1、一、介 词介词和连词是高中英语学习的难点和重点，由于这类词往往具有一词多义性，及一义多词性，因而极易出错。由于汉语中对于连词的要求与英语中表达习惯不同，因此，在这方面考生容易忽略或掌握不透某些知识点，这些应引起我们高度注意。,1、表示原因的介词：,for, at, on/upon, with, by, through, from, in, of,1) He didnt answer _fear of hurting her feelings.,for,for: 因为；由于某事物 多用于表示内在的、心理的原因。,2) Im much pleased _your arrival.,at,多用来表示
2、感情上的原因，常和表示一定感情的词连用,3) He came to see me _business. 4) He came _your invitation.,for, at, on/upon, with, by, through, from, in, of,on,on/upon: (表示为某事物的基础、根据或理由)由于，因为 所表示的原因与条件直接相关。,on,5) He was trembling _fear. 6) His face turned red _anger.,with,多用来表示由外界影响到身心的原因。,with,7) I met her quite _ chance/ac
3、cident. 8) He got ill _drinking too much yesterday.,for, at, on/upon, with, by, through, from, in, of,by,by,因（某事物）所致；由于；凭借 通常用来表示由什么方式产生的,for, at, on/upon, with, by, through, from, in, of,9) On reading it, he found that a servant of the family in France had been put in prison, _no fault of his own.
4、看了信，他得知他法国家中的一个仆人无辜地被关进了监狱。,through,through 表示消极的、偶然的、意外的原因和理由,for, at, on/upon, with, by, through, from, in, of,10) He lost his job _his carelessness.11) The accident happened _no fault of yours.,through,through 表示消极的、偶然的、意外的原因和理由,through,由于粗心大意，他丢去了他的工作。,这事故的发生不能怪你。,12) Do you often suffer _headac
5、he? 你常头疼吗？ 13) He feels weak _ lack of sleep. 他由于睡眠不足而虚弱。 14) The old man died _the cold in the winter. 那位老人因为冬天的寒冷而死。,from,from,from,from 表示自然的或直接的原因,for, at, on/upon, with, by, through, from, in, of,注意：die from表示“因而死亡”的意思，常常指除了疾病、情感等以外的原因造成的死亡。其后常常跟pollution, overwork, accident, wound, drinking to
6、o much, habit, smoking等一类表示外部原因或灾祸方面的名词。但有时也可以用来指由于疾病的原因而造成的死亡，只是die of 比die from更常见。例如：,He died of/from cancer. 他死于癌症。,for, at, on/upon, with, by, through, from, in, of,15)Dont get tired _life; you are still young.16)He is very fond _ playing basketball.17)The beggar died _hunger and cold.,of 常用来表示
7、情绪上的原因，因此常常与glad, fond, proud, shamed, tired 同时等形容词连用,of,of,of,不要对生活厌倦；你还年轻。,他非常喜欢打篮球。,那乞丐因饥饿和寒冷而死。,注意：die of常常指由于疾病、情感等原因造成的死亡。其意思为“因而死”，其后常跟fever, illness, hunger, thirst, anger, despair, sadness, disappointment, grief等一类表示内部原因或情感方面的名词。,还有due to, owing to, thanks to, because of四个成语介词表示“因为”、“由于”，但他
8、们在用法上有区别。,1. because of 用在句首或句子后面，表示原因。例如： It was all because of your necklace, your beautiful necklace. 那全是你的项链，你那条美丽的项链。 Because of the heavy rain, the sports meet has been put off. 因为大雨，运动会已推迟。,2. due to sth/sb: 由某人某事物引起的；由于某人某事物 ，常用来做表语。例如： The teams success was largely due to her efforts. 该队的成功
9、在很大程度上是由于她的努力。 Her failure in the speech contest was due to her nervousness. 她在演讲比赛中失利，原因是她太紧张了。 They arrived late due to the storm. 他们由于风暴而来迟。,3. owing to 由于；因为 Owing to the rain, the meeting has to be put off. 会议因雨而推迟了 I couldnt attend the meeting owing to illness. 我因病不能出席会议。,owing to与 due to的用法基本
10、相同，due to做表语的情况多些，但与because of 的用法有些差别。一般说来，owing to 只 引导一个修饰全句的状语，而后because of引导的状语又可修饰句子中的一部分。例如： You mustnt punish the child because of such a small mistake. 你千万不要因为这样一个小错误而惩罚孩子。,4. thanks to 由于，因为；幸亏，多亏 常位于句首，表感谢或讽刺意味。例如： Thanks to your help, we finished the work head of time. 多亏你的帮助，我们提前完成了任务。
11、Thanks to the bad weather, the match had been put off. 多亏这倒霉的天气，比赛推迟了。,2. 表示时间的介词,in, on, from, at, until, for, since, after, before by, during, over, through, within, upon,1) He came in 1958 and has stayed here _ then.,since,since, 自从以来到现在，和完成时连用。另外，since 还可以用作副词，表达同样的意思。,2)She went to Nanjing last
12、 May，and she came back _a month.,after,in, on, from, at, until, for, since, after, before by, during, over, through, within, upon,after +时间常常和过去时连用，表示一个时间点。如：after school, dinner, 3pm 等。,3)They worked hard. They finished the work_2 days at last.,in, on, from, at, until, for, since, after, before by,
13、 during, over, through, within, upon,within表示在时间以内，而in强调以现在为基准，想将来延续，in an hour 是从现在起一个小时之后。,4)They said they would arrive here _a week.,within,in,5)Never put off _tomorrow what may be done today They didnt say a word _the meal,in, on, from, at, until, for, since, after, before by, during, over, thr
14、ough, within, upon, till,till,during/over,till直到为止;during, over在期间。如：Are you staying here over Christmas?,6)He had finished the work _ten oclock this morning.,in, on, from, at, until, for, since, after, before by, during, over, through, within, upon, till,by,by 不迟于；到为止。后跟表示过去的时间用过去完成时，跟将来的时间用将来完成时。,
15、7)They played the cards _the night. 8)They are going to have a good rest _the summer holidays.,in, on, from, at, until, for, since, after, before by, during, over, through, within, upon, till,through,during,through: 从开始到结束，他们打了一整夜牌。 during: 在期间，他们打算在暑期好好休息。,in, on, from, at, until, for, since, after
16、, before by, during, over, through, within, upon, till,9)Scientists say that it may be five years _ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.,before,before: 过了多久以后才 “五年以后才会在人体上做试验。,10)The plane takes off at 10:00, so you must try to be at the airport _9:30.,in, on, from, at, until, for
17、, since, after, before by, during, over, through, within, upon, till,by,by: 最迟在，不迟于，在以前。你必须在9：30以前赶到机场。,11)The students wont go home _they finish their homework. 12)The woman worked in the factory _1990.,in, on, from, at, until, for, since, after, before by, during, over, through, within, upon, till
18、,until / before,until/before,在until能使用的句型中,即主句含有否定式终止性谓语动词或肯定式延续性动词,可与before直接替换,意义差别不大。,13)Einstein almost knocked me down _he saw me. 14)He had measured me _I could get in a word.,in, on, from, at, until, for, since, after, before by, during, over, through, within, upon, till,当主句含有肯定式终止性谓语动词时,只能用b
19、efore不能用until,且before常意为“没来得及“或“才“等。,before,before,3. 表示方向的介词,in, at, to,1)He rushed _the woman with a sword. 2)He rushed _the direction of the small village. 3)He rushed _the women with a sword.,at,in,to,rush at:朝着扑去；in the direction of 朝着什么方向；rush to向这位妇女走去。,4. 介词的其他用法,请填入适当的介词。,1) He went _the ra
20、in to meet me at the station. 他冒雨到车站去接我。,in,在阳光下，在灯下，在树阴下，穿衣、着装、冒雨等都要用in。,2) The workers are paving a road _stone. 3) The teacher is correcting the paper _a new pen. The product is separated _ distilation（蒸馏） into gasoline and gas oil. 4) I really cant express my idea _English freely in-deed,with,wi
21、th,by,in,有形with, 无形by，语言 、单位、材料 in.,5. Whos standing there _the door? 6. He is _present in Washington. 7. Water freezes _0centigrade and boils at 100 8.The soldiers launched an attack upon the enemy _sunset. 9. The force _ the core leading our cause forward is the Chinese Communist Party.,at,at,at,a
22、t,at,在山脚下,在门口,在目前,速度、以速率,温度,在日落时,在核心要用at。,10. The Democratic Party was then _power. 11. They found the patient _a coma. 12. He has not been _good health for some years. 13. Many who came _despair went away _ hope . 14. The house was _ ruins. 15. Today everybody is _ high spirits and no one is _ low
23、ebb.,in,in,in,in,in,in,in,in,在表示权力，特征，心情，状态，方面等前用in。,16. Did your supervisor like the story _the radio last night? 17. Professor Shen will give us a talk _travelling in America. 18. You are wrong _all these issues. 19. You cant afford luxuries, _ an income of 100 yuan a month,over (or on),on,on,on,电
24、视，广播，关于，依靠，基础，故意，出差，上市，电话，左右方向前用on。,20. The speech by the mayor of Shanghai before the final voting for EXPO 2010 is strongly impressed_ my memory. A. to B. over C. by D. on,impress sb . (with sth.)给某人深刻印象。impress on/upon sb.是固定搭配，给留下印象。,D,21. The sunlight came in _the windows _the roof and lit up t
25、he whole room. through/in B. across/by C. on/through D. over /of,“从窗户缝隙中”要用介词through。through指从里面穿过，透过；across强调从面上横穿，横跨；on“在面上”；over从一地到另一地；经过一段时间或距离。译文：阳光从屋顶窗户缝隙中照射进来,把整个屋子都照亮了。,A,A,22. We offered him our congratulations _ his passing the college entrance exams. A. at B. on C. for D. of,B,on/upon后接名
26、词、动名词，表示”在时候” 。例如：Upon his arrival at the worksite, he began to work. 他已到工地，马上就投入了工作。,23. The home improvements have taken what little there is _my spare time. A. from B. in C. of D. at,what在这样用时常和few或little连用，再修饰名词，其含义是“全部的尽管不多”“虽少但全部”，或“所仅有的”。Little of my spare time. 我仅有的业余时间。,C,24. _ production u
27、p by 60%, the company has had another excellent year. (NMET 2000) A. As B. For C. With D. Through,C,本题考查with的复合结构（独立主格结构）作状语的用法。“with + 名词 + 不定式/分词/名词/形容词/介词短语等”可在句中作伴随、时间、原因、条件等状语。本题中with的复合结构作伴随状语。,二、连 词连词，主要是包括并列连词和从属连词。在句子中，连词起连接词与词、短语与短语及句子和句子的作用。它本身在句子里不单独做句子成分。,1. 并列连词 and, but, or, nor, so,
28、for yet, however, as well as, both.and, not only.but also, either.or, neither.nor 2. 从属连词 after, when, before, as, while, since, until, till, if, unless, lest, because, than, that, whether, so that, in order that, as if, as though, although, suppose that, provided, that, as.as, now that, such.that,
29、in case that, on condition that,例题分析,I think you are a great family _Im glad Im going to join you. A. and B. but C. so D. however,And在这里表示有因果关系的事件。又如：You are late again and you must apologize. So也可以表示因果关系。例如：He was sick, so he was quiet.,A,2. This medicine, _ drug, has a violent effect. 这种药品，或者说麻醉剂，
30、有强烈的效果。 A. And B. or rather D. but D. however,or rather: 或者说；准确地说。,B,3.They have learned English for only a year, _they can act English plays already A. and B. yet C. however D. though,B,yet此处是连词，表示转折。,4.He had failed several times, _he was sure he would succeed in the end. but B. for C. nevertheles
31、s D. therefore,C,nevertheless,连词。他失败了好多次，然而他坚信他会成功的。,5. The text is rather difficult. It is,_, not beyond the reach of the students. A. therefore B. for C. so D. however,D,however此处是副词，意思是：然而；可是，表示转折。又如：,He hasnt arrived. He may, however, come later. 他还未到，不过，他可能过一会儿来。 We have not yet won; however, w
32、e shall try again. 我们还没有取胜, 不过我们还要再试一下。,6. He worked day and night, and _ he was able to buy the big house.,He has broken his leg and therefore he cant walk. 他摔坏了腿，因此不能走路了。 We do not have enough money. Therefore we cannot afford to buy the new car. 我们的钱不够,因此买不成这辆新车。,A. therefore B. so C. however D.
33、yet,therefore “因此，所以”是副词，用法跟however一样。又如：,A,2. 从属连词,时间状语从句：When, after, before, while, as, since, until, as soon as, 条件状语从句：if, unless, 地点状语从句：where, 目的状语从句：so that,5. 让步状语从句：although, though, even though, no matter what/how/when, 6. 比较状语从句：as, asas, not soas, than, 7. 结果状语从句：so (such)that, 8. 原因状语从
34、句：as, because, since,从属连词练习： It might have rained last night, _the ground is wet. A. for B. because C. when D. as,A,昨晚可能下雨了，因为地面是湿的。（表示说话者从地面湿了这个现象主观推断出昨晚下雨的结论，但事实究竟如何却不得而知）,2. Did they retreat(撤退） out of panic（恐慌） or _they wanted to save their lives? A. as B. for C. and D. because,D,Because 可以用在选择疑
35、问句中as, for, since 不可以。,他们后撤是出于慌乱，还是想逃命?,3. He looks sleepy not _he is not feeling well, but _ he stayed up last night. that/that B. just/just C. because/because D. for/for,他看上去昏昏欲睡并不是不舒服，只不过是昨晚熬夜罢了。,because前可用否定词或其他修饰语及并列连词修饰, 但是其他表示原因的从属连词不可以。,C,C,4. Someone called me up in the middle of the night,
36、 but he hung _I could answer the phone. A. after B. before C. since D. until 半夜有人给我打电话，但还没等我去接，对方就挂断了。,B,此处before的意思是“没来得及就”， “不等就”。,5. It wasnt long _ the people took up their arms and fought back. after B. before C. since D. until 不久，人民就开始拿起了武器，开始反抗。,B,此处before用在否定句中表示”不久就“,6. It has been 5 years
37、_my sister returned from abroad. 7. It is 5 years ago _my sister returned from abroad. 8. It was the years 1990_my sister returned from abroad. 9. It will be 5 years _my sister returns from abroad. A. before B. since C. that D. when,活学活用,since,that,when,before,10. He has written to me frequently _I
38、was ill. 11. He has written to me frequently _ I fell ill. A. since B. after C. before D. until,自从我“病愈”以来他常常给我写信。,自我生病以来他常常给我写信。,例句10从句表示“病愈”即“生病”这一状态结束以后到现在；例句11从句表示开始生病到现在。,A,A,活学活用,12. _he was in Guangzhou, great changes have taken place there. 13. He could believe that great changes had taken pl
39、ace 3 years _he went to Guangzhou. 14. They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was at least ten years _I had enjoined a good drink.,A. Since B. after C. before D. until,A,C,A,15. She saved _little money she could out of her slim salary to help her brother go to school. A. so B. such
40、C. what D. how 她把从她微薄的薪水中留出来的一点点钱都用来送弟弟上学了。,C,what在这样用时常和few或little连用，再修饰名词，其含义是“全部的尽管不多”“虽少但全部”，或“所仅有的” ”all the little money”。,16. Air is to us _water is to fish. like B. what C. but D. when,what = just as，意为“恰像，犹如，好比”用作连词，引导比较状语从句。,B,空气对于我们犹如水对于鱼。,17. You may have some idea of _the astronauts hav
41、e to deal with if you try to drink a glass of water while standing on your head or while just lying down.,活学活用,how much B. how C. what D. why 如果你试着倒立着或仅以躺着的姿势去喝水,就能大致体会到宇航员必须应付什么了。,C,18. _ is the cost（price）of the gold watch？ A.how B. how much C. what much D. what,D,问价格度量速度、人口面积门牌（汽车电话等）号码等时，只能用what
42、提问，不能用how much提问。又如：,What is the speed of the car？ What is the length（width, depth）of the lake？,19. We will make the factory twice _it is today. A. how B. what C. why D. when 我们将使工厂比现在规模增加一倍。,B,句中的twice what it is today是动词make的宾语the factory的补足语）,20 . Gravity is _ makes you weigh _you weigh. 地心吸引力使人称得现有的重量。 what/ what B. how much/ how much C. that/what D. as to/ as,句中的第一个what到句末为表语从句；句末的what you weigh 是说明前面的动词weigh，,A,A,
