1、中国传统称谓文化与翻译,appellation汉民族经历了极为漫长的封建社会，中国封建家庭就是这一过程中的产物。家庭关系以亲子的血缘关系与夫妻的婚姻关系为基本结构，前者是构成家族关系的首要因素，姻缘关系从属于血缘关系。,中国传统家庭主要特点大家庭 家,凤姐儿想一想，笑道：“一家子也是过正月节，合家赏灯吃酒，真真的热闹非凡。祖婆婆，太婆婆，媳妇，孙子媳妇，重孙媳妇，亲孙子媳妇，侄孙子，重孙子，灰孙子，滴滴答答的孙子，孙女儿，外孙女儿，姨表孙女儿，姑表孙女哎呦呦！真好热闹！ （54）,Xifeng drained her cup and thought for a second. “In the
2、middle of the first month,” she began, “during the Lantern Festival a family was having a fine lively time, enjoying lanterns and drinking together. There were the great grandmother, grandmother, grandmothers-in-law, daughter-in-law, grand-nephews and a pack of grea-great-grandsons, as well as grand
3、-daughters and grand-nieces on the paternal and maternal sides, and grand-nieces on the brothers and sisters sidesAiya, it was really lively”,弟子规 圣人训 首孝悌 次谨信或饮食 或坐走 长者先 幼者后称尊长 勿呼名三纲者 君臣义 父子亲 夫妇顺高曾祖 父而身 身而子 子而孙 自子孙 至玄曾 乃九族人之伦 父子恩 夫妇从 兄则友 弟则恭 长幼序,2讲辈分，长幼尊卑有序。seniority in a family/clan,position in a fa
4、mily hierarchypatriarchal system, paternalism,这种等级差别表现在： （1）男尊女卑（2）父亲的地位高于子女（3）家族中男长子的地位高于其他人，且长兄的地位高于其他人（4）家族中女性既受制于直系长辈，又从属于自己的丈夫和子女（5）嫡尊庶卑,The western man is like a maiden who has only herself to look after, and who consequently manages to look neat and tidy, while the Chinese man is like the dau
5、ghter-in-law of a big family who has a thousand and one household to attend to.,It teaches our children the first lessons in social obligations between man and man, the necessity of mutual adjustment, self-control, courtesy, a sense of duty, which is very well defined, a sense of obligation and grat
6、itude toward parents, and respect for elders.Where the parents are too self-centered and autocratic, it often deprives the young man of enterprise and initiative, and I consider this the most disastrous effect of the family system on Chinese character.,贾母扶着凤姐儿进来，与薛姨妈分宾主坐了。薛宝钗史湘云坐在下面。王夫人亲捧了茶奉与贾母，李宫裁奉
7、与薛姨妈。贾母向王夫人道：“让他们小妯娌服侍，你在那里做了，好说话儿。（35）于是凤姐放了四双：上面两双是贾母薛姨妈，两边是薛宝钗史湘云的。王夫人李宫裁等都站在地下看着放菜。（35）,宝玉笑道：“你倒比先越发出息了，倒像我的儿子。”贾琏笑道：“好不害臊！人家比你大四五岁呢，就替你做儿子了？”宝玉笑道：“你今年十几岁了？”贾芸道：“十八岁。”原来这贾芸最凌厉乖觉，听宝玉这样说，便笑道：“俗话说的，摇车里的爷爷，拄拐的孙子。虽然岁数大，山高高不过太阳。自从父亲没了，这几年也无人照管教导。如若宝书不嫌侄儿蠢笨，认作儿子，就是我的造化了。”（24）,Jia Yun had all his wits a
8、bout him. He seized this chance to add: “As the proverb says，A grandfather in the cradle may have a grandson who leans on a stick. I may be older than you but The highest mountain cant shut out the sun. These last few years since my father died Ive had no one to instruct me properly. If you dont thi
9、nk me too stupid to be your adopted son, Uncle Bao, that would be my great good fortune.”,宝玉退出，来至后面，进入上房。邢夫人见了他来，先倒站了起来，请过贾母的安，宝玉方请安。（24）Bayou went to the back, to Lady Xings apartment, and when she had risen to convey her respects to his grandmother he bowed on his own account.况且这通身的气派竟不像老祖宗的外孙女儿，竟
10、是嫡亲的孙女似的。Her whole air is so distinguished. She doesnt take after her father, son-in-law of our old Ancestress, but looks more like a Jia.,宝玉听了，忙上来悄悄地说道：“你这么个明白人，难道连亲不见疏，先不僭后也不知道?我虽糊涂，却明白这两句话。头一件，咱们是姑舅姊妹，宝姐姐是两姨姊妹，论亲戚，他比你疏。第二件，你先来，咱们两个一桌吃，一床睡，长得这么大了，他是才来的，岂有个为他疏你的？”（20）,Bayou stepped to her side and
11、said softly, “Someone of your intelligence should know that distant relatives cant come between close ones, and new friends cant take the place of old. Dense as I am, I know that. Look, youre the daughter of my fathers sister, while Baochais a cousin on my mothers side-youre more closely related to
12、me than she is. Besides, you came here first, weve eaten at the same table, slept in the same bed and grown up together, while she has only recently arrived. How could I be less closer to you because of her? (Yang),贾环道：“我拿什么比宝玉呢。你们怕他， 都和他好，都欺负我不是太太养的。” 说罢，便哭了。宝钗忙劝导：“好兄弟，快别说这话，人家笑话你。”（20）“How can I c
13、ompare with Baoyu?” whined Jia Huan. “You keep in with him because youre afraid of him, but you bully me because Im a concubines son.” He started to snivel.” “Dont talk like that, dear cousin, or people will laugh at you.” Baochai advised him.,她从贫苦的姑家，又转到更贫苦的姨家。（萧红王阿嫂的死）She had lived for a while wit
14、h some impoverished paternal relatives, then had been bundled off to some maternal relatives who were, if anything, even worse off.,3. 重视血缘观念。在古代，无论是帝王之家，还是普通老百姓家庭，都把巩固血缘关系，维持血缘关系的纯洁性视为头等大事。而西方社会强调个人的独立性，因此个人是社会的基本单元；在家族内部，血缘观念比较淡薄，亲属关系松散。,4 重视门第观念(family status)。所谓“门第”，指家族的等级，根据姓氏，有高低贵贱之分。,5孝悌观念(fi
15、lial piety to parents and fraternal respect to elder brothers)。孔子认为：子女应该从三个层次去孝敬父母：养；敬；无违亲爱我 孝何难 亲憎我 孝方贤亲有过 谏使更 怡吾色 柔吾声古人特别强调：百善孝为先。,子曰：君子之教以孝也，非家至而日见之也；教以孝，所以敬天下之为人父者也。教以悌，所以敬天下之为人兄者也。教以臣，所以敬天下之为人君者也。 孝经The reason why the gentleman teaches filial piety is not because it is to be seen in the home an
16、d everyday life. He teaches filial piety in order that man may respect all those who are father in the world. He teaches brotherliness in the young brother, in order that man may respect all those who are elder brothers in the world. He teaches the duty of the subject, in order that man may respect
17、all who are rulers in the world.”,爱亲者，不敢恶于人；敬亲者，不敢慢于人。Those who love their parents dare not show hatred to others. Those who respect their parents dare not show rudeness to others.,贾政见他母亲来了，又急又痛，连忙迎接出来，只见贾母扶着丫头，喘吁吁的走来，贾政上前躬身陪笑道：“大暑热天，母亲有何生气亲自走来？有话只该叫了儿子进去吩咐。”贾母听说，便止住步喘息一回，厉声说道：“你原来是和我说话！我倒有话吩咐，只是可怜我
18、一生没养个好儿子，却叫我和谁说去！”贾政听这话不象，忙跪下含泪说道：“为儿的教训儿子，也为的是光宗耀祖。母亲这话，我做儿的如何禁得起？”,雨村拍案笑道：“怪到这女学生读至凡书中有敏字，皆念作密字，每每如是；写字遇着敏字，又减一二笔，我心中就有些疑惑。今听你说的，是为此无疑矣。”（2）Yucun pounded the table with a laugh. No wonder my pupil always pronounces min as mi and writes it with one or two strokes missing. That puzzled me, but now y
19、ouve explained the reason.”*One or two strokes missing: a parents name was taboo and had to be used in an altered form. (Yang),那宝玉甚至连晨昏定省都愈发随他的变了。 礼：凡为人之子，冬温而夏凊，昏定而晨省。Baoyu even grew lax about asking after the health of his seniors each morning and evening.一早出门，也不来请个安，目无尊长，成什么规矩！（围城）He leaves early
20、in the morning without so much as a word of greeting. No respect for his elders. What kind of behavior do you call that?,6取名范式 家庭伦理道德还表现在族人的取名范式和称谓范式上。所谓取名范式指的是某一家族某一代人都是按照一定的排行范式取名。这种取名范式构筑了家族血缘关系的亲疏和系别，千载不乱，万代相继。如红楼梦中的宁荣二府。第一代名字带三点水(radical)：贾演，贾源；第二代名字中间为“代”；第三代的名字是文字辈，贾敬，贾赦，贾政，贾敏，第四代是玉字辈：贾珍，珠，琏，
21、环；第五代是草字辈：贾蓉，蔷，芹，芸等。,子兴道：“不然。只因现今大小姐是正月初一所生，故名元春，余者方从了春字，上一辈的，却也是从弟兄而来。现有对证：你贵东家林公之夫人，即荣府中赦政二公之胞妹，在家时名唤贾敏。（2）,Y: “You dont understand,” said Zixing. “They named the eldest girl Yuanchun because she was born on New Years Day, and so the others have “chun” in their names too. But all the girls of the
22、last generation had names like those of boys. For proof, look at the wife of your respected employer Mr.Lin, the sister of Jia She and Jia Zheng in the Rong Mansion. Her name, before she married, was Jia Min. If you dont believe me, check up when you go back.” *Yuanchun: Cardinal Spring *Min has the
23、 same radical as She and Zheng.,另外，在封建大家庭以外，称谓体制也是传统文化的一种体现。中国文化注重讲礼貌， 尚谦让，人们在说话时总是尽量谦卑，于人惟恐礼数不周，于是在社交称谓中产生了与敬称相对应的谦称(modest form of address)，对别人喜欢用尊称(respectful/honorific address)，这是交往中的传统习惯，以进一步表示对交际对方的尊敬。,雨村起身也让道：“老先生请便。晚生乃常造之客，稍候何妨。”（1）“Dont stand on ceremony, sir” said Yu-tsun, rising. “I am a
24、regular guest here. I dont mind waiting.”,在特定的社交语境中，各种称谓语除了表示对交际对象的直接称呼或他称称谓外，还往往隐含亲昵，威胁，警告，戏弄，讽刺等言外之意，或表示尊敬，提出请求，传达喜恶等话中之情。,如海道：“天缘凑巧，因贱荆去世，都中家岳母念及小女无人依傍教育，前已遣了男女船只来接，因小女未曾大痊，故未及此行。”（3）“What a lucky coincidence!” exclaimed Ruhai. “Since my wifes death, my mother-in-law in the capital has been worri
25、ed because my daughter has no one to bring her up. She has sent two boats with male and femanl attendants to fetch the child, but I delayed her departure while she was unwell.”(Y),贾珍感谢不尽，只说：“待服满后，亲带小犬到府叩谢”。于是作别。（13）Jia Zhen thanked him warmly and promised, “When the mourning is over I shall bring my
26、 worthless son to kowtow his thanks.” And so they parted. (Y),怨不得他们嗜钱如命。多少仕宦大家出身的，若提起“钱势”二字，连骨肉都不认了。老贤甥，昨日我和你那边的令伯母赌气，你可知道否？（75） We cant blame these boys, my worthy nephew, for being so grasping. Why, where money and power are concerned, many people from big official family will forget even their ow
27、n flesh and blood. Did you hear about the row I had yesterday with your respected aunt? (Y),雨村起身也让道：“老先生请便。晚生乃常造之客，稍候何妨。”（1）“Dont stand on ceremony,sir” said Yu-tsun, rising. “I am a regular guest here, I dont mind waiting.”LizElizabethElizabeth.Elizabeth Anne Warner!,宝玉忙笑道（对袭人）：“好姐姐，好亲姐姐，别说两三件，就是两三
28、百件我也依的”。（19）Y: I agree to them all, dear sister, good kind sister. I agree to three hundred conditions, let alone three.H: He said impetuously, “I promise to obey you. Dearest Aroma! Sweetest Aroma! Never mind two and three.”,宝玉又不解，在窗外只是低声叫：“好妹妹，好妹妹！”（22）Totally at a loss to understand her behavior,
29、 he called to her softly through the window: “Dai, dear! Dai”.忽见素云进来说; “我们奶奶请二位姑娘商议要紧的事呢。二姑娘，三姑娘，四姑娘，史姑娘，宝二爷，都等着呢。Just then Su-yun came in to announce: “Our mistress wants you both to go and discuss important business. All the other young ladies are there with Master Bao.”,你再亲自到西府去请老太太，大太太，二太太和你琏二婶子
30、来逛逛。（10）You can go to the West Mansion to deliver invitation in person to the old lady, Lady Xing, Lady Wang and Xiifeng.,黛玉虽不曾识面，听见他母亲说过: 大舅贾赦之子贾琏，娶得就是二舅母王氏的内侄女: 自幼假充男儿教养，学名叫做王熙凤。黛玉忙陪笑见礼，以“嫂”呼之。Though Taiyu had never met her, she knew from her mother that Chia Lien, the son of her first uncle Chian
31、 Sheh, had married the niece of Lady Wang, her second uncles wife. She had been educated like a boy and given the school-room name His-feng. Tai-yu lost no time in greeting her with a smile as “cousin”.,六亲(six kin folks/kindred)：父子，兄弟，夫妇；九族(nine degrees of kinship)：父族四，母族三，妻族二。三从(three obedience)：未嫁从父；即嫁从夫，夫死从子；四德：妇德，妇言，妇容，妇功(four virtues: morality, proper speech, modest manner, diligent work)。女子无才便是德： An unaccomplished woman is a virtuous woman.,
