1、Progressive Translation 翻译篇,人民大学出版社,第二部分 英译汉,第二章 英译汉的技巧,翻译技巧也就是人们通过翻译实践摸索出来的比较系统 的翻译方法。本章将介绍以下九种技巧:.对等译法 .重复法 .增译法 .减译法 .词类转化法 .分译法 .正反译法 .词序调整法 .语态转换法,CATALOGUE,第一节 对等译法,第二节 重译法,第四节 减译法,第三节 增译法,第五节 词类转换法,第六节 分译法,第七节 正反译法,第八节 词序调整法,第九节 语态转换法,第一节 对等译法,在翻译过程中,我们一般都可以在译文语言中 找到和原文中的某个单词、词组或成语意义上的 对等表达。因
2、此,对等译法是翻译中最常见、最 重要的翻译方法。一般说来,英汉两种语言中单 词的对等率较高,而词组、成语、谚语的对等率 相对低一些。,第一节 对等译法,一、 单词对等,book (名词),当然,这两种语言中存在着差异的“对等”单词也不 少,例如:从语义上讲,汉语单词“杯子”并不完全等同 于英语单词“cup”,而是对等于“cup + mug + glass”; 从感情色彩上来讲,“知识分子”并不完全对等于 “intellectual”。,一、 单词对等,stand (动词),big (形容词),and (连接词),书,站,大,和,第一节 对等译法,二、 成语对等,一、 成语对等,turn a b
3、lind eye to,成语的对等是从三个方面体现出来的,一是比喻意 义,一是比喻形式,再一个是感情色彩。三者中比喻意 义是最重要的。感情色彩的对等同比喻意义的对等几乎 同样重要。至于比喻形式,能对等则应尽量对等,实在 对等不了,就应当机立断,大胆放弃。,视而不见,talk black into white,颠倒黑白,as slippery as an eel,滑得像鳝鱼,walk right into the trap,自投罗网,hold ones sides with laughter,捧腹大笑,第一节 对等译法,三、 谚语对等,一、 谚语对等,Many hands make light
4、work.,人多好办事。,Haste makes waste.,欲速则不达。,Out of sight, out of mind.,眼不见,心不烦。,Where theres a will, theres a way.,有志者事竟成。,Birds of a feather flock together.,物以类聚,人以群分。,Give a person a dose of his own medicine.,以其人之道 还治其人之身。,All good things must come to an end.,天下没有不散的筵席。,第一节 对等译法,一、 谚语对等,谚语和成语一样,英汉两种语言中
5、的对等大多数也是 从比喻意义、比喻形式和比喻色彩三个方面体现出来的。 同样,比喻意义的对等是最重要的,感情色彩的对等几 乎同等重要,在保证这两方面的基础上,再来考虑比喻 形式的对等。,第一节 练习题,试译下列英文句子,并注意斜体部分的译法。,To break the ice, Ted spoke of his interest in mountain climbing, and they soon had a conversation going.,为了打破沉默,泰德说自己对爬山有兴趣,这样他们 很快就交谈起来。,(2) She was born with a silver spoon in
6、her mouth; she thinks she can do what she likes.,她生长在富贵之家,认为凡事都可以随心所欲。,(3) He is now between the devil and the deep sea on this matter.,他在这个问题上真是进退维谷。,(4) He went through fire and flood to save his son.,他赴汤蹈火去救他的儿子。,第一节 练习题,(5) She took the news with a grain of salt.,她对这个消息半信半疑。,第一节 练习题,(6) Every on
7、e of them rolled up his sleeves for the battle, high in morale and ready to win another brilliant victory.,他们个个摩拳擦掌,士气很高,准备再打一个漂亮仗。,(7) She walked at the head of the funeral procession, and every now and then wiped her crocodile tears with a big handkerchief.,她走在送葬队伍的前头,还不时用一条大手绢抹去那 鳄鱼的眼泪。,第一节 练习题,(
8、8) In the court action, John sprang his trump card by calling a surprise witness.,在法庭诉讼中,约翰突然打出了他的王牌请出 一位意想不到的证人。,(9) The Senate Foreign Relations Committee today extended the olive branch to the Clinton Government by pleading for cooperation in developing foreign policy.,参议院外交关系委员会今天向克林顿政府送去了橄 榄枝,要
9、求发展在外交政策上的合作。,第一节 练习题,(10) When the host gave some pictures to them, they didnt realize that they were receiving a modern Trojan horse: microphones and radio transmitters were hidden in the pictures.,东道主向他们赠画时,他们并没有意识到他们是在 接收一具现代特洛伊木马:那些画框里暗藏着麦克风和 无线电发报机。,第二节 重译法,在英译汉中,需要根据原文语境,正确运用词语重复 方法,将英文避免重复的词
10、语再现于汉语之中。这种反 复使用某些词语的翻译方法就叫重译法。,一般说来,重译法有如下三个功能:一是为了明确; 二是为了强调;三是为了生动。,第二节 重译法,一、 为了明确,一、 为了明确,(一) 名词的重译,在英文中名词第二次出现时,经常会以代词来代替, 甚至有时还会出现省略的情况。这种情况汉译时必须进 行必要的重复,否则会影响句子意思的表达。,(一) 名词的重译,第二节 重译法,一、 为了明确,(一) 名词的重译,.重复作宾语的名词,Let us first begin to revise our safety and sanitary regulations.,让我们首先来修改一下我们的
11、安全规则和卫生规则吧。,(2) We should learn how to analyze and solve problem.,我们应学会如何分析问题和解决问题。,第二节 重译法,一、 为了明确,(一) 名词的重译,2.重复作表语的名词,(1) Peter is your friend as much as he is mine.,彼得既是你的朋友,也是我的朋友。,(2) She became a millionaireall by herself.,她成为一个百万富翁一个白手起家的百万富翁。,第二节 重译法,一、 为了明确,(一) 名词的重译,3.重复英语介词短语前所省略的名词,英语中常
12、重复使用介词短语,共同做某一名词的后 置定语,并将第二个、第三个介词短语前的名词省略, 译成汉语时则往往要将此名词重译。,This man often got into argument with his colleagues or with the boss.,这个人经常和他的同事们争吵,或者同老板争吵。,(2) Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration.,无知是羡慕的根源,也是恐惧的根源。,第二节 重译法,一、 为了明确,(一) 名词的重译,4.重复英语中作先行词的名词,英语定语从句常用关系词引导,它一方面代表定语 从
13、句所修饰的那个先行词(名词或代词),另一方面在 从句中担任一个成分。汉语中没有关系词,在英译汉时, 往往需要重复翻译这个作先行词的名词。,My uncle was born in Beijing, which is the capital of China.,我叔叔出生于北京,北京是中国的首都。,(2) The railway of the future may well be the “hovertrain,” which never touches rails at a speed up to 300 m.p.h.,“气垫火车”很可能是铁路的未来。“气垫火 车”绝不会接触铁轨,时速可达英里
14、。,第二节 重译法法,4.重复英语中作先行词的名词(3) The little boy lived in terror of his stepfather, who had borne down on him so often and so hard that there was little left. 那个小男孩对他的继父怕得要死,继父经常整他而且整得很重,简直把他整瘪了。 (4) There is a great technological explosion generated by science around us, which is already freeing vast nu
15、mbers of people from their traditional bondage to nature. 科学在我们周围引起了技术爆炸。这个爆炸正在把众多的人们从传统的自然束缚中解放出来。 翻译英语中的同位语时,在译文中有时也可以重复其先行词。,第二节 重译法,一、 为了明确,(一) 名词的重译,翻译英语中的同位语时,在译文中有时也可以重复 其先行词。,All of these arrangements were a prelude to the ball, the hostess ultimate prize.,所有这些安排都是这次舞会的序曲,舞会才是女主人 的最终目的。,(2)
16、Water can be decomposed by energy, a current of electricity.,水可由能量来分解,所谓能量也就是电流。,(二) 动词的重译,.英语句子常用一个动词连接几个宾语或表语,在汉语 译文中往往要重复这个动词。,For about a good twelve hours, weve been praising our teachers and our school.,整整有12个小时之久,我们一直在赞美我们的老师们,赞美我们的学校。,(2) People forget your face first, then your name.,人们首先忘记
17、你的容貌,接着又忘记你的名字。,第二节 重译法,一、 为了明确,(二) 动词的重译,第二节 重译法,(二) 动词的重译 .英语句子常用一个动词连接几个宾语或表语,在汉语译文中往往要重复这个动词。 3) Prime Minister Chou is an originator, a master of strategy achieved by alternating surprise, tension and ease. 周恩来总理是一位创造家,是一位交替运用出其不意,紧张和放松技巧而取得成功的伟大战略家。 (4) He owned a town house, a summer lodge in
18、 the mountains, a winter cabin in the desert, a car and a drivers license to take himself about. 他曾在城里有一所住宅,在山间有一栋避暑的住所,在沙漠有一幢避寒的房子,外出还有汽车和驾驶执照。,.英语句子中动词后的介词多次重复使用而省略动词, 在汉语译文中则要重复动词以代替英语中重复的介词。,He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of great occurrences, nor of great fish, nor fights, nor contests of
19、strength.,他不再梦见风涛,不再梦见惊人的遭遇,也不再 梦见大鱼、搏斗和角力。,第二节 重译法,一、 为了明确,(二) 动词的重译,(2) They talked about themselves, about their prospects,about their journey, about the good weather, about their familyabout almost everything except their host and hostess.,他们谈到他们自己,谈到他们的前途,谈到他们的旅 程,谈到旅行中的好天气,谈到彼此的家庭情况谈到 了几乎一切,只是
20、不谈他们的男女主人。,第二节 重译法,一、 为了明确,(二) 动词的重译,有时候英语中连介词也省略了,但在翻译中仍要重复 动词,以使其意义的重复体现于完整的汉语表达中。,They wanted to know if he complied with the terms of his employment and his obligations as a Chinese.,他们想要知道,他是否履行了受雇条款,是否履行 了作为中国公民所应尽的责任。,第二节 重译法,一、 为了明确,(二) 动词的重译,第二节 重译法,一、 为了明确,(三) 代词的重译,(三) 代词的重译,.英语用代词替代前文所属的
21、人或物,因此代词在英文 句子里出现频繁。翻译时往往按汉语习惯重复其所代替的 名词。,(1) Ignoring a problem does not solve it.,对一个问题置之不理,并不能解决问题。,(2) Each country had its own customs. 各国有各国的风俗。,(3) Big powers have their strategies while small countries also have their own lines. 强国有强国的策略,小国也有小国的路线。,第二节 重译法,一、 为了明确,(三) 代词的重译,.英语中强势关系代词或强势关系副词
22、whoever, whenever, wherever等等,翻译成汉语时往往使用重译法 处理。,(1) Whoever works hard will be praised.,谁努力工作,谁就会受到表扬。,(2) Wherever severe oppression existed, there would be revolution.,哪里有残酷的压迫,哪里就有革命。,第二节 重译法,一、 为了明确,(三) 代词的重译,.英语中some.and others.(some., others.) 连用的句子,译成汉语时主语往往是谓语重复形式的“的” 字结构,有时也可用“有的,有的”句式。,Som
23、e are playing football, others are playing volleyball.,踢足球的在踢足球,打排球的在打排球。 (或:有的在踢足球,有的在打排球。),第二节 重译法,一、 为了明确,(三) 代词的重译,为了使译文明确具体,除了上面谈到的一些重译手段 外,还有一种情况:英语原文没有重复,汉译时采用一种 在内容上而不是在形式上的重译手段。,(1) He was proficient both as a flyer and as a navigator.,他既精于飞行,又善于导航。,原句中形容词 proficient没有重复,译文中用“精于”、 “善于”两种形式重
24、复同一内容。,(2) To him, the birds sang, the squirrel chatted and the flowers bloomed.,鸟儿向他唱歌,松鼠对他叽咕,花儿也为他开放。,原文中前置词to没有重复,译文却以“向”、“对”、 “为”三个不同介词重复同一内容。,第二节 重译法,二、 为了强调,二、 为了强调,英语句子中往往重复关键性的词,以给读者留下深刻 的印象,英译汉时往往可以采用同样的重复手段。,1.英语原文中有词的重复,译成汉语时可以保持同样的 词的重复。,(1) Work while you work, play while you play.,该工作时
25、就工作,该玩时就玩。,第二节 重译法,二、 为了强调,(2) Blood must atone for blood.,血债要用血来还。,(3) Year after year and century after century the moon goes through its cycle.,一年又一年,一个世纪又一个世纪,月亮盈亏 变化,周而复始。,此外,英语对仗句的前后两部分中往往有词的重复, 译成汉语时对仗句可以保持同样的重复。,(1) Eye for eye, tooth for tooth.,以眼还眼,以牙还牙。,(2) Out of sight, out of mind.,眼不见,
26、心不念。,二、 为了强调,第二节 重译法,2.英语原文中有词的重复,译成汉语时有时可以用同义 词重复之。,(1) Easy come, easy go.,来得容易去得快。,(2) No pains, no gains.,不劳无获。,第二节 重译法,二、 为了强调,第二节 重译法,三、 为了生动,三、 为了生动,出于译文行文上的考虑,有时虽然英文原文中没有 词的重复,翻译时为了使译文生动,有时也可以采用一 些重译手段。,(1) He showed himself calm in an emergency situation.,他在情况危急时,态度从容,镇定自若。,(2) There had be
27、en too much publicity about her case.,她的事现在已经搞得满城风雨,人人皆知了。,第二节 重译法,三、 为了生动,1.运用两个四字词组,汉语中有大量四字词组,这是汉语的一大特点。为 了使译文符合忠实、通顺的标准,译者有时可酌情运用 两个同义或近义的四字词组,这也可以说是一种重复。,2.运用词的重叠,词的重叠是汉语中常用的一种修辞手段。英译汉时, 我们可适当采用这种手段,特别是字重叠词组,使译文 生动活泼,通顺达意。,(1) His speech was flat.,他的讲演平平淡淡。,(2) I had been completely honest in m
28、y replies, withholding nothing.,我的回答完全是坦坦荡荡,直言不讳。,第二节 重译法,三、 为了生动,第二节 重译法,2.运用词的重叠 (4) His son, too, was as ragged and wild as if he belonged to nobody. 他的儿子,也是穿得破破烂烂,粗野不堪,好像没有父母似的。 (5) Only a very slight and very scattering ripples of half-hearted hand-clapping greeted him. 欢迎他的只有几下轻轻的、零零落落、冷冷淡淡的掌声
29、。,3.运用四字对偶词组,汉语中有不少四字对偶词组,在这四字中前后两对 字形成对偶,往往具有相同或类似的含义,所以也是一 种重复。英译汉时我们可酌情采用此类四字对偶词组, 使译文显得生动活泼。,(1) The trial, in his opinion, was absolutely fair.,据他看来,这次审判是绝对公平合理的。,(2) But at that time, he was the only man there.,但是当时他是那里独一无二的男人。,第二节 重译法,三、 为了生动,第二节 重译法,3.运用四字对偶词组 (3)If this was a time of triump
30、h for the many, it was a painful period for the few. 多数人兴高采烈之日,却是少数人伤心失意之时。 (4)It was a bright September afternoon, and the streets of Beijing were brilliant with moving men. 这是9月的一个晴朗的下午,北京的大街上,人来人往,五光十色。 (5)He sat there and watched them, so changelessly changing, so bright and dark, so grave and g
31、ay. 他坐在那儿注视着,觉得眼前的景象,既是始终如一,又是变化多端,既是光彩夺目,又是朦胧黑暗,既是庄严肃穆,又是轻松愉快。,第二节 练习题,一、将下列句子译成汉语,注意斜体名词的重复。,The end of law is not to abolish or restrain, but to preserve and enlarge freedom.,法律的目的不是要废止或限制自由,而是要保护并扩 大自由。,(2) As a mathematician, she should understand and use the electronic computer better.,作为一个数学家
32、,她应该更好地了解计算机,更好地 使用计算机。,第二节 练习题,(3) Operators should inspect and oil their machines before work.,操作人员在操作前应当检查机器,并给机器加油润滑。,(4) We can divide metals into ferrous and non-ferrousmetals.,我们可以把金属分为黑色金属和有色金属。,第二节 练习题,(5) We have exploded atom and hydrogen bombs and launched earth satellites.,我们已经爆破了原子弹和氢弹
33、,并发射了地球卫星。,(6) She broke all connections with her past and with the old organizations in every way.,她和她的过去断绝了一切联系,也从各方面和旧的组织 断绝了一切联系。,第二节 练习题,(7) The doctor will get more practice out of him than out of ten hundred ordinary patients.,医生从他身上得到的实践,会比从1000个普通病人身上 得到的实践还多。,(8) For some time Baghdad had
34、been swarming with countless discharged soldiers, who had served in the Iraqi army.,一段时间以来,巴格达一直云集着无数被遣散的士兵, 这些士兵曾在伊拉克军队中服役。,第二节 练习题,(9) They have staged demonstrations and sit-ins and distributed petitions which inevitably find their way to foreign correspondents.,他们举行了示威游行和静坐,散发了请愿书,而这些请 愿书必定会传到外国
35、记者手里。,(10) He was studying Greek sculpture of the primitive and classical periods.,他正在研究原始时期和古典时期的希腊雕塑。,第二节 练习题,We pitched a tent by a spring and they under an oak tree.,我们在泉水旁搭帐篷,而他们在橡树下搭帐篷。,(2) Authorship had become a profession, and literary production a commodity.,著书立说已成为一种职业,文学作品已成为一种商品。,二、将下列句
36、子译成汉语,注意斜体动词的重复。,第二节 练习题,(3) Reading exercises ones eyes; speaking ones tongue; while writing, ones mind.,阅读训练人的眼睛,说话训练人的口才,写作训练人 的思维。,(4) Helicopters have saved thousands of people from the sea and the people from mountain tops.,直升飞机已经从海上抢救了数千人的生命,还从山峰 上救了一些人。,第二节 练习题,(5) The blow hurt not only his
37、 hands but his shoulders too.,这一下不仅震痛了他的手,也震痛了他的肩膀。,(6) The whole process required much money, skill and luck.,整个过程花了很多钱,需要很高的技巧,还得碰运气。,第二节 练习题,(7) Atmosphere pressure decreases with increase in altitude and so does the density of atmosphere.,大气压力随高度增加而降低,大气密度也随高度增加 而降低。,(8) She supplied her works n
38、ot only with biographies, but with portraits of supposed authors.,她不仅在她的作品上提供作者传记,而且还提供假想 作者的画像。,第二节 练习题,(9) They talked of things they longed forof meat and of hot soup and of the richness of butter.,他们谈到了他们所渴望的东西,谈到了肉类,谈到了 热汤,谈到了黄油的丰富营养。,(10) They just spoke politely about the current and the dept
39、hs they had drifted their lines at and the steady good weather and of what they had seen.,他们只是斯斯文文地讲起海流,讲起他们把钓线送进海 水的深度,讲起好久不变的好天气,还讲起他们所看到 的一切。,三、将下列句子译成汉语,注意斜体代词所代表的名词 的重复。,第二节 练习题,The change of Taylor was that of a key man in the key slotsomething that symbolized the gradual transformation of the
40、 other players.,泰勒的转变是一个把守重要关口的关键人物的转变, 他的转变象征着其他参与者也在逐渐转变。,(2) Peter made a bow. Not a servile onehe will never do that.,彼得鞠了一个躬。这不是一种卑躬屈膝的鞠躬他 绝不会那样做。,第二节 练习题,(3) Parents should not only love their children but also help them and educate them.,父母不仅应当爱护自己的子女,还应当帮助自己的子女, 教育自己的子女。,(4) The silks of Chi
41、na are better and cheaper than those of any other country.,中国的绸缎比任何国家的绸缎都价廉物美。,第二节 练习题,(5) Ocean does not so much divide the world as unite it.,与其说海洋分割了世界,不如说海洋连接了世界。,(6) All metals are good conductors because there are a great number of free electrons in them.,一切金属都是良导体,因为金属里有大量的自由电子。,第二节 练习题,(7) R
42、ich men have their cares while poor men have their happiness.,富人有富人的苦恼,穷人也有穷人的快乐。,(8) A chemical change is one in which the structure of particles is changed and a new substance is formed.,化学变化是一种改变粒子结构、形成新物质的一种变化。,第二节 练习题,(9) The conference called for most detailed planning, as it differed greatly
43、from the two previous conferences.,本届会议要求制定最详尽的计划,这是本届会议与前两届 会议截然不同之处。,(10) When people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive areas such as attention and memory.,人们在动脑筋时,头脑会出现生化变化,这种变化使头 脑在注意力和记忆力这类认知领域更加有效地进行活动。,四、将下列句子译成汉语,并
44、用叠字叠词或四字对偶词组 表达原文中的斜体部分。,第二节 练习题,With his tardiness, carelessness and appalling good humor, we were sore perplexed.,他老是磨磨蹭蹭,马马虎虎,脾气又好得惊人,我们都 对他毫无办法。,(2) The Curies defied all these difficulties and finally in 1902, they succeeded in separating a tiny amount of radium chloride.,居里夫妇不畏重重困难,终于在1902年成功地
45、分离出微量 的氯化镭。,第二节 练习题,(3) Many mathematical principles, however, have in most instances kept far ahead of their practical applications.,然而大部分例子表明,许多数学原理的研究已远远超过 其实际应用。,(4) The road was packed with a noisy crowd of men and women, who were selling and buying all kinds of things.,路上挤满了男男女女,他们熙熙攘攘,正在买卖各种各
46、 样的东西。,第二节 练习题,(5) Few people realized how hard Edison worked, often twenty hours a day.,很少有人知道,爱迪生是如何辛辛苦苦工作的,他常常一 天工作20小时。,(6) Whatever initial worries we had about the plane soon vanished.,不管开始时我们对这架飞机有什么不放心,这种顾虑不 久就烟消云散了。,第二节 练习题,(7) The nation at large was exhausted from the searing effects of t
47、he Civil War and Reconstruction.,由于南北战争和“重建”造成的千疮百孔,举国上下被搞的 精疲力竭。,(8) Scientific exploration, the search for knowledge has given man the practical results of being able to shield him from the calamities of nature and the calamities imposed by other men.,科学的探索,知识的追求,使人类获得了避免天灾人祸的 实力。,第二节 练习题,(9) Many
48、 black parents, angered by the way their children were treated, accused the school of gross ingratitude and cowardice.,许多黑人家长对那样对待他们的孩子感到愤慨,他们指责 校方十足地忘恩负义、胆小怕事。,(10) “What America has lost,” says one veteran observer, “is the cocky, do-anything assurance of the 1950s.”,一位老资格的观察家说,“美国已经失去了二十世纪50年 代那种
49、趾高气扬、为所欲为而毫无顾忌的劲头。”,第三节 增译法,作为翻译的一个普遍准则,译者不应当对原文的内容 随意增减。不过,在实际翻译过程中,要准确地传达原文 的信息,译者难免要对译文做一些增添或删减, 译者往往 需要把原文中隐含的一些东西增补清楚,以便于读者理解。,例如:,Success is often just an idea away.,原译:成功往往只是一个念头的距离。,改译:成功与否往往只是一念之差。,第三节 增译法,例(2) The dust, the uproar and the growing darkness threw everything into chaos. 原译:烟尘、喧闹声和渐浓的夜色使一切都陷入混乱之中。 改译:烟尘滚滚,人声嘈杂,夜色愈浓,一切都陷入混乱之中。 在这两个例子中,“原译”似乎都与原文一一对应、丝丝入扣。但例(1)中的“原译”含糊不清,让人难解其意。“改译”增加了“与否”二字起到了画龙点睛的作用,让人茅塞顿开。同样,例(2)的“原译”拖泥带水,语义表达不够充分。“改译”中增加了“滚滚”、“人声”几个字,不仅将原文意思表达得淋漓尽致,而且四字词组的运用也使译文音韵和谐、朗朗上口。,