1、Part Grammar & Writing,非谓语动词(),思维导图,一、动词不定式和动名词作主语 1.动词不定式和动名词作主语的异同,动词不定式和动名词都可以作主语。动词不定式作主语多表示具体的或一次性的动作，动名词作主语则多表示抽象概念或一般性的动作或情况。 To play with fire in the room will be dangerous. 在房间里玩火是危险的。(指具体动作) Playing with fire is dangerous.玩火是危险的。(泛指玩火),2.当动词不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，有些情况下该动词不定式前面还可以加“for/of代词(宾格)”
2、结构，该代词作动词不定式的逻辑主语。,It will take us half a day to participate in the activity. 参加这项活动将花费我们半天的时间。 It is difficult for us to come up with a solution to the problem in an hour. 对我们来说在一个小时之内想出这个问题的解决办法是困难的。,3.当动名词作主语时，常用it作形式主语。如在It is no use/no good/not any use/not any good/useless doing sth句式中，就是用it作形式
3、主语，动名词作真正的主语。,It is no use arguing with him.和他争论是没有用的。,二、动词不定式、分词和动名词作定语 1.动词不定式作定语,动词不定式作定语，应位于所修饰词之后，也就是作后置定语。动词不定式常常放在名词或不定代词后面作后置定语，其逻辑主语往往是句子的主语，故动词不定式作定语时往往用主动式。 Do you have anything to do tonight? 你今晚有什么事要做吗？(主动:do 的逻辑主语是you),名师点津 (1)当被修饰的词与动词不定式之间为被动关系时，若该动词是不及物动词，要根据句子的需要在动词不定式后加上适当的介词，这个介词
4、的选用取决于被修饰词或动词不定式本身的要求。 She is a very nice person to work with. 她是一个很好共事的人。 This is an important issue to talk about. 这是一个要谈论的重要话题。 I need a pen to write with.我需要一支钢笔写字。,(2)动词不定式经常修饰下列名词:ability能力，本领；chance机会；courage勇气；intention意向，意图；wish希望，愿望；way方法。 As a comedian，I have the courage to make fun of my
5、self. 作为一名喜剧演员，我有嘲弄自己的勇气。 (3)在由only，first，last，next以及其他序数词或形容词最高级修饰的词后，也常接动词不定式作定语。 Who was the only one to stand up for us? 唯一支持我们的人是谁？,2.分词作定语,分词作定语，其逻辑主语是分词修饰的名词或代词。现在分词(短语)作定语，分词所表示动作发生的时间有两种:一是表示正在进行的动作，变为从句时需要用进行时态；二是表示经常性的动作或现在的状态，变为从句时用一般时态。而过去分词(短语)作定语表示动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，或是没有一定的时间性。一般来说，如果逻辑主
6、语与分词是主动关系，则选用现在分词；如果是被动关系，则选用过去分词。换句话说，及物动词的过去分词作定语，被修饰词与它之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，现在已经完成。而被修饰词与现在分词之间是主动关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生，而且表示进行。,The man standing by the window is our previous English teacher. 站在窗边的那个人是我们先前的英语老师。(the man与stand构成主动关系) An island is a piece of land completely surrounded by water. 岛屿就是一片完
7、全被水围绕的陆地。(land与surround构成被动关系) 名师点津 单个分词作定语，往往放在被修饰词之前；分词短语作定语，一般要放在被修饰词的后面。 China is a developing country. 中国是一个发展中国家。,3.动名词作定语,动名词作定语修饰名词，表示该名词的性质、功能等。 He cant walk without a walking stick. 没有拐杖他不能走路。 Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗？ 名师点津 动词不定式作定语表示将来的动作，现在分词作定语表示正在进行的动作，过去分词作定语
8、表示过去的动作或被动含义。现在分词的被动式作定语表示正在进行的被动，动词不定式的被动式作定语表示将来的被动。,The building to be built next year is our new teaching building. 明年要建造的那座楼是我们的新教学楼。 The school built last year is intended for the disabled children. 去年建的学校是为残障儿童而建的。 The building being built now is our new teaching building. 现在正在建造的那座楼是我们的新教学楼。
9、,三、动词不定式和分词作宾语补足语 1.动词不定式作宾语补足语,英语中有些动词能够接动词不定式作宾语补足语，常见的这类动词有advise，allow，ask，invite，order，tell，want，wish等。 The doctor advised her not to eat too much sugar. 医生建议她不要吃太多的糖。 I wish you to watch the performance with me. 我希望你和我一起去看这次演出。,2.分词作宾语补足语,分词作宾语补足语，其逻辑主语是宾语。现在分词作宾语补足语时宾语与它之间是主动关系，过去分词作宾语补足语时宾语与
10、它之间是被动关系。 The little girl had the light burning all night long. 这个小女孩一整夜都让灯亮着。(light与burn之间是主动关系) Ill have my hair cut.我要找人理发。(hair与cut之间是被动关系) 能跟过去分词或现在分词作宾语补足语的动词大致可分为以下几类: (1)make，get，have，keep等使役动词，此类动词使用范围最广。 The thief kept the money hidden in shoes. 那个小偷把钱藏在鞋里。,We need to get the machine repai
11、red at once. 我们需要立即找人修理这台机器。 (2)see，hear，feel，find等表示感官和心理状态的动词。 We saw Jack mourning his pet dogs death. 我们看到杰克正在为他宠物狗的死感到悲伤。 The mother cant stand seeing her baby left alone at home. 那个母亲不能忍受看到她的宝宝被独自一人留在家里。 We heard the old lady chatting with her neighbour. 我们听到那位老太太正在和她的邻居聊天。,名师点津 在“四看”(see，look
12、 at，watch，notice)“二听”(hear，listen to)“一感觉”(feel)以及使役动词make，have后跟动词不定式作宾补时，要省略动词不定式符号to。但变为被动结构时，to要加上。 We heard the old lady chat with her neighbour. 我们听到那位老太太和她的邻居聊天了。 He was made to do exercise to improve his fitness by the doctor. 医生让他锻炼身体以增进健康。,.单句语法填空 1._(determine) where we are in relation to
13、 our surroundings remains an essential skill for our survival.(2017江苏高考) 2.But unlike school friends，16-year-old Sarah is not spending halfterm _ (rest).(2017全国卷) 3.Nowadays，_(cycle)，along with jogging and swimming，is regarded as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.(2017天津高考),Determining,res
14、ting,cycling,4.We offer an excellent education to our students.In return，we expect students _(work) hard.(2017天津高考) 5.They are required _ (process) the food that we eat，to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.(2017全国卷) 6.Her library used to be a _ (meet)place for all who loved
15、books and liked to share knowledge.(2017浙江高考) 7.Jim has retired，but he still remembers the happy time _(spend)with his students.(2017北京高考),to work,to process,meeting,spent,8.A study of travelers _ (conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world. 9.D
16、ont only look at other people _ (dance). 10.The workers were made _ (work) day and night.,conducted,dance,to work,.单句改错 1.The position of the classroom with its view made me felt like I was dreaming._ 2.I also shared with my friends many photos taking in Beijing. _ 3. Therefore，I told them intereste
17、d stories and how I was enjoying Brazil. _ 4.Third，we should find ways to reuse the water using in washing，especially bath water. _ 5.He had time for a proper breakfast and was still the first reach the factory. _,feltfeel,takingtaken,interestedinteresting,usingused,first后加to,6.She is always the las
18、t speak at the meeting._ 7.The park was full of people，enjoy themselves in the sunshine. _ 8.The little girl dress in white is Marys younger sister. _ 9.Learn a language requires time and effort._ 10.It is not always easy refuse invitations._,speak前加to,enjoyenjoying,dressdressed,LearnLearning,refuse
19、前加to,英语电子邮件在内容结构上与普通书信一样，但在格式上有所不同。它主要由以下几部分组成:,1.标题栏 一般情况下，开头需要填写的地方有“to”(收件人)及subject(邮件主题)。 2.称呼语 在e-mail中，正文前的称呼应根据写信人与收信人的关系而定，一般以Dear.或My dear.开头。,英文电子邮件,3.正文 正文是电子邮件的主要部分，写作时需注意以下两点: (1)首先要明确写给谁。不同的收件人，语气不同。写给朋友的可用一些俚语或缩写词语，但正式的邮件就不能用俚语或缩写词语。像高考中的书面表达题，就是正规的写作，一般不用俚语或缩写词语。 (2)文体的特点是简单明了，便于阅读，
20、所以写电子邮件大多把话题分成几个小主题，每个小主题一段，每段一般只有一两句话，正文由两三个或三四个简短的段落构成。当然，对重点部分要作详细介绍。太长的内容可以以附件的方式发出。,4.结束语 结束语常用敬语，表示客套和礼节，措辞应恰当。通常用“Best regards！” “Best wishes！”，或使用“Have a nice day！”“Good day to you！”等表示美好祝愿的词组作为敬意结尾。 5.署名:在结束语的下面一至两行签上自己的名字。,假如你叫李华，请你写一封电子邮件告知你的英国网友保罗(Paul)有关你们学校的一些情况。词数100左右。,参考词汇:必修课requir
21、ed courses；选修课selected courses,词汇搜索 1.努力工作 _ 2.从中选择 _ 3.在我班 _ 4.班主任 _ 5.对和蔼 _ 6.对严肃认真 _ 7.怎么样？ _ 8.盼望 _,work hard,choose from,in my class,head teacher,be kind to,be strict and serious about,how about,look forward to,由词连句 1.在我们学校，有1 800名学生，32个班，200位教职工。There are 1，800 students and 32 classes _. 2.语文、
22、数学和英语是我们的必修课，我们也有许多选修课供选择。Chinese，maths and English _.We also have many selected subjects _.,with 200 teachers and staff in our school,are our required courses,to choose from,3.我在一年级三班，在我们班有五十位学生。I am in Class 3，Grade 1.There are _. 4.我们英语老师是我们的班主任，她对我们和蔼，但是她对工作却严肃认真。My English teacher is our head t
23、eacher，she _ but she is _. 5.我们都认为她是个好老师。We all think _.,50 students in my class,is very kind to us,strict and serious about her work,she is a great teacher,连句成文 Dear Paul， Im writing to tell you something about my school.There are 1，800 students and 32 classes with 200 teachers and staff in our sch
24、ool.The teachers in our school work hard.Chinese，maths and English are our required courses.Besides these，we have many selected subjects to choose from，too.Im in Class 3，Grade 1.There are fifty studentsthirty-five boys and fifteen girls in my class.My English teacher is our head teacher.She is very kind to us but she is very strict and serious about her work.We all think that she is a great teacher.How about your school? Please write to me soon.Im looking forward to your early reply. Yours， Li Hua,
