1、1句法基础知识一、句子的成分句子是一个完整的意义单位，一个完整的英语句子至少由两部分组成（祈使句除外）：主语和谓语。除此之外，句子成分还有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、同位语和独立成分。（一）主语1. Tom is the tallest boy in our class. _2. They are playing football. _3. Five added to eight makes thirteen. _4. To do that is our job. _5. Smoking is bad for your health. _6. Whether he comes or not
2、is a question. _7. The young should look after the old. _8. The injured should be taken care of here. _9. The living should cherish their life. _从以上例句中,我们可以归纳出:主语通常由_等担任。（二）谓语a.谓语由动词或动词短语担任,具有各种时态、语态的变化。 1. I went to Paris last summer.2. I have been waiting for you all morning.3. The children were p
3、laying in the garden.你能判断出以上句子中的谓语动词以及动词的时态吗？b.有些谓语是由“系动词+表语”构成。1. The girl felt cold.2. He is a teacher.c.有些谓语由 “情态动词 +动词原形”构成。1. We must be careful.2. Can you speak French?d. 如果不及物动词作谓语，不可直接接宾语，但可加介词再跟宾语。1. Dont cry!2. Listen to me carefully!（三）表语表语说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份，位于系动词之后，与之构成系表结构。1. My mother is
4、 a teacher. _2. Its me. _3. You look beautiful in red. _4. Our class is the first in the sports meeting. _5. The class is over. _6. Your ideas are out of date now. _27. Our plan is to make him a super star. _8. Her hobby is painting. _9. We are completely tired after a days work. _10. My advice is t
5、hat you should do exercises every day. _从以上例句中,我们可以归纳出:表语通常由_等担任。(四) 宾语a.宾语放在及物动词的后面,表示动作的对象或内容, 常由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等担任。1. I love our country.2. I love swimming.3. I suggest we should finish the work as soon as possible.4. I want to go skating.5. If you add 5 to 5, you get 10.6. Would you mind o
6、pening the door?b.双宾语许多及物动词后可以有两个宾语(双宾语)：直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语表示动作的承受者， 通常是物 ；间接宾语表示对谁或为谁做， 通常是人 。可以接双宾语的动词有：give、show、send、bring、lend、tell、 return、teach 、make、buy 等。1. I lent Tom a book yesterday.直接宾语是_ 间接宾语是_= _2. Kate bought her father a birthday gift.直接宾语是_ 间接宾语是_=_c.介词宾语: 除了动词有宾语以外,介词后也跟宾语。1. She has
7、to look after her little sister.2. He was interested in collecting stamps.(五) 定语定语是修饰和限定名词或代词的词,表示被修饰词的所属、性质、数量等。定语一般位于所限度的词之前，其数和格必须与所限度的词相一致。1. She is a responsible girl. _2. His name is Li Lei. _3. We have four lessons in the morning. _4. Every student has pocket money nowadays. _5. There are a l
8、ot of things to be done. _6. The book on the desk is mine. _7. Look at the man sitting on the rock. _8. We visited a retired worker. _9. The rooms above are decorated well. _310. The car that is parked outside is mine. _从以上例句中,我们可以归纳出:定语通常由_等担任。（六）状语状语表示动作行为或状态发生的时间、地点、条件、目的、原因、结果、程度、方式、伴随、程度、让步、频率等
9、，通常由副词、介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语等来表示。1. He left school in 1995. _2. We will meet at the school gate. _3. He always wears that white shirt. _4. He stood there, saying nothing. _5. She goes to school by bus. _6. To improve our English, we should study harder. _ 7. I like the film very much. _8. They continued t
10、o work in spite of the bad weather. _9. She is so clever that we all like her. _注：若时间状语和地点状语修饰同一动词时，地点状语放在前面，时间状语放在后面。 He was born in Beijing in 1986.如果有多个时间状语或地点状语修饰一个动词，则一般按照“由小到大”的顺序排列。He lived in Chengdu, Sichuan Province.（七）补语补语用来补充说明主语或宾语的特征、状态或身份，通常由形容词、名词、动词不定式、分词、副词、介词短语等担任。1. Please make y
11、ourself at home.2. Please keep the room clean and tidy.3. I want to have my hair cut. 4. My mother asked me to finish my homework first.主语补足语与宾语补足语如何转化？1. Someone caught him stealing in the store._2. I found the film interesting._（八）同位语同位语对前面的名词或代词做进一步的说明或解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句来充当。1. This is my brother,
12、Tim.2. Lu Xun was respected by us Chinese.3. He told me the news that our team won.(九) 独立成分感叹词、呼语、插入语等在句中可作独立成分，用逗号与其他成分隔开。1. Oh, my God.2. Good morning, sir!3. The performance, I think, was very interesting.4. To tell you the truth, I dont like you at all.4二 句子的种类句子可分为：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。1. He is a st
13、udent. _2. He is not a student. _3. Can you swim? _4. What have you done yesterday? _5. Will you go there by bus or by train? _6. There is little water in the bottle, is there? _7. Dont touch me! _8. What a nice day it is! = _(how)三 句子的结构之简单句简单句是只包含一个主谓结构的句子，它的主语可以是并列主语，谓语可以是并列谓语。由下面的例句分析出简单句的五种基本句型
14、：1. The girl is my younger sister.2. The dish smells delicious.3. She became a singer.第一种基本句型_4. The students are swimming.5. The baby cried.6. Class begins.第二种基本句型_7. They can play basketball.8. We have just seen the film.9. He is doing his homework.第三种基本句型_10. She gave me a book.11. He bought his
15、girlfriend some flowers.第四种基本句型_12. His friends call him Jim. 13. We found us in a dark room.14. I always keep my room clean.第五种基本句型_现在，你能完全分析出句子的成分吗？1. He dreamed a sweet dream last night.2. What made you so angry?3. The mews made us surprised.4. The food tastes very delicious.5. My parents bought a new bike for me.6. The best way is to ask the teacher.
