1、图解英语语法 之时 态,TENSE,观 念 入 门,时态的意义时态的种类及形势如何运用时态时态与时间未必成一对一的关系,时 态 的 意 义,时,态,时间,状态,I watch television every day. 我每天看电视 I watched television yesterday. 我昨晚看电视 因时间之不同而形成之变化,即为动词之时态,在汉语里，动词没有字形的变化，时间概念不强。 在英语里，动词的形态常常因动词所代表的时间不同而有所不同，时间概念非常强。,汉英表达时间状态差异,时间划分段落,过去,现在,将来,一般状态,时 态,现在一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时现在完成进行时 过
2、去一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成进行时 将来一般将来时将来进行时将来完成时将来完成进行时,时态的种类及形势,三时四方面 现 在 过 去 将 来一般 He workers He worked He will workHe is He was He will现在 working working workingHe has He had He will have完成 worked worked workedHe has been He had been He will have完成进行 working working been working,如 何 运 用 时 态,该动词发生的时间是过去?
3、现在?或将来?该动词的动作到某一点时间已经完成? 或还在进行?,时态与时间未必成一对一的关系,(A)一般现在时的动词可以表示现在、过去或将来 ，如：He lives in Beijing now . 表示现在He sells newspapers and magazines . 表示现在、过去、将来He leaves for Japan next week . 表示将来 (B)一般过去时的动词可以表示现在、过去或将来 ，如：If I had money now,I would buy the house. 表示现在He bought a car last week . 表示过去He might
4、 visit us tomorrow. 表示将来 我们也可以用不同的时态，来表示相同的时间，如：leavesis leavingHe for Japan next week . 表示将来will leaveis going to leave complains all the time.She 表示现在is always complaining.,现 在,开 窍 要 诀,一般现在时 动词形态V(-s) 用 法 例 句It is very hot today .现 在 的 He lives in Nanjing. 事实或状态 You look very hungry now.She gets u
5、p at six every morning. 现在的习惯 He always comes to class on time. 反复的动作 John writes to his parents once a month.Two and three make(s) five. 格言、事实 Where there is will, there is a way. 不变的真理 The sun rises in the east.Do you come tomorrow?代 替 He returns home next Sunday. 将来一般时,说 明,主语是第三人称单数且为陈述语气时，一般现在时的
6、动词（除be 和have外）词尾要加“-s”或“-es”。 “真理”以及“习惯性动作”，因为所表现的观念是“永恒”以及“经常如此”，所以不考虑时间或完成的问题，而一律用一般现在时。 表示“习惯性的动作”常与下列副词连用： Occasionally, every ,always, usually,often,sometimes , seldom ,frequently。 以一般现在时代替一般将来时的用法如下：Go,come,start,leave,arrive等动词和表示未来时间的副词连用时。 在表示时间或条件的状语从句的动词，用一般现在时代替一般将来时，其句型是：If 主语+Will+V+主语
7、+V(-s),When 祈使句 此类状语从句通常有下列连此引导：表示时间：when, while, before, after, till(=untill), as soon as,by the time(=when/before)表示条件：if,unless,in case(=if),现在进行时 动词形态am/is/are+V-ing用 法 例 句现在正在 He is writing a letter at present.进行或继续 It is raining now. 的动作、状态 John is doing his assignment right now.Look!(你瞧) Look
8、 ! Many birds are flying in the sky. Listen!(你听) Listen ! Someone is knocking at the door.不久将发生 I am going to Beijing tomorrow.的动作或 预定的计划 He is coming (or will come) here next week.,说 明,现在进行时经常和时间副词now,right now,at present at this moment连用。 Look ! 或 listen ! 皆表示某个动作正在进行，故用现在进行时。 Go, come, leave, sta
9、rt, return等动词若与未来时间连用时，表示“不久即将发生的动作”，可用“现在进行时”代替“一般将来时”。 下列动词，因含有“状态的继续”的意味，通常不用于现在进行时：用法 例 句存在，位置 be, lie, stand, 所有 have, own, possess, belong to, 知觉 see, hear, seem, appear, smell, taste,sound, feel, 知识 know, understand,think, 情感 like, love, hate,want, hope, wish,prefer, 但: (1) stand/lie 作“站”或“躺”
10、时，可用现在进行时：He is standing by the window.The dog is lying under the table.(2) have作“吃”时，可用现在进行时： I am having lunch now.(3) see作“观赏”“送行”时,可用现在进行时: They are seeing the sights of New York.He is seeing his girl friend off at the airport.,现在 动词形态完成时 have/has+p.p.用法 例 句He has just come back.I have already s
11、een it.完成 In recent years,there have been many changesI have read five novels this month.He has gone to Japan, he is not here.经验 I have been to hongkong several times.this is one of the best book that I haveever read .I have lived here for ten years.继续 she has been ill since Monday.,说 明,表示“现在刚完成之动作”
12、，常和下列副词连用：Just, already, yet, recently=lately=of late, so far=by now=up to now=up to the present,these + 一段时间， this week/month/year. 表示“经验”，常和下列副词连用：never, ever, once, before, twice, three times,How many times? 表示“过去继续到现在的动作或状态”常与for,since,all day连用。句型如下：has for +一段时间主语 + p.p. +have since +过去时间此用法如果
13、强调现在仍在进行时，可用现在完成进行时，如：I have been studying English for five years.It has been raining since last night.,现在完 动词形态成进行时 have/has been+V-ing用 法 例 句We have been studying English for three years.继 续 He has been reading since this morning. We have been waiting for him all afternoon. 说 明 本时态是用来叙述“从过去某时开始,以致
14、继续到目前的动作”.其特点在强调“动作的继续”性质.但也有“可能已经中止”,如:He is very tired,he has been working hard all day.,过 去,一般过去时 动词形态V-ed用 法 例 句 过去的事情、The peoples Republic of China wasfounded in 1949. 动作、状态 John went to Shanghai yesterday. 过去的习惯 He used to take a walk in the morning.过去发生的 The teacher stepped into the classroom
15、.连贯的动作 and asked the students to open thewindows at once.,说 明,一般过去时常和下列表示过去时间的副词连用：ago an hour ago,a few days agolast last night/week/yearyesterday yesterday morning,the day before yesterdaythis morning, just now, the other day,in +过去时间，in those days(=then),at that time. 表示“过去经常的习惯，而今不再”，则用 used to
16、+ V 现在完成时 ( have/has+p.p. ) 不可和表示过去的时间副词连用。 过去发生连串的动作，若用and, but, or, so等并列连词连接，通常全用一般过去时。,过去进行时 动词形态was/were+V-ing用 法 例 句I was watching TV at eight oclock 过去某事正 last night. 在进行的动作 It was raining at seven oclock thismorning. 在过去某一动 He was sleeping when I arrived. 作发生时，另一 I was writing a letter when
17、he 个动作正在进行 came in.,说 明,过去进行时常与下列句型表示：was主语 + +V-ing when +主语+过去式Vwere 一般时所表示的动作通常比进形式的动作，在时间上为短；所以表示“短”的动作用 V-ed ，表示“长”的动作用 was/were+V-ingI wrote a letter last night.比较I was writing a letter at 8 last night.,过去完成时 动词形态had+p.p.用 法 例 句过去某个 The train had gone before we reached动作发生 the station. 以前的动作 A
18、fter you had gone,I went to sleep.在过去某 He said he had met me three years时以前发 before. 生的动作 I had met him twice by yesterday.,说 明,过去的两个动作，当甲动作发生了之后，才发生乙动作，那么甲动作用had+p.p.,而移动作用V-ed。如例句中的火车“开走”在先，我们“到达”在后。 如句中有before,after等连词时，因为可以明显区分两件事情发生的先后，所以两者皆可用一般过去时表示，如：went After you , I went to sleep.had gonew
19、entyou before I went to sleep.had gone 一般过去时与过去完成时之比较：I lost the watch that I had bought the other day.My uncle bought a coat in London and sent it to me过去一连串的动作，如用and连接时，一般通常用“一般过去时”. hope,expect, intend等动词如果与“过去完成时”连用时，是表示“过去想做但没有现”I had hoped to go to Japan in July.= I hoped to have gone to Japan
20、 in July.,过去完成进行时 动词形态had been V-ing用 法 例 句We had been waiting for him an hour when继 续 he arrived.Mother had been preparing our breakfastwhen I got up.说 明 本时态之用法与过去完成时相同，只是它强调动作的进持续 是比较下列各句的用法：He was phoning you when I got there.He had already phoned you when I got there.He had been phoning you when
21、 I got there.,一般将来时 动词形态will/shall+V用 法 例 句未来的 I will go to the movies tonight. 动作或状态 It will be fine tomorrow.说 明 (1)一般将来时常和下列表示将来时间的副词连用：tomorrow,next year/month/week (2)表示即将发生的将来也可用be going to或be about to 代替will。 (3)There will be +名词(当主语)(将有) (4)“be to+V”表示“一定” (5)说话者觉得某件事情未来即将发生，可用“现在进行时”代替“一般将来
22、时”,将来进行时 动词形态will be +V-ing用 法 例 句I shall be correcting students papers when未来某时将 you come. 在进行的动作 When we get there,they will be eating.说 明 将来进行时的用法与过去进行时的用法相似，只是时间从过 去换成将来。He was sleeping when I arrived.比较 He will be sleeping when I arrive.,将来完成时 动词形态shall/will have +p.p.用 法 例 句By next May he will
23、 have lived here 未来某点时间或 for six years.未来某动作之前 I shall have finished the book when you 业已完成之动作 come next time.,说 明,(1)将来完成时常以下列句型表示：By+未来时间S+will have +p.p.When+一般现在时(2)未来有两个动作，如果发生有先后，其时态关系如下：A: S+将来完成时+连词S+一般现在时(先发生) (后发生)B: S+一般将来时+连词S+现在完成时(后发生) (先发生),将来完 动词形态 成进行时 shall/will have been +V-ing用 法 例 句By June, we shall have been learning English 继 续 for three years.说 明 本时态是用来叙述“从过去某时开始，迄 今仍在进行，而于将来某时将完成的动作”。,谢 谢 ！,
