1、生 物 化 学 BIOCHEMISTRY,罗建平 石玮 江力 袁怀波 生物与食品工程学院,第一章 绪论,一、生物化学发展简历 二、生物化学的基本内涵 三、生物化学在专业学习中的地位与作用 四、如何学好生物化学 五、学习本课程的基本要求,二、生物化学的基本内涵,生物化学是研究生命活动过程中物质基础及其化学反应规律的一门科学。,1、生命活动的物质基础,几乎所有生物体都使用相同的生物分子,但生物分子的形式是多样性的,这是生命现象多样性的物质基础。(1)功能基团(Functional groups)(2)构件分子(Building molecules)(3)生物大分子(Biomacromolecul
2、es)(4)化学键(Chemical bonds),细胞大约由10,000种不同的分子构成,其中水占到5-95%,Na+、K+和Ca2+占1%,其它为有机化合物。构成细胞的分子统称为生物分子。 生物分子主要由C、H、O、N、P和S等6种元素构成。,常见的功能基团,Functional groups are clusters of atoms with characteristic structure and functions. Most biomolecules contain more than one functional group. Different families of org
3、anic compounds result when hydrogen atoms on organic molecules are replaced by different functional groups. The distinct chemical properties of each functional group contribute to the behavior of any molecule that contains it.,Functional groups,构件分子 构成生物大分子的基本单位,单糖、双糖 甘油、脂肪酸 氨基酸 核苷酸,葡 萄 糖,单 糖,双 糖,Fa
4、tty acids,Structure of an amino acid,生 物 大 分 子,多 糖:淀粉、糖原、纤维素等 蛋白质:结构蛋白、酶、转录因子等 核 酸:DNA、RNA、dsRNA etc,Starch,Glycogen,Cellulose,Structure of cellulose as it occurs in a plant cell wall,Lipids are composed of three fatty acids (usually) covalently bonded to a 3-carbon glycerol. Functions: Long-term en
5、ergy storage; Structural components; Hormones; insulators and cushions.,Structure of a phospholipid, Phospholipids and glycolipids are important structural components of cell membranes. Phospholipids are modified so that a phosphate group (PO4-) is added to one of the fatty acids. The addition of this group makes a polar “head“ and two nonpolar “tails“.,Proteins are very important in biological systems as control and structural elements. The building block of any protein is the amino acids.,HIV p17 protein and similarities of its structure to gamma interferon.,