1、计算机学科基础,主讲：傅启明 fqm_,1-2,本课程的目的,掌握计算机基础知识，掌握计算机硬件、软件和网络基础知识。使计算机专业的学生一进入大学就能够对自己今后学习的主要知识、专业方向有一个基本了解，为后续课程构建一个基本知识框架，为以后学习和掌握专业知识提供必要的专业指导。 采用原版教材，培养英文阅读能力，提高专业外语水平，为后续的双语课程打好基础。,1-3,http:/ 1 第一章,1-5,25,Chapter Goals 本章目标,Describe the layers of a computer system描述计算机系统的分层 Describe the concept of abs
2、traction and its relationship to computing描述抽象的概念以及它与计算的关系 Describe the history of computer hardware and software描述计算机硬件和软件的历史 Describe the changing role of the computer user描述计算机用户转换的角色 Distinguish between systems programmers and applications programmers区分系统程序员和应用程序员 Distinguish between computing a
3、s a tool and computing as a discipline区分计算工具和计算学科,1-6,2,Computing systems are dynamic! Hardware, Software and Data 硬件、软件和数据,What is the difference between hardware and software?,Computing Systems 计算系统,1-7,3,Hardware The physical elements of a computing system (printer, circuit boards, wires, keyboar
4、d) 打印机、电路板、电线、键盘Software The programs that provide the instructions for a computer to execute 提供计算机执行的指令的程序集合。,Computing Systems 计算系统,1-8,4,Communication 通信,Application 应用,Operating System 操作系统,Programming 程序设计,Hardware 硬件,Information 信息,Layers of a Computing System 计算系统的分层,1-9,5,Abstraction A menta
5、l model that removes complex detailsThis is a key concept. Abstraction will reappear throughout the text be sure to understand it!,Abstraction 抽象,1-10,6,Abacus 算盘 An early device to record numeric valuesBlaise Pascal 机械计算器 Mechanical device to add, subtract, divide & multiplyJoseph Jacquard 穿孔卡织布机 J
6、acquards Loom, the punched cardCharles Babbage 分析机 Analytical Engine,Early History of Computing 计算的历史,1-11,7,Ada Lovelace 第一位程序员 First Programmer, the loopAlan Turing 图灵机 Turing Machine, Artificial Intelligence TestingHarvard Mark I, ENIAC, UNIVAC I Early computers launch new era in mathematics, phy
7、sics, engineering and economics,Early History of Computing 计算的历史,1-12,UNIVAC,1-13,8,Vacuum Tubes 真空管 Large, not very reliable, generated a lot of heatMagnetic Drum 磁鼓 Memory device that rotated under a read/write headCard Readers Magnetic Tape Drivers卡片阅读器 磁带驱动器 Sequential auxiliary storage devices
8、顺序辅助存储设备,First Generation Hardware (1951-1959) 第一代硬件,1-14,Vacuum Tubes 真空管,1-15,Vacuum Tubes 真空管,1-16,Magnetic Drum 磁鼓,1-17,Magnetic Drum 磁鼓,1-18,Card Readers 卡片阅读器,1-19,Magnetic Tape Drivers 磁带驱动器,1-20,9,Transistor 晶体管 Replaced vacuum tube, fast, small, durable, cheapMagnetic Cores 磁芯 Replaced magn
9、etic drums, information available instantlyMagnetic Disks 磁盘 Replaced magnetic tape, data can be accessed directly,Second Generation Hardware (1959-1965) 第二代硬件,1-21,Transistor 晶体管,1-22,Magnetic Cores 磁芯,1-23,Magnetic Disks 磁盘,1-24,10,Integrated Circuits 集成电路 Replaced circuit boards, smaller, cheaper
10、, faster, more reliable. Transistors 晶体管存储器 Now used for memory constructionTerminal 终端 An input/output device with a keyboard and screen,Third Generation Hardware (1965-1971) 第三代硬件,1-25,Integrated Circuits 集成电路,1-26,Kenbak-1 (1971),1-27,Terminal 终端,1-28,11,Large-scale Integration 大规模集成电路 Great adva
11、nces in chip technologyPCs, the Commercial Market, Workstations 个人计算机 Personal Computers were developed as new companies like Apple and Atari came into being. Workstations emerged.,Fourth Generation Hardware (1971-?) 第四代硬件,1-29,Apple I (1975),1-30,Apple II,1-31,PC,1977 - TRS-80,1977 - Commodore PET,
12、1-32,IBM PC,IBM 5150 PC (1981),IBM PC Jr (1984),1-33,IBM PC/XT (1984),IBM PC/AT (1985),1-34,Intel 8088 CPU,1-35,12,Parallel Computing 并行计算 Computers rely on interconnected central processing units that increase processing speed. Networking 网络 With the Ethernet small computers could be connected and
13、share resources. A file server connected PCs in the late 1980s.ARPANET and LANs Internet,Parallel Computing and Networking 并行计算和网络,1-36,13,Machine Language 机器语言 Computer programs were written in binary (1s and 0s)Assembly Languages and translators 汇编语言和翻译程序 Programs were written in artificial progra
14、mming languages and were then translated into machine language Programmer Changes 程序员 Programmers divide into application programmers and systems programmers 应用程序员和系统程序员,First Generation Software (1951-1959) 第一代软件,1-37,14,High Level Languages 高级语言 Use English-like statements and make programming eas
15、ier. Fortran, COBOL, Lisp are examples.,High-Level Languages,Assembly Language,Machine Language,Second Generation Software (1959-1965) 第二代程序员,1-38,15,Third Generation Software (1965-1971) 第三代软件,Systems Software 系统软件utility programs, 实用程序language translators, 语言翻译程序and the operating system, which dec
16、ides whichprograms to run and when. 操作系统 Separation between Users and Hardware用户和硬件之间的分离Computer programmers began to write programs to be used by people who did not know how to program,1-39,16,Application Package 应用程序包,Systems Software 系统软件,High-Level Languages 高级语言,Assembly Language 汇编语言,Machine L
17、anguage 机器语言,Third Generation Software (1965-1971) 第三代软件,1-40,17,Structured Programming 结构化程序设计 Pascal, C, C+New Application Software for Users 新的应用软件 Spreadsheets, word processors, database management systems 电子制表软件、文字处理软件和数据库管理系统,Fourth Generation Software (1971-1989) 第四代软件,1-41,18,Microsoft 微软 Th
18、e Windows operating system, and other Microsoft application programs dominate the marketObject-Oriented Design 面向对象设计 Based on a hierarchy of data objects (i.e. Java)World Wide Web 万维网 Allows easy global communication through the InternetNew Users Todays user needs no computer knowledge,Fifth Genera
19、tion Software (1990- present) 第五代软件,1-42,20,Programmer / User,Applications Programmer (uses tools),User with No Computer Background,Systems Programmer (builds tools),Domain-Specific Programs,Computing as a Tool 计算工具,1-43,21,Computing as a Discipline,What can be (efficiently) automated?Four Necessary
20、 Skills Algorithmic Thinking 算法思想 Representation 表示 Programming 编程 Design 设计,1-44,Is Computer Science a mathematical, scientific, or engineering discipline?,22,What do you think?,Computing as a Discipline,1-45,23,Systems Areas of Computer Science 计算机科学的分区,Algorithms and Data Structures算法和数据结构 Progra
21、mming Languages 程序设计语言 Architecture 体系结构 Operating Systems 操作系统 Software Methodology and Engineering软件方法学和工程学 Human-Computer Communication人机交互,1-46,24,Application Areas of Computer Science,Numerical and Symbolic Computation数值和符号计算 Databases and Information Retrieval数据库和信息检索 Artificial Intelligence and Robotics人工智能和机器人技术 Graphics 图形学 Organizational Informatics 组织信息学 Bioinformatics 生物信息学,1-47,作业,1.40, 1.41, 1.46,
