1、Angiology 脉管系统,山东大学医学院 解剖教研室李振华,Composition,Cardiovascular system心血管系统 Lymphatic system 淋巴系统,The cardiovascular system,Organization Heart 心 A muscle pump to maintain the flow of blood, Consist of four chambers (right and left atria, right and left ventricles) Artery 动脉 a. carry blood away from the h
2、eart Veins 静脉 v. carry blood back to the heart Capillary 毛细血管microscopic vessels, the area of exchange between blood and tissue fluid,Blood circulation,Systemic circulation 体循环 left ventricleaorta and its branchescapillaries of bodysuperior and inferior vena cavaright atrium Pulmonary circulation 肺循
3、环right ventriclepulmonary a.capillaries of lungpulmonary v.right atrium,Vascular anastomosis 血管吻合,Anastomosis between a. Anastomosis between v. Arteriolovenular anastomosis 动静脉吻合 Collateral vessels侧副管 Circulation侧支循环,Rectal venous plexus,The Arteries,Characteristics Symmetry 对称 In the trunk of the b
4、ody consist parietal and visceral branches 壁支和脏支 Shortest possible course Run on flexor surfaces Usually do not pass directly through muscles, avoiding compression Together with the veins and nerves in a sheath of fascia to form neurovascular bundle 血管神经束,Arteries of pulmonary circulation 肺循环的动脉,Pul
5、monary trunk 肺动脉干 Arises from right ventricle Runs up, back ,and to the left Bifurcates inferior to aortic arch into right and left pulmonary arteries, one for each lung,Arteries of systemic circulation 体循环的动脉,Aorta 主动脉 Ascending aorta 升主动脉 Aortic arch 主动脉弓 Brachiocephalic trunk 头臂干 right common car
6、otid a. 右颈总动脉 right subclavian a. 右锁骨下动脉 Left common carotid a. 左颈总动脉 Left subclavian a. 左锁骨下动脉 Descending aorta 降主动脉 Thoracic aorta 胸主动脉 Abdominal aorta 腹主动脉,Arteries of head and neck Common carotid a.颈总动脉 External carotid a. 颈外动脉 Internal carotid a. 颈内动脉 Subclavian a. 锁骨下动脉,Arteries of upper limb
7、Axillary a. 腋动脉 Brachial a. 肱动脉 Radial a. 桡动脉 Ulnar a. 尺动脉 Superficial palmar arch 掌浅弓 deep palmar arc 掌深弓,Thoracic aorta 胸主动脉 Parietal branches 壁支 Nine pairs posterior intercostals arteries 肋间后动脉 One pair subcostal 肋下动脉 Visceral branches 脏支,Abdominal aorta 腹主动脉,Visceral branches 脏支 Paired branches
8、Middle suprarenal artery 肾上腺中动脉 Renal artery 肾动脉 Testicular (ovarian) artery 睾丸（卵巢）动脉 Unpaired branches Celiac trunk 腹腔干 Superior mesenteric a. 肠系膜上动脉 Inferior mesenteric a. 肠系膜下动脉 Parietal branches,Arteries of pelvis Common iliac a. 髂总动脉 Internal iliac a. 髂内动脉 External iliac a. 髂外动脉,Arteries of low
9、er limb Femoral a. 股动脉 Popliteal a. 腘动脉 Posterior tibial a. 胫后动脉 Anterior tibial a. 胫前动脉dorsal a. of foot 足背动脉,The Veins 静脉,General feature Thin walls, larger lumens, venous valves, venous plexus, venous rete Two setsSuperficial veinDeep veins Special structures: sinuses of dura mater 硬脑膜窦 diploic v
10、eins 板障静脉,Venous valve,Diploic veins,Sinuses of dura mater,Superior vena cava and its tributaries,Veins of head and neck Internal jugular vein External jugular vein Brachiocephalic vein: venous angle,Veins of upper limb Deep vein: have the same names as their companion arteries Superficial veins: ce
11、phalic v. 头静脉 basilica v. 贵要静脉 median cubital v. 肘正中静脉,Veins of thorax Superior vena cava 上腔静脉 Azygos v. 奇静脉Hemiazygos v. 半奇静脉 accessory hemiazygos v.副半奇静脉Veins of vertebral column 椎静脉丛,Inferior vena cava systemVeins of lower limb Deep vein: have the same names as their companion arteries Superficia
12、l veins: great saphenous v. 大隐静脉small saphenous 小隐静脉,Veins of pelvis Internal iliac v. 髂内静脉 External iliac v.髂外静脉 Common iliac v.髂总静脉,Inferior vena cava and its tributariesHepatic portal v.,The Lymphatic System,Heart,Artery,Capillaries,Vein,Cell,Tissue fluid,Lymphatic capillary,Lymphatic vessel,Lymp
13、hatic node,Lymphatic trunk,Lymphatic duct,Composition Lymphatic vessel Lymphatic capillary Lymphatic vessels: two sets, superficial and deep Lymphatic trunks: nine Lymphatic ducts: thoracic duct, right lymphatic duck Lymphatic organ Lymphatic nodes Tonsil, spleen, thymusLymphatic tissue,Lymphatic ca
14、pillary,Lymphatic node,Afferent vessels,Afferent vessels,Thoracic duct Right lymphatic duck,Lymphatic vessels,Introduction of the nervous system,山东大学医学院 解剖教研室李振华,The Nervous System -Divisions,Central nervous system (CNS) 1. Brain （脑） 2. Spinal cord （脊髓） Peripheral nervous system (PNS)1. Cranial n. （
15、脑神经 12 pairs) 2. Spinal n. (脊神经 31 pairs)3. Visceral n. （内脏神经） Visceral sensory n. Visceral motor n. Sympathetic part （交感神经） Parasympathetic part （副交感神经）,The Cranial Nerves 脑神经, Olfactory nerve 嗅神经 Optic nerve 视神经 Oculomotor nerve 动眼神经 Trochlear nerve 滑车神经 Trigeminal nerve 三叉神经 Abducent nerve 展神经 Fa
16、cial nerve 面神经 Vestibulocochlear nerve 前庭蜗神经 Glossopharyngeal nerve舌咽神经 Vagus nerve 迷走神经 Accessory nerve 副神经 Hypoglossal nerve 舌下神经,31 pairs spinal nerves: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal nerve. Formation: each spinal nerve is formed by union of anterior and posterior ro
17、ots at intervertebral foramen 1.The anterior root Contains motor fibers for skeletal muscles. Those from T1 to L2 contain sympathetic fibers; S2 to S4 also contain parasympathetic fibers. 2. The posterior root Contains sensory fibers whose cell bodies are in the spinal ganglion.,General description,
18、Functional components 1. Somatic efferent nerve fibers 躯体传出纤维(SE): fibers that transmit motor impulses from spinal cord to skeletal muscles. 2. Visceral efferent nerve fibers内脏传出纤维(VE): fibers that transmit motor impulses from spinal cord to smooth muscles, cardiac muscle and glands. 3. Somatic affe
19、rent nerve fibers躯体传入纤维(SA): fibers that transmit exteroceptive and proprioceptive impulses from body to spinal cord 4. Visceral afferent nerve fibers内脏传入纤维(VA): fibers that transmit interoceptive impulses from the viscera to spinal cord,Branches of spinal nerves 1. Anterior branch 前支: largest , inn
20、ervates anterolateral body wall and limbs，the great nerve plexus, e.g. the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral, are formed by anterior rami 2. Posterior branch 后支: innervates the back of the trunk 3. Communicating branch 交通支: connect the spinal nerve to the sympathetic trunk 4. Meningeal branch 脊
21、膜支: re-enters vertebral canal through intervertebral foramen to dura mater,Cervical plexus 颈丛,Formation: formed by anterior rami of C1-C4 spinal nerves Position: lies in front of the origin of levator scapulae and scalenus medius and deep to the superior part of the sternocleidomastoid,Brachial plex
22、us 臂丛,Formation:Formed by anterior rami of C5-C8 and T1 spinal nerves Position: Passes through the scalene fissure to posterosuperior of subclavian artery, then enters the axilla to form three cords,Anterior branches of thoracic nerves,Intercostal nerves 肋间神经(anterior rami of T1- T11) Subcostal nerv
23、e 肋下神经(anterior ramus of T12)Distribution: distributed to intercostales and anterolateral abdominal muscles, skin of thoracic and abdominal wall, parietal pleura and peritoneum,Lumbar plexus 腰丛,Formation: formed by anterior rami of L1-L3, a part of anterior rami of T12and L4 Position: lies within su
24、bstance of psoas major Branches Iliohypogastric n. 髂腹下神经 Ilioinguinal n. 髂腹股沟神经 Lateral femoral cutaneous n.股外侧皮神经 Femoral n. 股神经 Obturator n. 闭孔神经 Genitofemoral n. 生殖股神经,Sacral plexus 骶丛,Formation: formed by anterior rami of L4 and L5 spinal nerves (the lumbrosacral trunk) and anterior rami of sacral and coccygeal nerves Position: lies in pelvic cavity, anterior to sacrum and piriformis,
