容外）,措施：,误区4.平时阅读中不适当地、非常频繁地使用英汉词典。,一篇文章变得支离破碎，不利于整体把握文章的主旨大意。,阅读效率低
38、下。,1.阅读训练时，选择在词汇和语法深度上与自己相当的材料。（生词10）,2.采用上下文分析或根据词根、前、后缀等方法猜词。,3.完成阅读训练任务后,有必要重读该文章，查生词的准确含义，并记忆。,措施：,短文改错,(10陕西卷) My sister saw a lovely cup when we are shopping the other day. She liked it at once. Then she bent down and picked up to look at a price on it. As she did this, lots of tea splashed on
39、 his T-shirt! I had to try hardly not to laugh at her shocked face! My sister wanted get out of the shop as fast as she could when a shop assistant came over to us. It was turned out to be her own cup, that shed left on the shelf by mistake. The assistant was clearly as embarrassing as my sister, fo
40、r I just thought it was funny!,were,her,the,it,hard,to,which,embarrassed,but/yet/while/and,（11陕西） Last Sunday morning, when I was having a walk in the park near my home, I came across a crew make a new film with one of my favourite actor. making actors I didnt have my camera With me at that time, bu
41、t I rushed back home to get . Unfortunately, So/and it by the time I got back, they have finished the scene and actor couldnt had be seen everywhere. I was really disappointing and about to leave when anywhere disappointed he walked out a building. He was right there in front of me! I of couldnt bel
42、ieve my luck-not only did I had my photo taken wuth him, but have he signed his name on my shirt!,短文改错之考题分析,命题态势,错误类型 1. 一致性 2. 基础语法 3. 行文逻辑 改、加、删比例 1. 修改八词 2. 加一词 3. 删一词 考查重点 1. 动词、名词、连词、代词 2. 形容词、副词、冠词、介词,备考指南,1. 一致性主谓一致、代词一致 2. 基础语法动词时、体、态、人称、数名词/代词类、数、格、性形容词、副词混用、比较等级介词、冠词漏用、多用、误用惯用法误用 3. 行文逻辑并列
43、连词和从属连词的误用肯定、否定误用上下文关联词语逻辑关系错误,单句改错练习,1.As a rule,reading widely is good means of enlarging ones vocabulary. 2.No one but Peter and Tom have seen the movie. 3.It was only a few minutes after another earthquake happened. 4.That is very nice of you to help me with my English.,a,has,before,It,5.The Pri
44、me Minister walked onto the platform and seated himself in a chair, prepared to answer questions.6.The soldiers soon reached where was once an old temple which the villagers used as a school.,_,preparing,_,what,7.Dont lose your heart in time of difficulty.8.The large population adds the difficulties
45、 in offering us some necessary things in our everyday life. 9.The boy, tiring from the trip, fell asleep as soon as he went to bed.,to,_,tired,短文改错题六步法,1. 通读全文，掌握大意 2. 动名优先，形副随后 3. 连冠介词，一增删改 4. 最小原则，勿伤段意 5. 每句错误，零一二处 6. 复查全文，注意总数,巩固练习,Today I visited the Smiths-my first time visit 1_ to American fam
46、ily. They live in a small 2_ town. It was very kind for them to meet me 3_ at the railway station and drove me to their home. 4_ The Smiths did his best to make me feel 5_ at home. They offered me coffee or other 6 but drinks. We have a good time talking and laughing 7_ together. They were eagerly t
47、o know everything 8_ about China but asked me lots of questions. In fact,9_ they are planning to come to China next year. 10_,time,an,of,drive,their,had,eager,and,go,名,冠,介,非谓,代,时态,形副,连,逻辑,Dear Mother,2010新课标全国,My friend Nick told me story about his experience back in the US, which was very intereste
48、d. One day he was having a yard sale and the old man living next door come by to help. As the old man looked over the things on the yard that were to be sold, he stopped at a box of golden ball for Christmas trees. On the box was a card say: “ 25 cents each.” “You will never sell these for that much,”he told Nick. Convinced, Nick has brought the price up to 10 cents a piece. Without a moments delay, my neighbor picked up the box but announced, “Ill take them.”,
