1、Chapter 4,Prefix and Word Power,evoke, convoke, provoke, revoke,这一组词共享词根vok，该词根在名词和形容词之中一般改为voc，为“声音、呼唤 (voice or to call) ”之意。 evoke v. 唤起, 引起 e-(out) + vok (to call) evocation n. 唤出, 唤起, 招魂evocative adj. 唤出的, 唤起的That old film evoked our father generations memories of the years of the war. convoke
2、v. 召集con-(together) + vok (to call)convocation n. 集会, 召集The Prime Minister convoked Parliament to decide a policy.,provoke v. 激怒, 挑拨, 煽动, 惹起pro-(forward) + vok (to call) provocation n. 激怒, 刺激, 挑衅provocative adj. 煽动的；挑衅的He claimed that it was her rudeness that provoked him to strike her. revoke v. 撤回
3、, 废除revocation n. 撤回irrevocable adj. 不能取消的Her license was revoked.,由词根voc及其变体构成的词汇还有： voice n. vocal adj. advocate v. & n.ad -(to) + voc (to call) + -ate (person) vocation n.voc (to call) + -ation (the state or result）vocational adj. vocabulary n.voc (word) + abul (able) + -ary (thing)= whole body o
4、f words vowel n. *,compel, impel, dispel, repel, expel, propel,这一组词共享词根pel，该词根在名词和形容词之中一般改为puls，为“驱使 、推动(to drive, to push)”之意。 compel v. 强迫, 迫使com-(emphatic) + pel (to drive, push)compulsion n强迫，强制compulsory adj.强迫的，义务的，必需做的My conscience compels me to tell the truth. impel v. 推进, 激励, 驱使im-(on) + pe
5、l (to drive or push)impulsion n. 驱使；冲动impulsive adj. 有推动力的; 冲动的He said he had been impelled to crime by poverty.,dispel v. 驱散, 驱逐, 使消散dis-(away) + pel (to drive or push)The sun soon dispelled the thick fog over the field. repel v. 击退, 抵制, 使厌恶re-(back) + pel (to drive)repulsion n.推斥, 排斥repulsive adj.
6、 推斥的, 排斥的Electric charges of the same sign repel one another. expel v. 驱逐, 开除, 排出ex-(out) + pel (to drive)expulsion n. 逐出, 开除expulsive adj. 逐出的, 开除的After his expulsion from the cabinet the minister became the subject of a smear campaign. It seems the media and the public alike take pleasure in hitti
7、ng a man when hes down.,propel v. 推进, 驱使pro-(forward) + pel (to drive)propulsion n. 推进, 推进力propulsive adj. 推进的, 有推进力的This aircraft works by jet propulsion,由词根pel及其变体构成的词汇还有： pulse n. impulse n. impulsive adj. Apollo push appeal polish Polite pushup *,precede, recede, retrocede, intercede, accede, co
8、ncede,这一组词共享词根ced，该词根在名词和形容词之中一般改为cess，并有变体ceed，为“走动 (to go)”之意。 precede v. 领先于, 先于pre-(before) + ced (to go) precession n. 先行He preceded his speech with welcome to the guests. recede v. 后退re-(back) + ced (to go)recession n. 撤回, 退回, 衰退As the tide receded we were able to look for shells. If we can pu
9、ll through this recession, we will be in good shape. retrocede v. 回去，后退retro-(backward) + ced (to go)retrocession n. 退却Under the violent attack, the enemy retroceded to the forest.,intercede v. 调解，求情inter-(between) + ced (to go)intercession n. 代为求情, 代祷, 调解The lawyer interceded with the governor for
10、a condemned man. accede v. 同意, 加入ac-(toward) + ced (to go)accession n. 就职, 就任On his accession to the throne, he inherited vast estate. concede v. 勉强, 承认, 退让con-(thoroughly) + ced (to go) concession n. 让步You must concede that I have tried my best. Employers made concessions to the workers in negotiat
11、ions.,由词根ced构成的词汇还有： proceed v. process n. procedure n.pro- (forward) + ced (to go) + -ure (manner)幻灯片 13 succeed v.suc- (sub: from under) + ceed (to go)success n. succession n.successor n.successive adj. access n.ac- (ad: to) + cess (to go) exceed v.excess n.excessive adj. * announce,Aance-, ante-
12、ancestor n. antecede v. antenna n. Bfore- foreground n. foresee v. foretell v. forecast n. &v.,Cpre- preface n. precaution n. preliminary adj. 。 Dpro- progress n. progressive adj. project n. prosper v. prosperous adj. 繁荣的 Eex- ex-president n.幻灯片 12,supersede, succeed, proceed, exceed, accede, antece
13、de, cede, concede, intercede, precede, recede, secede,announce, denounce, enounce, pronounce, renounce,这一组词共享词根nounc，该词根在名词和形容词之中一般改为nunc，为“呼喊( to tell or speak)”之意。 announce v. 宣布, 通告an- (toward) + nounc (to call) announcement n. 宣告, 发表The government announced that they would build a new highway to
14、 the mountain. denounce v. 公开指责, 公然抨击de- (down) + nounc (to call)denunciation n. 谴责, 告发The ministers action was denounced in the newspaper. enounce v. 宣言, 声明, 说出e-(out) + nounc (to call)enunciation n. 宣言, 声明He enounced his revolutionary faith, his hatred of capitalism.,pronounce v. 发音, 宣告, 断言pro-(fo
15、rward) + nounc (to call)pronunciation n. 发音The minister was asked to pronounce on the proposed new legislation. renounce v. 放弃re-(back) + nounc (to call) 幻灯片 17renunciation n. 放弃, 弃权, 脱离关系He renounced his claim to the property.* declaim,Apost- postpone v. posthumous adj. Bre- retreat v. & n. reflect
16、 v. resist v. revolt v.&n. retaliate v. retaliation n. Cretro- retrospect v.&n. 幻灯片 16,declaim, exclaim, proclaim, acclaim, disclaim, reclaim,这一组词共享词根 claim，该词根在名词和形容词之中一般改为clam，为“呼喊 (to call out or shout)”之意。 declaim v. 慷慨陈词, 高声朗读，猛烈抨击，演讲de-(completely) + claim (to shout)declamation n. 雄辨The mayor
17、delivered a long declamation on the National Day. exclaim v. 呼喊, 惊叫, 大声叫ex-(out) + claim (to shout)exclamation (n. 惊呼, 感叹)The children exclaimed with excitement. proclaim v. 宣布, 声明pro-(forward) + claim (to shout)proclamation n. 宣布The ringing bells proclaimed the news of the birth of the prince.,accl
18、aim v. & n. 喝彩, 欢呼ac-(toward) + claim (to shout)acclamation n. 喝彩, 欢呼He was acclaimed as the winner. disclaim v. 放弃, 弃权, 否认dis-(away) + claim (to shout) disclamation n. 放弃The employer disclaimed all responsibility for the fire accident. reclaim v. 要求归还, 回收, 开垦re-(back) + claim (to shout) reclamation
19、 n. 开垦, 改造, 回收You may be entitled to reclaim some of the tax you paid last year.,由词根claim构成的词汇还有： clamour n.&v. 喧闹，叫嚷，大声要求clam (to shout) + our (the state)clamorous adj.大喊大叫的Owen paused, and immediately there arose a great clamour from the listeners. *,confuse, diffuse, effuse, profuse, suffuse, inf
20、use,这一组词共享词根fus，为“熔化，浇注(to melt or pour)”之意，fund 和found 为此词根的变体。 confuse v. 使混乱，混淆con-(together) + fus (to melt)confusion n. 混乱，混淆They asked me so many questions that I got confused. diffuse v. 散播, 传播, 漫射, 扩散dif-(away) + fus (to melt)diffusion n.扩散, 传播, 漫射A drop of milk diffused in the water, and it
21、 became cloudy. effuse v. 涌出, 流出, 泻出，倾吐，抒发ef-(out )+ fus (to melt)effusion n. 流出物, 泻出The critics objected to his literary effusion because it was too flowery.,profuse adj. 极其丰富的pro-(forward) + fus (to pour)profusion n. 丰富There is a profusion of flowers in the garden in summer. suffuse v. 弥漫于, 充满或扩散s
22、uf-(down) + fus (to pour)suffusion n.Her eyes were suffused with warm, excited tears. infuse v. 灌输, 注入幻灯片 24infusion n.灌输The leader had the gift of being able to infuse enthusiasm into the most skeptical member of the group.,由词根fus构成的词汇还有： refund v. fuse v. refuse v. found v. founder n. foundry n. f
23、unnel n. refute v. *aggress,Aim-, in-, il-, ir- imprison v. impulse n.&v. inflate v. inflation n. illustrate v. illustration n. irrigate v. irrigation n. Bem-, en- embrace n. & v. enroll v.& n.,Aex- 前缀ex-有多个变体，如：e-,ec-和ef-，表示三种含义：1）out, out of （出来）, 2) former（前任）, 3) thoroughly and completely（完全），此前
24、缀的构词能力很强，主要构成以下词汇： emerge v. exclude v. B. exo- exotic adj. C. extra- extracurricular adj.幻灯片 22,aggress, digress, egress, regress, transgress, progress, retrogress,这一组词共享词根gress，为“行走(to step)”之意，来自于拉丁语gradus，因而有变体grad和gred。 aggress v. 攻击, 侵犯ag (toward)- + gress (to step) aggression n. 进攻, 侵略aggress
25、ive adj. 侵略的; 攻击的; 挑衅的The warring nations accused of each other of aggression. digress v. 离题di-(aside) + gress (to step)digression n. 离题digressive adj. 离题的, 枝节的The old professor used to digress from his subject for a moment to tell his students a funny story. egress n. & v. 出口, 外出e- (out) + gress (t
26、o step) egression n. 外出The enemy blocked the narrow pass so that no egress was possible for our soldiers. regress v. 退回, 回归re- + gressregression n. 衰退, 倒退Many men, when very angry, regress to their childhood and show their bad temper by shouting and stamping their feet.,transgress v. 越界, 违法trans-(ac
27、ross) + gress (to step) transgression n. 违反, 犯罪His behavior transgressed the moral rules of the social conduct. progress v. & n. 前进, 进步progression n. 前进progressive adj. 前进的The ship made slow progress through the rough sea. retrogress v. 倒退, 退步, 衰退retrogression n. 后退, 衰退, 退化Exposed to the immoral env
28、ironment, these young men were degenerated, and degeneration signifies moral retrogression.,由词根gress构成的词汇还有： grade n. gradual adj. graduate v. & n. congress n. degrade v. degree n. ingredient n. centigrade n. & adj. *,detain, pertain, retain, attain, abstain, contain, maintain, sustain,这一组词共享词根tain，
29、该词根在名词和形容词之中一般改为ten, tent, tin，为“握，持(to hold)，伸，拉”之意。 detain v. 拘留, 留住, 阻止de-(away) + tain (to hold)detention n. 拘留, 留住I was detained by an unexpected visitor that morning. pertain v. 有关联, 适合, 属于per-(through) + tain (to hold)pertinent adj. 有关的, 相干的, 中肯的His remark did not pertain to the question. ret
30、ain v. 保持, 保留re-(back) + tain (to hold)retention n保持, 保留We retained the original fireplace when we decorated the room. attain v. 达到, 获得at-(toward) + tain (to hold)attainable adj. 可到达的, 可得到的Lee attained the position of President of the Ford Motors.,abstain v. 禁绝, 放弃abs-(away) + tain (to hold)abstenti
31、on n.节制abstinence n.节制, 节欲, 戒酒abstinent adj. 饮食有度的, 有节制的, 禁欲的Five members voted for the proposal, eight voted against, and two abstained. contain v. 包含, 容纳con-(together) + tain (to hold)This book contains all the information you need. maintain v. 维持, 维修, 继续main-(hand) + tain (to hold) maintenance n.
32、 维护, 保持In order to maintain physical well being, a person should eat wholesome food and get sufficient exercise. sustain v. 支撑, 撑住, 维持, 持续sus- (under) + tain (to hold)幻灯片 31sustenance n.食物, 生计The sea wall sustains the shock of the waves.幻灯片 33,Aover- overcast adj. v. &n. Bsuper- superstructure n. su
33、perficial adj. superstition n. Csur- surpass v.,Asub- 源于拉丁语的英语前缀sub-具有以下含义：1）under; beneath（在之下）, 2) secondary; subordinate（低于，次于）, 3) less than（不如），它根据后接词干的首字母的不同而改变形状，因而有多种变体：suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-, sus-，主要构成以下词汇： submerge v. submarine n. subordinate adj. n. Bde-. devalue v. depress v.
34、 Cunder- undermine v. Dhypo- hypothesis n. 幻灯片 30,由词根tain构成的词汇还有： tenant n.ten (to hold) + -ant (person) continent n.con (together) + tin (to hold) + -ent (thing)continental adj. continue v.con (together) + tinu (to hold) + e lieutenant n.lieu (a place) + ten (to hold) + -ant (person) content n. & a
35、. entertain v. tennis n.,tend v. tender adj. tense adj. tension n. tent n. attend v. contend v. extend v. intend v. intense adj. pretend v. obtain v. thin adj. *,attract, contract, detract, distract, extract, subtract, protract,这一组词共享词根tract，为“拉，抽(to draw)”之意。 attract v. 吸引at-(toward) + tract (to dr
36、aw) attraction n. 吸引attractive adj. 吸引人的, 有魅力的She was attracted by the novel advertisement. contract n. 使分心dis-(apart) + tract (to draw)distraction n. 娱乐, 分心distractive adj. 分散注意力的, 扰乱的My attentions are distracted from my study.,extract v. 拔出, 榨取ex-(out)+ tract (to draw) extraction n. 榨取，提取We can ex
37、tract oil from olive. subtract v. 减去, 扣除sub-+tractsubtraction n. 减少That subtracts nothing from his merit. protract v. 延长，拖延pro-(forward) + tract (to draw) protraction n.延长，伸长,由词根tract构成的词汇还有： abstract n. adj. & v. trace n. trait n. tractor n. track n. trail n. train n. retreat v. & n. *,reduce, dedu
38、ce, educe, induce, seduce, produce,这一组词共享词根duc，该词根在名词和形容词之中一般改为duct，为“引导(to lead)”之意。 reduce v. 减少, 缩小, 简化, 还原，降级re-(back )+ duc (to lead)reduction n. 减少, 缩小reductive adj. 减少的, 还原的Theyve reduced the prices in the shop, so its a good time to buy. deduce v. 演绎推理de-(down from) + duc (to lead)deduction
39、n. 减除, 推论, 演绎deductive adj. 推论的, 演绎的If you see a doctor leaving a house, you may deduce that someone in the house is ill. educe v. 得出, 导出, 引出e-(out) + duc (to lead)eduction n. 导出, 引出The teachers questions educed many facts about home gardens.,induce v. 劝诱, 促使, 导致, 引起, 感应，归纳in-(into) + duc (to lead)
40、induction n. 感应, 感应现象, 归纳inductive adj. 诱导的, 归纳的What induced you to do such a foolish thing? seduce v.诱惑, 引诱, 使着迷se-(away) + duc (to lead)seduction n. 诱惑seductive adj. 诱人的She was seduced by a man who never kept his promise to marry her. produce v. 生产, 制造, 引起, 招致pro-(forward) + duc (to lead) product
41、n. 产品production n. 生产productive adj. 生产的, 能产的, 多产的His announcement produced gasps of amazement.,由词根duc构成的词汇还有： conduct v. & n. conductor n. misconduct v. educate v.e- (ex-) (out of) + duc (to lead) + -atecoeducational adj. introduce v.intro- (into) + duc (to lead) + -e abduct v.ab (away from) + duct
42、( to lead) duke n. duchess n. dock n. tuck v. tug v. *,ascribe, describe, inscribe, prescribe, proscribe, subscribe, transcribe,这一组词共享词根scrib，该词根在名词和形容词之中一般改为script，为“书写 (to write)”之意。 ascribe v. 归因于a-(toward) + scrib (to write)She ascribed difficulties to overspending. describe v. 描写, 记述de-(down) +
43、 scrib (to write) description n. 描写descriptive adj. 描述的, 叙述的The beauty of the sunrise is beyond description. inscribe v. 记下，题写in-(into) + scrib (to write) inscription n.题字，碑铭The monument was inscribed with names of the war dead.,prescribe v. 指示，规定，开处方pre-(before) + scrib(to write) prescription n. 指示
44、，规定，处方prescriptive adj.说明性的The doctor prescribed aspirin for my headache. proscribe v.禁止pro-(before) + scrib(to write) proscription n. 放逐, 禁止 subscribe v. 签署，订阅，捐款sub-(underneath) + scrib (to write) subscription n.捐献，定金，签署，订阅subscriber n.订户，签署者，捐献者 transcribe v.转录trans-(from to ) + scrib (to write)
45、transcript n.抄本transcription n.抄，转录That, he reflected, might almost have been a transcription from a textbook.,由词根scrib构成的词汇还有： conscript v.&n. 征兵，应征士兵con-(together) +script (to write) conscription n. 征兵He escaped conscription because he was too fat. scribe n. 抄写者script n.手迹，笔迹 scribble v. 潦草得涂，潦草得画
46、postscript n. 附言 manuscript n. circumscribe v. *,concur, incur, occur, recur,这一组词共享词根cur，该词根还有变体cur, cour，cor, car, char源于拉丁语currere，为“跑 (to run)”之意。 concur v. 同时发生，同意con-(together ) + cur (to go, run)concurrent adj.并发的，协作的，一致的concurrence n.同时发生concourse n.集合，合流，群众Everything concurred to produce a s
47、uccessful result. incur v. 招致in-(into) + cur (to go, run)incursion n.袭击，入侵I resent these incursions into my leisure time. occur v. 发生，出现oc-(toward) + cur (to go, run)occurrence n.发生，出现，事件That plane crash occurred only minutes after take-off. 。 recur v. 复发，重现，再来re-(back, again) + cur (to run, go) rec
48、urrence n.复发，循环recurrent adj.周期性发生的，循环的The thought of a trip around the world has often recurred to my mind.,由词根cur构成的词汇还有： current n. & adj. currency n. excursion n. course n. discourse n. intercourse n. excursion n. cursor n. corridor n. curriculum n. car n. career n. carry v. carrier n.,cargo n.
49、charge n. & v. discharge n. & v. carpenter n. *,eminent, imminent, preeminent, prominent,这一组词共享词根min，源于拉丁语minari，为“突出，伸出(to project)”之意。 eminent adj. 杰出的，突出的，著名的e-(out) + min (to stick out)+-enteminence n.杰出，卓越，著名The man who achieved this influence was an unlikely candidate for such eminence. immine
50、nt adj. 急迫的，危急的；迫近的im-(into) + min ( to stick out)+-entimminence n. 急迫，危急；迫近的危险The imminence of their exams made the students work even harder. preeminent adj. 卓越的，杰出的pre-(before) +e- (out) + min (to stick out)+-entShakespeare and Ben Johnson are preeminent among Elizabethan dramatists. prominent adj. 杰出的，卓越的，引人注目的，著名的pro-(forward) + min-(to stick out)+-ent prominence n.显著，杰出，卓越The house is in a prominent position on the village green.,
