1、Chapter 4 Electric Machinery,Section 1 Principle of Operation of an Inductive machine,Text,New Words and Expressions,Exercises,End,Addition or Omission of Chinese words,Section 1 Principle of Operation of an Inductive Machine,The basic principle of operation of an induction machine is illustrated by
2、 the revolving horseshoe magnet and copper-disk experiment pictured in Fig.4-1. When the horseshoe magnet is rotated, the moving magnetic field passing across the copper disk induces eddy currents in the disk. These eddy currents are in such a direction as to cause the disk to follow the rotation of
3、 the horseshoe magnet. With the direction of rotation shown in the figure, the eddy currents will be as displayed in Fig.4-1 according to Flemings right-hand rule.,Section 1 Principle of Operation of an Inductive Machine,Fig.4-1 Rotation of a copper disk following the rotation of a permanent magnet,
4、Section 1 Principle of Operation of an Inductive Machine,Flemings right-hand rule: Place the thumb and the first and second fingers of the right hand so that all three are mutually perpendicular. With the hand in this position, the first finger is pointed in the direction of the field, the thumb is
5、in the direction of motion of the relative motion of the conductor, and the second finger is the direction of the induced voltage. Note that the relative motion of the conductor is opposite to the rotation of the direction of rotation of the magnetic field.,Section 1 Principle of Operation of an Ind
6、uctive Machine,By applying Flemings right-hand rule, the force on the copper disk is determined to be in the direction of rotation of the magnet.Flemings left-hand rule: Place the thumb and the first and second finger of the left hand so that all three are mutually perpendicular to each other. With
7、the first finger in the direction of the field and the second finger in the direction of the current, the thumb indicates the direction of the force.,Section 1 Principle of Operation of an Inductive Machine,Whereas the copper disk will rotate in the same direction as the rotating magnetic field, it
8、will never reach the same speed as the rotating magnet, because if it did, there would be no relative motion between the two and therefore no current induced in the copper disk. The difference in speed between the rotating magnetic field and the copper disk is known as slip, which is essential to th
9、e operation of an induction motor. In induction motors the rotating magnetic field is set up by windings in the stator, and the induced currents are carried by conductors,Section 1 Principle of Operation of an Inductive Machine,in the rotor. The rotating horseshoe magnet and copper disk are consider
10、ably different in structure from todays induction motor, but the basic principles of operation are the same.The rotating magnetic field is essential to the functioning of an induction motor. In practical machines this rotating magnetic field is achieved by a combination of a space displacement of th
11、e windings and a time-phase displacement of the exciting voltage.,Section 1 Principle of Operation of an Inductive Machine,The rotor is formed from laminated electrical steel punching, and the rotor winding consists of bars contained in slots punched in the laminations. These bars are short-circuite
12、d at both ends by a short-circuiting ring. A bar-end ring structure, without the laminated core, is called a squirrel cage, as shown in the Fig.4-2. In small- and medium-horsepower sizes, rotors are made by casting aluminum into the rotor core. In the larger sizes of ac motors, cast-aluminum rotor a
13、re not practical, and copper bars are inserted into the slots. These,Section 1 Principle of Operation of an Inductive Machine,copper bars are short-circuited at both ends by a copper end ring, and the end ring is brazed or soldered onto the bars. Sometimes bronzes or other alloys are used to replace
14、 copper in making the cage and end ring. The sizes at which the transition between cast-aluminum and copper rotors takes place varies among rotor manufacturers, but virtually all rotors in motor sizes of several thousand horsepower and above are built with bar-type rotors.,Section 1 Principle of Ope
15、ration of an Inductive Machine,Fig.4-2 Squirrel-cage induction motors,Section 1 Principle of Operation of an Inductive Machine,Another construction feature dependent on motor size is the type of coil winding used. In small- and medium-size ac motors, most coils are random-wound. These coils are made
16、 with round wire, which is wound into the stator slots and assumes a diamond shape in the end turns; however, the wires are randomly located within a given coil, and hence the name “random-wound“. For large ac motors and particularly for high-voltage motors, 2300V and above, form-wound coils are use
17、d. These coils are constructed from rectangular wire, which is bent,Section 1 Principle of Operation of an Inductive Machine,into shape around forms and then taped. The coil is formed to the proper size so that the complete coil can be inserted into the stator slots at the time the stator is wound.
18、Form-wound coils are used for high-voltage windings because it is relatively easy to add extra insulation on the individual coils before inserting them into the stator.,Return,New Words and Expressions,induction machine 感应电机 horseshoe n. 马蹄形，U形 马蹄铁 magnet n. 磁铁，磁石，磁体 horseshoe magnet 马蹄形磁铁 eddy n. 涡
19、流，涡旋 permanent magnet 永久磁铁 perpendicular a. （与）垂直的 直立的；n. 垂直，正交，竖直 magnetic field 磁场,New Words and Expressions,rotating magnetic field 旋转磁场 slip n. 滑差（率），转差（率） winding n. 绕组 stator n. 定子，静子，静片 rotor n. 转子 exciting voltage 励磁电压 laminated a. 叠片的，分层的，薄片的 punching n. 冲压，穿孔,New Words and Expressions,bar
20、n. 线棒，导条 条，杆 slot n. 槽 隙缝 lamination n. 叠片，冲片 分层 薄片 braze v. 铜焊，钎焊 solder n. 焊料，接合物；v. 焊，焊接 short-circuiting a. 使短路的 ring n. 环 squirrel cage 鼠笼,New Words and Expressions,core n. 铁芯 心，核心 coil n. 线圈，绕组 random-wound 散绕 form-wound 模绕 insulation n. 绝缘,Return,Addition or Omission of Words,是指在翻译过程中，必要时可添加一
21、些原文中没有的词，或者省略一些原文中已有的词，使得译文在语法、语言形式上符合译文习惯，词语联想方面与原文一致起来。用词增省可参照以下原则： （1）使每句话的意思清楚明白； （2）使每句话和上下文连贯； （3）符合汉语科技文章的文体风格。概括起来讲，用词的增省有三个方面的需要，即属于语法上的需要；属于汉语习惯行文表达的需要；属于技术上的需要。,1. 增加表示复数的词在翻译过程中，可通过增加“一些”、“有些”、“各种”、“许多”和“几种”等词语把英语中表示名词复数的概念译出。 (1) There is enough coal to meet the worlds needs for centuri
22、es to come. 有足够的煤来满足全世界未来几个世纪的需要。 (2) In spite of the difficulties, our task was got over well. 虽然有各种困难，但我们的任务已顺利完成。,Addition or Omission of Words,1. 增加表示复数的词 (3) However, in spite of all this similarity between a voltmeter and an ammeter there are also important differences. 可是尽管电压表与电流表之间有这些类似之处，但还
23、有若干重要的差。,Addition or Omission of Words,2、增加数词和量词 当具有有几个成分并列时，可根据并列成分数量的多少，增译数、量词表示概括。在其他情况下，根据句子表示的意义，可按汉语习惯增添数、量词。 (1) The factors, voltage, current and resistance, are related to each other. 电压、电流和电阻这三个因素是相互关联的。 (2) Based upon the relationship between magnetism and electricity are motors and gener
24、ators. 电动机与发电机就是以磁和电这二者之间的关系为基础。,Addition or Omission of Words,(3) The revolution of the earth around the sun causes the changes of the seasons. 地球绕太阳旋转，引起四季的交替。 (4) The starting and termination dates of the training shall be agreed upon between the parties in accordance with the stipulations of the
25、 Contract. 培训工作的起止日期应由双方根据合同的规定商定。,Addition or Omission of Words,Return,Exercises,I. Choose the best answer into the blank,1. The thumb is in the direction of in Flemings right-hand rule.A. the field B. rotation of the magnetic fieldC. the induced voltage D. the relative motion of conductor 2. In in
26、duction motors the speed of the rotating rotor the speed of the rotating magnetic field.A. equals to B. is much greater than C. never reaches D. keeps the same as,Exercises,I. Choose the best answer into the blank,3. When the speed of the rotor is zero , the slip of induction machine is . A. 0.0 B.
27、0.1 C. 1.0 D. 0.3 4. Form-wound coils are widely used for motors.A. small-size AC B. medium-size ACC. large AC D. large DC,Exercises,II. Answer the following questions according to the text,1. How to apply Flemings right-hand rule to determine the direction of the induced voltage? 2. How to apply Fl
28、emings left-hand rule to determine the direction of the force acting on a current-carrying conductor? 3. What does “slip“ mean? 4. How does the induction machine work? 5. What characteristics does a squirrel cage have in construction?,Exercises,III. Translate the following into Chinese,Rotating elec
29、tric machines take many forms and are known by many namesDC, synchronous, permanent-magnet, induction, hysteresis, etc. Although these machines appear to be quite dissimilar and require a variety of analytical techniques, the physical principles governing their behavior are quite similar, and in fac
30、t these machines can often be explained from the same physical picture. An induction machine, in spite of many fundamental differences, works on exactly the,Exercises,III. Translate the following into Chinese,same principle; one can identify flux distributions associated with the rotor and stator, w
31、hich rotate in synchronism and which are separated by some torque-producing angular displacement.,Return,Chapter 4 Section 1 End,Section 2 Performance Characteristic of Induction Motors,Text,New Words and Expressions,Exercises,End,Addition or Omission of Chinese words,Section 2 Performance Character
32、istics of Induction Motors,The rotating field travels around the air-gap at a speed of,(4-1),Where r / s = revolutions per second of the rotating magnetic field; f = frequency of excitation, Hz; p = number of poles. The speed of rotation is more commonly expressed in revolutions per minute and is ca
33、lled synchronous r/min, where Synchronous r/min= 120 f/p （4-2）,Section 2 Performance Characteristics of Induction Motors,Fig.4-3 displays the speed-torque and speed-current curves for a polyphase induction motor and shows for these curves the three regions of major interest: Motoring, plugging, and
34、generating.,Fig.4-3 Speed-torque and speed-current curve for a polyphase induction motor,Section 2 Performance Characteristics of Induction Motors,Synchronous speed, defined in Eq.(4-2) and designated as Ns in Fig.4-3, is the speed at which the rotor is revolving in synchronism with the rotating mag
35、netic field generated by the stator windings, and there is therefore no rotor current and no electrically generated torque. Slip is the difference in speed between the rotor and the air-gap rotating magnetic field and is defined bySlip = (synchronous r/min rotor r/min) /synchronous r/min (4-3),Secti
36、on 2 Performance Characteristics of Induction Motors,Eq. (4-3) yields slip as a per-unit value, although it is often expressed as a percentage. Breakdown torque is the maximum torque that the motor generates in the motoring region; it is shown at the point TBD in Fig.4-3. The locked-rotor torque TL
37、in Fig.4-3 is the torque produced by the motor at zero speed and is important because this is the torque that must overcome any breakaway forces imposed by the load. Normally, a motor operates in the region between TBD and synchronous speed, at the rated full-load torque,Section 2 Performance Charac
38、teristics of Induction Motors,indicated by TFL on the curve. Slips in the region between zero speed and synchronous speed Ns range between l.0 at zero speed and 0 at synchronous speed. At speeds above synchronous speed the machine operates as induction generator, and this region of the speed-torque
39、curve is labeled “Generating“ in Fig.4-3. This region is also characterized by a maximum torque point, also called breakdown torque, and in general the breakdown torque in the generating region exceeds TBD in the motoring,Section 2 Performance Characteristics of Induction Motors,region. Slip values
40、for speeds above synchronous speed are negative, as is evident from Eq.(4-3). Operation in the generating region results from overhauling loads or from the motor being driven by a prime mover. For induction generating action to occur, the machine must have a source of leading exciting current. This
41、leading excitation can be supplied from the power system if the motor is connected to such a system, or it can be provided by capacitors of appropriate value connected across the motor terminals. In recent years, induction,Section 2 Performance Characteristics of Induction Motors,generators have fou
42、nd application as wind-driven generators; they are connected to a power line and deliver power to the system whenever wind velocities reach a certain minimum value.,Section 2 Performance Characteristics of Induction Motors,The third region of the speed-torque curve displayed in Fig.4-3 is the pluggi
43、ng region. A motor traverses this region when it is operating in one direction and then the direction of the rotating magnetic field is suddenly reversed. In Fig.4-3 the plugging region extends from minus Ns (slip = 2.0) to zero speed. Plugging is frequently used to accomplish fast speed reversal bu
44、t is accompanied by high motor losses and large inrush currents.,Return,New Words and Expressions,performance characteristics 工作特性 air-gap 气隙 polyphase n.; a. 多相，多相的 motoring n.; a. 电动机运行 plugging 反向制动，反相序制动控制 generating n.; a. 发电机运行 synchronous speed 同步速 breakdown torque 失步转矩，停转转矩,New Words and Exp
45、ressions,locked-rotor torque 止转转矩，起动转矩 breakaway n. 起步，起动 分离，脱离 breakaway force 起动力 rated a. 额定的，标称的 计算的，设计的 full-load a. 满（负）载的 overhauling a. 检修的，大修的 prime mover 原动机 induction generator 感应发电机，异步发电机,New Words and Expressions,wind-driven generator 风力发电机 inrush current 涌流,Return,Addition or Omission
46、of Words,3. 增加表示动词时态的词汉语中动词没有时态变化，需要在译文中增加时间副词或助词来表示英语里的不同时态。通常在翻译现在时，可增添“能”、“可”、“会”等字；译将来时可增添“将”、“要”、“会”等字；译过去时可增添“已”、“曾”、“过”、“了”、“以前”、“当时”、“过去”等词；译完成式可增添“已（经）”、“曾（经）”、“了”、“过”、“一直”等词；译进行时可增添“正（在）”、“在”等词。 (1) Scientists are working to develop new ways to make the semiconductor material used in compu
47、ters and other modern electronic devices. 科学家们正在研究新的方法制造用于计算机和其他现代电子仪器中的半导体材料。,(2) The gas discharge tube converts electric energy to light energy. 气体放电管会将电能转换成光能。 (3) Recent research has shown a connection between smoking and cancer. 最近的研究已经证明了抽烟与癌症间的关系。 (4) In developing Eq.(2) the assumption was
48、made that the excitation system of the generator is inherently stable. 在推导方程（2）时，本文曾假定发电机励磁系统本身是稳定的。,Addition or Omission of Words,4. 增加表达语气起连贯作用的词为了使译文表达通顺，使词与词、句与句之间前后连贯，可增加一些起连贯作用的词。例如英语中的分词短语或从句作定语或状语，而含有明显的条件、时间、原因、让步等意义时，可分别增加连词“由于”，“如果”，“假使”，“只要”，“一旦”，“当时”，“时”，“虽然”，“但”等；对于陈述句可增添“的”，“了”，“哩”，“啦
49、”等字。 (1) Using a transformer, power at low voltage can be transformed into power at high voltage. 如果使用变压器，低电压的电力就能转换成高电压的电力。,Addition or Omission of Words,(2) Many persons learned to program with little understanding of computers or applications to which computers could or should be applied. 许多人虽然已经学会了编程序，但对计算机以及计算机能够或必备的种种用途所知甚少。 (3) This question is really a circuit design rather than a layout problem. 这个问题是属于电路设计方面的，而不是布局方面的。 (4) Do not leave dead batteries in the battery-box as this may cause malfunction. 注意不要将废电池留在电池盒内，以免引起故障。,
