1、商丘第一高级中学 2012-2013 学年上学期 高三英语复习学案 过渡性词语 编制：陈 浩 审核：梁永峰 教研组长： 第 1 页 共 7 页 More haste , less speed. 欲速则不达 【芝麻开门】过渡性词语是一种关系指引词，不仅能承上启下，还能转折上下文的语气，充分显示句与句之间的逻辑关系，能贯通思想的脉络，使段落思想表达得清晰、流畅。过渡性词语的种类很多，须根据上下文的内容选择使用。过渡性词语在一篇文章中的作用举足轻重，一篇文章中句与句、段落与段落之间各种关系的体现都离不开过渡性词语，而作者贯通思想脉络，使段落思想表达清晰、流畅的“万金油”也是非过渡性词语莫属了！It
2、is not the fine coat that makes the gentleman.使人成为君子的并不是讲究的衣着。英语中常用的过渡性词语可分为以下几类:一、表示并列、递进和强调关系的过渡性词语主要有 also, again, and, and then, besides, in addition(此外 ), additionally(此外), furthermore(此外,而且), moreover(而且 ), especially(尤其 ), in particular(特别) 等。例如 :1. Students who work part-time earn extra mone
3、y; moreover, they learn a lot about the society they live in. 做兼职的学生不仅能挣些外快,而且还能多了解一些他们所处的社会。2. Mr. Smith displeased the hostess. He smoked too much; further 鄄 more, he dropped ash all over the rug. 史密斯先生让女主人很不高兴,因为他烟抽得太多了, 而且,还把烟灰掉了一地毯。3. You must make clear all the peoples names who attend this me
4、eting. In addition, you should record all the speeches during the meeting. 你必须弄清所有与会者的姓名,此外,会议期间你还要记录下所有的发言。二、表示先后次序、时间和频次的过渡性词语主要有 firstly, secondly, lastly, finally, eventually, at first, at last, first of all, in the first place, prior to(在之前), formerly(从前), previously(以前), presently(目前), at pres
5、ent, so far, for the time being(目前), later on, then, soon, shortly, before long, afterwards(后来,在这之后), since then, thereafter(在那之后), meanwhile(其间), in the meantime(与此同时), at the same time, simultaneously(同时地), immediately, as soon as, occasionally(偶尔), frequently 等。例如:1. Prior to the Independence War
6、, the United States was an English colony. 独立战争之前,美国是英国的殖民地。2. You left before eleven. What did you do afterwards? 你是十一点离开的,之后你做了什么？3. On the opening day all tickets are sold a dollar; thereafter theyll be sold two dollars. 第一天,票价是一美元,之后将会售两美元。4. The doctor will see you again next week. Meanwhile, y
7、ou must rest as much as possible. 医生下周还会给你看病,在此期间,你必须尽可能地多休息。5. The game will be broadcast simultaneously on TV and radio. 比赛将同时在电视和广播中进行转播。三、表示比较、对照和对比关系的过渡性词语主要有 on one hand . on the other hand, as well as, similarly, likewise(同样地), otherwise( 否则,不然；除此以外), by the same to-ken, as opposed to, by con
8、trast, in (total) contrast to(与相比), (be) contrary to, on the contrary, conversely(相反地,反过来), by comparison( 多用于句首), by / in comparison (with sb/sth)(与相比较)等。例如:1. Her second marriage was likewise unhappy. 她的第二次婚姻也不幸福。2. There was some music playing upstairs. Otherwise the house was silent. 楼上有些音乐声。除此之
9、外,房子里静悄悄的。3. Contrary to our expectation, the Miami Heat won the game. 与我们所期待的相反,迈阿密热火队赢了这场比赛。4. A: It must have been terrible. 那一定很可怕。B: On the contrary, I enjoyed very minute. 恰恰相反,我享受每一分钟。5. The poverty of her childhood stands in total contrast to her luxurious life in Hollywood. 她在好莱坞生活的奢华与她童年时的
10、贫穷形成了鲜明的对照。6. By comparison, expenditure on education increased last year. 比较起来,去年的教育支出增加了。7. The tallest buildings in London are small in comparison with New Yorks skyscrapers. 与纽约的摩天大楼相比,伦敦最高的建筑也显得矮小了。四、表示因果关系的过渡性词语主要有 because, so, because of, accordingly(相应地,因此), as a result, consequently(结果), he
11、nce = for this reason, therefore(因此), thus(以此方式,如此；因此), due to(由于), owing to(由于)等。例如:1. The present birth rate is increasing and the death rate is decreasing. Therefore, the worlds population is growing at a frightening pace.目前,出生率上升,死亡率下降,因此世界人口数量正以惊人的速度增长。2. I missed the train and consequently was
12、 late for school. 我错过了那趟火车,因此上学迟到了。3. The cost of materials rose sharply last year. Accordingly, we were forced to increase our prices. 去年材料成本大幅度提高,因此我们被迫提价。4. We did not win the game. Thus, we will not meet Johns team in next round. 我们没有赢得这场比赛。因此,我们就不能与约翰的队伍在下一轮相遇了。5. Owing to all my classmates eff
13、ort, our class won the competition. 由于所有同学的努力,在这次竞赛中,我们班获胜。6. That Shelley became a poet may have been due to his mothers influence. 雪莱成为诗人可能是由于受他母亲的影响。语 法班级： 学号： 姓名： 高三英语商丘第一高级中学 2012-2013 学年上学期 高三英语复习学案 题目：过渡性词语 编制： 陈浩 审核：梁永峰 备课组长： 时间： 第 2 页 共 7 页 More haste , less speed. 欲速则不达五、表示列举和解释说明关系的过渡性词语主
14、要有 a case in point(恰当的例子), namely = that is(那就是), for example, for instance, specifically, such as, in my view, as for me, as far as . be concerned(就而言), after all, in any case 等。例如:1. Only one person can complete the task, namely you. 只有一个人能完成这项任务,那就是你。2. As far as Im concerned, I dont like that ki
15、nd of skirt. 就我而言,我不喜欢那样的裙子。六、表示让步和转折关系的过渡性词语主要有 for all this, in spite of, despite, nevertheless(尽管如此,然而), even though, although, nonetheless(尽管如此), regardless of(不管), but, though, whereas(用以比较或对比两个事实,表示“然而“), however, even so 等。例如:1. Defeat was obvious; even so, the players continued to try their
16、best to win. 尽管已很明显落败了,但队员们仍全力以赴。2. In spite of all his efforts he failed. 尽管他很努力,他仍旧失败了。3. Some of the studies show positive results, whereas others do not. 一些研究显示了肯定的结果,而另一些却不然。4. Hes charming; nevertheless, I dont quite trust him. 尽管他很迷人 ,可是我却不十分信任他。七、总结、重复和概述性的过渡性词语主要有 generally speaking, in gen
17、eral, in brief(简言之,总而言之), in short, in summary, in conclusion, in essence, in other words, to sum up, to summarize, all in all(从各方面考虑 ,总的说来), by and large(总体上), boil down to sth(归结为), on the whole, as has been noted, as we have seen, as mentioned earlier 等。例如:1. In brief, you realized your aims. 总而言
18、之,你实现了你的目标。2. All in all, it had been a great success. 总的说来,那是个巨大的成功。3. By and large, I enjoyed my time at school. 总的说来,我在学校很开心。4. In the end, what it all boils down to is money, or the lack of it. 问题的症结是钱,或者说是缺钱。牛刀小试请从下列方框里的词或词组中选出最合适的一个完成句子。on the contrary furthermore therefore in short1. We were
19、tired and hungry, and _ eager to reach our destination as soon as possible.2. When a student challenged his theory, the professor was not displeased as we expected; _, he encouraged us to think independently.3. That play is depressing. The plot is weird and the characterization is poor. _, it is a f
20、ailure.答案及解析1. therefore。句意:我们又累又饿,因此急于尽可能快地到达目的地。分析:本句的前半部分“We were tired and hungry“是后半部分“eager to reach our destination as soon as possible“的原因,因此空格部分需要一个表示因果关系的过渡词语,故选 therefore,意为“因此(for that reason)“。2. on the contrary。句意:当学生挑战这位教授的理论时,他并没有像我们预想的那样不高兴,相反他还鼓励我们要独立思考。分析:空格后 “he encouraged us to
21、think independently“表达的是与空格前“the professor was not displeased as we expected“相对比的一种相反的情况,故选 on the contrary(恰恰相反)。3. In short。句意:那个剧本让人感到沉闷。它情节怪诞,人物塑造单一。简而言之,那是个失败的剧作。分析:空格后“it is a failure“是对前面所述情况的一个总结,故用 in short,由于其被用于句首,“in“首字母要大写。【活动教室】Passage 1.Physical PunishmentPhysical punishment has been
22、a problem in hitting their children so they can have discipline or not hitting them because it is not right, 1) can parents do and what can they not do? Should the parents hit them to learn discipline, 2) they not hit them and figure out another way to make them learn what discipline is?3) many pare
23、nts do not know or are confused in showing their children how to gain discipline， they do not know whether to hit them or not to hit them. Many people think that by hitting their children that they are showing them violence 4) other people say that if you do the children would understand that they d
24、id something wrong and would not repeat it and gain discipline. What can parents do?First of all，parents feel that the children are theirs, and they can spank them when they misbehave. There are many factors that lead to physical punishment: parents were too young and not ready for children, parents
25、 are going through a divorce and need to take out their anger on something or someone, 5) parents do not know another way to punish their children. These children grow up to be aggressive and often abusive towards others. 6) parents think this is the only way of educating their children，there are ma
26、ny other alternatives.There are other alternatives to punishing the children for their bad behavior. There are less severe punishments besides spanking. 7) , they can take away their television privileges, computer use, and playing outside with their friends. Next, they could ground them for the wee
27、kend and cancel plans. 8) parents could take the time to sit and talk to their children about their bad behavior.Physical punishment may cause a child psychological problems. First, if the physical punishment starts at an early age，the child will be used to being physically punished, 9) , his or her
28、 self-esteem may severely negative as he or she grows up. Second, it is a life-affecting act to physically punish a child because they will be traumatized. 10)parents should think twice before they can physically punish their children. What they should think of is what problems they are causing the
29、child in its life.In conclusion，every parent must take consideration that the negative affects that spanking may cause a 商丘第一高级中学 2012-2013 学年上学期 高三英语复习学案 题目：过渡性词语 编制： 陈浩 审核：梁永峰 备课组长： 时间： 第 3 页 共 7 页 More haste , less speed. 欲速则不达child.Pride hurts, modesty benefits.满招损，谦受益。答案与解析：1.答案 so what 解析由该句结尾
30、处的问号及 and 后的 what 可推断空格内应为疑问词 what，且为使上下文连贯顺畅，填入 so what 最恰当。2.答案 or should 解析此处是和上半句形成并列关系的句式，因此应重复 should 并加上表示选择疑问的 or。3.答案 Because 解析此处需要一个表原因并能够引领下文的单词，我们选用 because。在这种情况下我们常会想到两个词，because 和 for，通常情况下两个表 “原因” 的连词是可以互相代用的。because 多用于表示直接原因，for 可以表示原因又可以用于提出说明，语气比前者轻得多。because引导的从句一般放在主句后，有时也可放在主
31、句前，而 for 引导的句子只能放在后面。另外在回答Why 的问句时，只能用 because 而不能用 for。再者，for 不能跟 not.but 句式连用，如：（1）I did it not because I liked it but because I had to do it.（正确） （2） I did it not for I liked it but for I had to do it.（错误）4.答案 but 解析该空格前后为两种截然不同的观点，故此处用表转折的 but 顺理成章。转折、承接性的连接词的学习和运用看似简单，实际上彼此很容易混淆，如果这部分知识掌握不扎实，就很
32、难达到练就地道英语的目的。现在我们来比较一下相关的词语：but, however, still, nevertheless, yet 这些词的词义接近，都表示转折和让步。（1）but 用来引出微弱的相反的意见，是口语常用语，如：Sally was amused, but I was very embarrassed.萨莉很开心，但我却很尴尬。（2）however 比 but 的词义还要弱些，并不直接引出相反的意见，因此常用作插入语，如： The most surprising thing about it, however, is that it can land anywhere.不过，答案
33、 but 解析关于这架飞机最使人吃惊的事情是，它可以在任何地方着陆。（3）still 还，还是，如： It is true that winter is over; still, it is almost as cold.冬天已经过去了，这是事实，但天气还是那么冷。（4）nevertheless 的含义为即使做出完全的让步，也没有任何影响，或者说也不是决定因素，如：There was no news; nevertheless, she went on hoping.一点消息也没有，但她仍抱着希望。（5）yet 的含义为即使做出极端的让步，也不会发生期待的结果，如：He worked hard
34、, yet, he failed.他干得很卖力，然而却失败了。 A man who fears suffering is already suffering from what he fears.害怕痛苦的人其实已经在承受他所害怕的痛苦了。5.答案 or 解析在进行事物等的罗列时，我们常会用到的有 and（表纯粹的并列） ，or （不然，否则。意思比较丰富） ，还有就是单纯用逗号连接。现在我们来具体体会一下单词 or。（1）表选择，当主句的人称与数不一致时，动词随最近的主语而变化，可解释为“或，或者；还是”，如：John or you are in Class Two.约翰或你在二班。（2）表
35、示不明确，在翻译时不直接译出， “大约，或者”，如：two or three miles 两三里（距离）（3）引导同义词或说明语， “或者说，即”，如：late last night or rather early this morning 昨晚深夜，或更确切地说今天一大早。（4）常和 else 连用， “否则，要不然 ”，如：Make haste, or (else) youll be late.快点，要不然就晚了。（5）在否定结构中否定前后二者， “不也不”如：He cannot read or write.他既不会读也不会写。（6）表让步， “不管还是”，如：Rain or shine,
36、 Ill go.不管下不下雨，我都去。6.答案 Although 解析根据句意填入表 “虽然但是”的承接词最恰当。在使用 although 时，请大家特别注意，主句中不能再用 but，但可用副词 nevertheless，yet 等，在多数情况下，可与 though 通用，也可简写成 altho，但在正式文章中不宜简写。7.答案 First 解析本段的主要内容是告诉父母们如何使用更加温和的方法来教育孩子。这段条理很清楚，主要是一些教育方法的列举，因此这个空格在稍后的 next 一词的提示下我们可得出答案是first。8.答案 Last of all 解析该段的最后一条内容，也可用 finall
37、y 或 The third。这是一段饱含劝解的文字，相比之下如果我们使用 finally 或 the third 就显得有些生硬，不够生动。所以 last of all 是我们的首选。9.答案 therefore 解析此处需要一个承上启下的词，用“因此”最恰当。Therefore 多用于推理， “因此，因而”，如：He was the only candidate; therefore, he was elected.他是惟一的候选人，因此他当选了。10.答案 Eventually 解析修饰整句的副词，表“最后”，如：He worked so hard that eventually he m
38、ade himself ill.他工作太卖力，最后自己病倒了。Adversity is a good disciple.逆境是锻炼人的最好场所。Passage 2.Pros and Cons of Having Hands in the PocketsThere are far more pros for students having their hands in their pockets. 1) lets look at the comparisons and weigh up the results of the two anyway.商丘第一高级中学 2012-2013 学年上学期
39、高三英语复习学案 题目：过渡性词语 编制： 陈浩 审核：梁永峰 备课组长： 时间： 第 4 页 共 7 页 More haste , less speed. 欲速则不达Lets look at the cons to start with. The main con is that Mr. Pinto is against students having hands in their pockets. 2) why is Mr. Pinto against hands in pockets? As he has explained，he feels that it is disrespectf
40、ul, for he believes that when your hands are in your pockets，you are not listening properly.3) there is the belief of the nineteen sixties and seventies that when young men or women have their hands in their pockets，it will lead to them masturbating. This was frowned upon at the time 4) now it is mo
41、re acceptable. This may also be a contributing factor to why Mr. Pinto has made a stand against hands in the pockets. For he is old enough to have lived through and taken in these rudimentary views (no disrespect intended).5) the pros can easily rebut the allegation of the cons. Young men as energet
42、ic as they will be are constantly requiring to do something. Think of the pockets as a restraining device to prevent fidgeting and fooling around with other students.In this way，the pockets prevent students from being distracted from the speaker 6) the subject they should be observant of. This preve
43、nts the students from having a disrespectful response. 7) comes the comfort factor. Students claim that it is more comfortable to have their hands in their pockets when they are standing up. Heed that it is proven that people have longer attention spans, listen more attentively, and remain calmer an
44、d more relaxed when more comfortable. This leads to a greater increase in the productivity of the students actions or listening skills. 8) it has been proven students having their hands in their pockets will make them better and more attentive listeners and prevent them from getting up to mischief.
45、Is it better the students have their hands in their own pockets than be fooling around in someone else?答案与解析：1.答案 Nevertheless 解析本词意思是：（尽管如此）还是，仍然。作者在文章的一开头就提出了一个观点，即对于学生双手插兜的现象，赞成的态度多一些。该词起到引领全文的作用，即便我们有这样的认识，还是应该看一下具体的讨论和比较。Nevertheless 有即便做出让步，影响仍很小的含义。2.答案 Still 解析该词在此是一个连词，表示“但是，仍然”，如：He is dul
46、l; still he tries hard.虽然笨，可是他很刻苦。该词在句中起强调的作用。Art is long, life is short.人生有涯艺无涯。3.答案 Also 解析为承接上一段的内容，继续列举人们对于学生将手插兜的不赞成观点，这里用表示“也，还是 ”的词来连接上下文。当提到“ 也，还是”含义的词时，我们不禁会想到很多常用的同义词，除 also 之外还有 too, likewise, besides, moreover, furthermore 等，现在我们来回顾这些词的用法：所有这些副词都是介绍附加内容之用的。相比之下，also 在语气上比 too 正式一些，试比较：He
47、 is gentle, but he is also capable of fierce intellectual combat.他很温和，但他也能够进行激烈的斗智。If you buy a car, youll need a parking place, too. 如果你买辆车，你还需要一个停车场。再看 likewise，它比also 更加正式，并可能暗示各成分之间的平等和相似，如：You forgot to mention that her parents were likewise going to attend the ceremony.你忘了提到她父母也可能去参加仪式。besides
48、 经常引出一个加强前面内容的成分，如：I dont feel like cooking; besides, theres no food in the house. 我不想做饭，而且家里已经没有可吃的东西了。moreover 强调要出现事物的重要性，如 The cellar was dark and forbidding; moreover, I knew a family of mice had nested there. 这个地窖阴森可怕，而且我知道那有一窝老鼠。furthermore 同 moreover 类似，常强调要出现事物的重要性，如：I dont want you to go,
49、furthermore, I forbid it.我不想让你去，而且我也禁止你去。4.答案 whereas 解析本词意思是：然而，反之，鉴于。和十九世纪六十年代相比，现在的观点有所变化，故用连词“然而，反之”连接两个时期的看法。5.答案 However 解析说过了人们对于双手插兜的反面看法后，至此该引入对这一问题的正面看法了，因此用 however“不管用何种方法” 引导。该段主要在说明正面作用多于负面作用。6.答案 or 解析在这段中提到了和反面观点不同的看法，即青年学生双手插兜可以集中他们对关注的人或事的注意力，从而提升他们对关注对象的尊敬感。空格前后为并列关系的人和事，我们知道通常人只能在同一时间与人或物打交道，何况这里还有一种强调专一的意思存在，因此我们使用or“或者 ”，而不用 and“和” 之类的词语。A croo
