1、,. 词汇知识 1. reduce vt. &vi. 减少 【原句】The possibility that pleasant smells might reduce pain has recently been suggested by new research. (P9) 最新研究表明令人愉悦的气味可能会减轻疼痛。,CO2 emissions per unit of GDP should be reduced by 17%. 单位国内生产总值二氧化碳排放应该降低17%。 Mary managed to reduce her weight from 64 to 49 kilos. 玛丽设法把
2、体重从64公斤减少到了49公斤。,完成句子 Several universities in Tokyo stated they were far from the earthquake-stricken areas, hoping to reduce the Chinese students anxiety/worry (减轻中国学生的担忧). The number of employees was reduced from 100 to 75 (从100减少到了75).,2. recognize vt. 认识，辨认出；意识到；（正式）承认 【原句】Scientists used to bel
3、ieve that mothers recognize their children by sight only. （P9） 科学家们过去认为母亲们仅仅是通过视觉来识别她们的孩子的。 He walked along in the shadows hoping no one would recognize him. 他走在暗处，希望没有人认出他来。,Michael Jordan was recognized as the NBAs most valuable player five times during the regular season. 迈克尔乔丹五次在常规赛中被公认为NBA最有价值的
4、球员。 Have you recognized this tune? 你听出这支曲子了吗？,Mr. Wang came home so thin and weak that his own children hardly _ him. A. knew B. realized C. recognized D. noticed 【解析】选C。句意：王先生回家时又瘦又弱，连他的孩子都几乎认不出他来了。recognize“认出，识别”，与语境相符。know“知道，认识”；realize“意识到”；notice“注意”；均与语境不符。,3. puzzle n. 谜，疑问 vt. 迷惑，使困惑 【原句】H
5、owever, why pleasant smells do not reduce pain in men remains a puzzle for scientists. （P9） 然而，为什么令人愉快的气味不能减轻男士们的痛苦，这对科学家来说仍然是个谜。,Scientists in Britain say they have more or less solved the age-old chicken-egg puzzlethe chicken probably came first. 英国科学家们声称他们基本上解决了这个古老的“先有鸡还是先有蛋”之谜很可能是先有鸡（后有蛋）。 What
6、 puzzles me is why they didnt show up. 令我百思不解的是他们为什么没有出现。,Lucy listened with a puzzled look on her face. 露西脸上带着一种困惑的表情在倾听着。 What I find most puzzling is his attitude towards his family 我觉得最让人困惑的是他对他的家庭的态度。,完成句子 His decision is still a puzzle (谜) to us. The researchers were puzzled (迷惑的)at the little
7、 boys puzzling (令人费解的)answer.,4. ignore vt. 忽视；对不予理会 【原句】It is added that while our sense of sight is used too much, our senses of touch and smell have been ignored. （P11） 研究补充说，我们的视觉被用得太多，但是我们的触觉和嗅觉一直被忽视。,Yet such rules ignore the truth that mothers are not all alike. 然而这些规则都忽略了这样一个事实：并不是所有的母亲都一样。
8、I said hello to her, but she ignored me completely! 我向她打招呼，可她根本不理我!,Safety regulations are being _ by some company managers in the drive to increase profits. A. left B. thrown C. ignored D. emphasized 【解析】选C。句意：有些公司经理在获得更多利益的驱动下会忽视安全规定。ignore“忽视”，符合题意。leave“离开”；throw“扔”；emphasize“重视”。,. 难句剖析 One exp
9、lanation is that womens sense of smell is better developed than that of men, and is linked to recognizing the smell of babies. (P9) 一种解释是：女性的嗅觉比男性发展得更好，而且与识别婴儿的体味有关。句中that代替的是sense of smell。that可用于代替单数可数名词，也可代替不可数名词，一般不用于指代人；常接后置定语，表示特指。,The population of Scotland was eight times as large as that of
10、 Cornwall. 苏格兰的人口是康沃尔人口的八倍。 My seat is next to that of our manager. 我的座位和我们经理的相邻。,Silly me! I forget what my luggage looks like. What do you think of _ over there? 2011重庆, 27 A. the one B. this C. it D. that,【解析】选 D。考查代词。句意为：我真愚蠢！我忘了我的行李是什么样子了。你觉得那边那件是你的吗？the one 用来指代特指的可数名词单数；this不用于指代；it指代同名同物的东西；
11、that既可以指代特指的可数名词单数也可以指代不可数名词。luggage是“行李”的总称，是不可数名词，故选D。,1. ring out (铃声、枪声等)突然响起，发出响亮的声音 【原句】All of a sudden, I heard a loud noise ring out through the cold air. . . （P11） 突然我听到一阵吵闹透过寒冷的空气传了过来 I heard a shot ring out somewhere. 我听到某处一声枪响。,Ring (up) the airport and find out when the plane leaves. 给机
12、场打个电话，问清楚飞机什么时候起飞。 He rang off before I could explain. 我还没来得及解释，他就把电话挂了。,完成句子 我们一到就给你打电话。 Ill ring you up as soon as we arrive. 罗伯特的笑声响彻整个房间。 Roberts laughter rang out in the room.,2. While having dinner, listen to some enjoyable music rather than watch television. (P11) 吃饭时，听一些令人愉悦的音乐而不是看电视。rather
13、than意为“而不是；不愿”，通常用于平行结构中，它连接的并列成分可以是名词、代词、形容词、介词(短语)、动名词、分句、不定式、动词等。,The sweater she bought was beautiful rather than cheap. 与其说她买的这件羊毛衫便宜不如说它漂亮。 He is an explorer rather than a sailor. 与其说他是一个海员，不如说他是一个探险者。 I decided to write rather than (to) telephone. 我决定写信而不是打电话。,We will have the meeting in the
14、classroom rather than in the great hall. 我们是在教室里开会，而不是在大厅里。 You rather than I are going to go camping. 是你而不是我要去野营。,It took _ building supplies to construct these energy-saving houses. It took brains, too. 2009浙江，10 A. other than B. more than C. rather than D. less than 【解析】选B。考查连词辨析。句意为：“建设这样的节能房子，不
15、仅要靠建筑材料，还要靠智慧。”other than“除了以外”；more than“不仅”；rather than“而不是”，相当于instead of；less than“不到，少于”。,. 用所给词或短语的适当形式填空 volunteer, sniff, analyse, recognize, puzzle, ignore, sweat, boot, ring out, be related to 1. The dog sniffed at the stranger. 2. The long climb made us sweat . 3. These two events were re
16、lated to each other. 4. I made a suggestion but they chose to ignore it.,5. He sat down, reached down and pulled off his boots . 6. Lets analyse the problem and see what went wrong. 7. Han Han is recognized as a brilliant young writer. 8. If a sound rings out , it can be heard loudly and clearly. 9.
17、 Mona Lisas smile is still a puzzle to many people in a way. 10. If you volunteer to do something, you offer to do it without being forced to do it.,. 单项填空 1. Because of the advanced technology, costs have been _ 20% over the past year. A. increased by B. reduced byC. increased to D. reduced to 【解析】
18、选B。句意为：因为先进的技术，在过去的一年里成本减少了20%。reduce by“减少了”，与语境相符。reduce to“减少到”，与语境不符。,2. Rather than _ everything to the last minute, he always prefers _ early. A. leave; start B. leaving; start C. leave; to start D. to leave; starting 【解析】选C。在prefer to do. . . rather than(to)do. . . 结构中，rather than. . . 位于句首时，
19、其后的不定式不带to。,3. Im moving to the countryside because the air there is much fresher than _ in the city. A. ones B. one C. that D. those 【解析】选C。句意为：我要搬到乡下去，因为那儿的空气比城市的新鲜得多。that可用于指代不可数名词，在句中可指代不可数名词the air，与语境相符。选项A、B和D通常只用于指代可数名词。,4. We offer courses that _ English literature to other subjects. A. rel
20、ate B. turn C. express D. organize 【解析】选A。relate可表示“（把）联系起来”，符合题意。句意：我们开设了一些将英国文学和其他科目联系起来的课程。,5. That he left his hometown without telling anyone made me very _. A. puzzle B. puzzling C. puzzled D. to be puzzled 【解析】选C。句意为：他离开了家乡没有告诉任何人，这使得我很迷惑。puzzled“迷惑的”，常用于修饰人，表示某人的感受。在句中作made的宾补，与语境相符。,6. The
21、woods and the newly-dug river through the campus _ the beauty of this world-known university. A. add up B. add to C. are added up D. are added to 【解析】选B。add to“增加；增添”；add up“合计”，这两个短语均不用于被动语态，由题意可知B项正确。,7._ the disapproving look of the other guests, Jenny led her dog to a table in the restaurant. A.
22、 Ignoring B. CheatingC. Hiding D. Observing 【解析】选A。句意为：詹尼带着她的狗到了饭店的餐桌旁， 不理会其他客人不满的表情。ignore“对不予理会”，与语境相符。cheat“欺骗”；hide“躲藏”；observe“观察”；均与语境不符。,8. As he grew older, he began to _. 2011广州高一检测 A. go to deaf B. go deafly C. go deaf D. go on deaf 【解析】选C。句意为：随着年龄的增大，他开始变聋了。go在句中用作系动词，常表示由好变坏，后常接形容词。,9. H
23、ave you heard any sound last night? Yes. At about 2 oclock in the morning, a gun shot _. A. rang up B. rang off C. rang back D. rang out 【解析】选D。ring out“突然响起（铃声、枪声等）”。ring (sb. ) up“给打电话”；ring off“挂断电话”；ring back“回电话”。,10. Henry was praised for _ to teach the children in the poor mountainous areas.
24、A. volunteering B. analysing C. hesitating D. regret 【解析】选A。句意为：亨利因为志愿去贫困山区教儿童而受到了表扬。volunteer“志愿做”，与语境相符。analyse“分析”；hesitate“犹豫”；regret“后悔”，均与语境不符。,11. The woman changed her hairstyle, so that no one could _ her at first sight. A. realize B. rescue C. recognize D. remind 【解析】选C。句意为：这位女士改变了她的发型，以至于
25、乍一看没有人能够认出她来。recognize“认出，辨认出”，与语境相符。realize“意识到”，强调人的思维活动；rescue“营救”；remind“提醒”，均与语境不符。,12. Shall I take a message for you? _. 2011扬州高一检测 A. You are welcome. B. With pleasure. C. Thanks for your message. D. Its nice of you. 【解析】选D。根据第一句话可知，说话人想向对方提供帮助，选项D通常可用于感谢对方提供的帮助。,. 语法常识填空 1. 名词性从句在句中的作用相当于名词
26、，共有四种：_，_， _ ， _ 。 答案: 主语从句; 宾语从句; 表语从句; 同位语从句,2. 同位语从句一般跟在某些抽象概念的名词后面，用以说明名词所表示的具体内容。后面常接同位语从句的名词主要有：_ _ 答案: idea, news, fact, promise, answer, belief, doubt, hope, problem, proof, question, suggestion, thought, truth, possibility. . .,. 判断下面各句中含有哪种名词性从句，并在名词性从句下加下划线。 1. Thats why he was fired. _ 2
27、. That is where he used to work. _ 3. I dont believe they will win the game. _ 4. The news that he arrived made them very excited. _ 5. What you said just now has nothing to do with the matter we are discussing. _,答案: 1. Thats why he was fired. 表语从句 2. That is where he used to work. 表语从句 3. I dont b
28、elieve they will win the game. 宾语从句 4. The news that he arrived made them very excited. 同位语从句 5. What you said just now has nothing to do with the matter we are discussing. 主语从句,名词性从句()在句子中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句。名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。学习名词性从句主要应注意其引导词的用法与区别以及名词性从句与其他从句的区别等。,名词性从句的引导词如下表：,1. 主语从句（1）主语从
29、句可以直接放在句首，有时为了平衡句子结构或表示强调，常用it作形式主语，而将从句放在句末。如果带主语从句的句子是疑问式，则须用it作形式主语。,Whether we shall have our sports meeting is still a question. =It is still a question whether we shall have our sports meeting. 我们是否开运动会仍然是个问题。Is it true that he is the girls father? 他是那女孩的父亲，是真的吗？,（2）it作形式主语的常见结构：It turns out t
30、hat. . . It has been found that. . . It has been proved that. . . It happens/occurs that. . . It is well-known that. . . It is said/believed/reported/. . . that. . . It doesnt matter whether. . . It makes no difference whether. . .,It is said that he has got a doctors degree. =He is said to have got
31、 a doctors degree. 据说他获得了博士学位。,It is still under discussion _ the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not. 2011重庆, 22A. whether B. when C. which D. where,【解析】选A。考查名词性从句。句意为：旧汽车站是否应该被重建为现代化的宾馆仍然在商讨中。引导名词性从句时，A项意为“是否”，并且能与or not连用；B项意为“的时间”；C项意为“哪一个，哪一些”；D项意为“的地点”。此句中，it为形式主语，后面为
32、真正的主语从句，由句意以及后面的or not可知选A。,_ Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness. 2011北京，22A. Which B. What C. That D. Whom【解析】选B。考查名词性从句中的主语从句。句意为：芭芭拉琼斯提供给她的粉丝的是诚实和快乐。offer sth. to sb. 给某人提供某物，由此可知句中offer后面缺少宾语，应用what来作宾语并引导从句。故选B。,2. 宾语从句（1）在句中起宾语作用的从句为宾语从句。宾语从句通常可分为两类：动词宾语从句和介词宾语从句。Could y
33、ou tell me whether/if it snows in winter in Australia? 你能告诉我澳大利亚的冬天是否会下雪吗？We are talking about whether we admit students into our club. 我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部。,（2）宾语从句的时态如果主句谓语是现在时，从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。如果主句谓语是过去时，从句通常要用表示与过去时相关的某一时态。如果宾语从句表示的是客观事实或真理时，不管主句是什么时态，宾语从句一律用一般现在时。,She told me that she would accept
34、 my invitation. 她告诉我她将接受我的邀请。The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun. 老师告诉我们地球围绕太阳转。,（3）否定转移当动词believe, expect, guess, imagine, suppose, think等后接一个表示否定意义的宾语从句时，通常否定主句。I dont suppose that it is true. 我认为那不是真的。,The shocking news made me realize _ terrible problems we would face. 2011北京
35、, 31A. what B. how C. that D. why【解析】选A。考查宾语从句。句意为：这个令人震惊的消息使我意识到我们会面临着多么可怕的问题。宾语从句为感叹句：“what(+a/an)+形容词+名词+主语+谓语”结构，故答案为A。,Our teachers always tell us to believe in _ we do and who we are if we want to succeed. 2011四川, 10A. why B. how C. what D. which【解析】选C。考查宾语从句。句意为: 老师总是告诉我们，如果想要成功，就要相信我们所做的事情以及
36、我们是谁。believe in 之后是两个并列的宾语从句，在第一个从句里，动词do 缺少宾语，所以用what 。故选C。,3. 表语从句（1）表语从句的引导词引导表语从句的词有连词that, whether, 连接代词和连接副词，以及as if, as though, because等连词。,The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输掉了这场比赛。This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。It looks as if it is going to rain. 看起来天要下雨。,（2）当主语是rea
37、son时，表语从句一般要用that引导而不用because。The reason why he was absent was that he fell ill suddenly this morning. 今天早晨他缺席的原因是他突然患病了。,Im afraid hes more of a talker than a doer, which is _ he never finishes anything. 2011山东, 26A. that B. when C. where D. why 【解析】选D。考查名词性从句。句意为：恐怕他在很大程度上是一个空谈的人而不是一个干实事的人，这就是为什么他
38、一事无成的原因。根据句子语法结构，why在句中用来引导表语从句。其他选项与句子语意不符。,4. 同位语从句（1）同位语从句通常位于belief, suggestion, conclusion, information, order, decision, fact, news, thought, doubt, idea, hope, promise等名词之后，用来解释或说明这些名词的具体含义。同位语从句一般由that引导，但具体情况下可以用连接代词（what, which, who）、连接副词（when, where, why, how）和whether等引导。He asked me the q
39、uestion whether the work was worth doing. 他问了我一个问题：这项工作是否值得做。,（2）同位语从句并非一定要紧跟在它所说明的名词的后面。An idea came to her that she might do the experiment in another way. 她突然想到她可以用另一种方法做这个试验。,（3）同位语从句与定语从句的区别that引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，在从句中充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略；that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，在从句中不充当句子成分，通常
40、不能省略。,I received the message that he would come by plane. 我收到了他将乘飞机来的消息。（同位语从句）I received the message (that) you sent me. 我收到了你发给我的消息。（定语从句）,The fact has worried many scientists _ the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years. 2009江西，33A. what B. which C. that D. though【解析】选C。考查同位语从句。that the
41、earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years是同位语从句，修饰the fact，解释其具体内容。,5. that/if/whether引导的名词性从句（1）that引导的名词性从句that引导名词性从句时，仅起连接作用，不充当成分，无实际意义。that引导的名词性从句，只有在宾语从句中可省略that, 在其他从句中that一般不省略；但若动词后有多个that引导的宾语从句时，第一个that可省略，其余的不能省略；that引导的从句如果作介词的宾语，一般只用在except, in等少数介词后。except that“除了”，in that“因为”
42、。,I know (that) you have studied English, and that you have written an English poem. (第二个that不能省略)我知道你学英语了，还写了一首英文诗。I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work in a company. (不能省略)对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班，其他的一无所知。,（2）whether/if引导的名词性从句whether 可引导所有名词性从句，if通常仅可引导宾语从句。The question is
43、whether the film is worth seeing. 问题是这部电影是否值得看。Whether we shall attend the meeting hasnt been decided yet. 我们是否要参加这次会议仍未决定。I dont know whether/if he will attend the concert. 我不知道他是否去参加音乐会。,在宾语从句中，whether和if一般可互换，但在下列情况下whether不可用if代替：直接与or not连用时；用于介词或动词discuss之后时。I dont know whether or not he will
44、win. 我不知道他是否会赢。We discussed whether we should close the shop. 我们讨论了是否应该把店关掉。,（3）that与whether(if)的用法区别whether(if)表示“是否”，而that却不表示任何含义。两者区别的原则是：that表示一种肯定、明确的概念，而whether(if)则表示一种不肯定、不明确的概念。I am sure that he is honest. 我肯定他是诚实的。We doubt whether(if) he can win the game. 我们怀疑他是否能赢得这场比赛。,6. 名词性从句连接词的选择依据“
45、缺什么补什么”的原则确定正确的连接词。所谓“缺什么补什么”是指根据句子的语法结构来选取连接词。如果从句缺主语，指人用who/whoever, 指物用what/which/whatever；如果从句缺宾语，指人用who/whom, 指物用what/which；如果从句缺时间状语，则用when；如果从句缺地点状语，则用where；如果从句缺原因状语，则用why；如果从句缺方式状语，则用how；如果从句缺定语，则用what/whose/which；如果什么都不缺，则用that。,I know what they are talking about. 我知道他们在谈论什么。(缺宾语，指物)Im sur
46、e that he will come tomorrow. 我确信他明天会来。（不缺成分）I dont know which book I should choose. 我不知道应该选哪本书。（缺定语）,It is not immediately clear _ the financial crisis will soon be over. 2009上海, 37A. since B. what C. when D. whether【解析】选D。句意为：经济危机是否会很快结束不是短期内能明确的事情。whether意为“是否”，在句中引导一个主语从句，与语境相符。since“自从以来；既然”，引导
47、时间状语从句或原因状语从句；what通常在句中作主语、宾语或定语；when通常在从句中作时间状语，与从句中的soon矛盾。,. 单项填空 1. We should respect food and think about the people who dont have _ we have here and treat food nicely. 2010福建，35 A. that B. which C. what D. whether 【解析】选C。分析句子结构可知，关系代词who引导一个定语从句，所填词在该定语从句中引导宾语从句，并在宾语从句中作宾语，故选项C正确。连接代词which是“哪一个；哪一些”的意思，与语境不符。,
