1、Section Grammar过去分词作状语和短语动词语 境 自 主 领 悟先观察原句 后自主感悟Seen from above，the old town is a maze of canals，little bridges and tiny cobbled streets that tourists get lost in.Not invited，he became very disappointed.Completely rebuilt，the town would not be so interesting.Beaten by the opposite team，we didnt los
2、e heart and encouraged each other.Aunt Wu came in，followed by her daughter.The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month.Can you try to get them to bring down the price？Lincoln said that it was not right for the south to break away from the Union.1.句中黑体部分均在句中作状语，分别表示时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随。2.根据句
3、可知，过去分词作状语时，其否定形式通常是在分词前加 not。3.句的黑体部分是短语动词，分别由动词介词、动词副词、动词副词介词构成。语 法 精 要 点 拨一、过去分词(短语)作状语1定义及物动词的过去分词作状语，表示被动和完成的意义，功能上相当于一个表示时间、原因、条件、结果、让步和方式等的状语从句，其逻辑主语一般与句子主语一致。(1)过去分词作时间状语时，可转换为 when，while，after 或 before 引导的时间状语从句。Asked(When she was asked)her future plans，the girl said that she wanted to be a
4、 teacher.当问到未来的计划时，这个女孩说她想成为一名教师。(2)过去分词作原因状语时，可转换为 as，since，because 等引导的原因状语从句。Frightened(Because/As she was frightened)by the tiger，the girl didnt dare to sleep alone.因为被老虎吓着了，这个女孩不敢单独睡觉。(3)过去分词作条件状语时，可转换为 if，unless 或 once 等引导的条件状语从句。Grown(If these seeds are grown)in rich soil，these seeds can grow
5、 fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。Given(If we were given)more time，we could do it better.如果给我们更多时间的话，我们可以做得更好。名师点津 此句中的 given 在许多语法书中作为介词处理。(4)过去分词作让步状语时，可转换为 although，though 或 even if 等引导的让步状语从句。Left(Although he was left)at home，John didnt feel afraid at all.虽然 John 被单独留在家里，(但是)他一点都不害怕。(5)过去分词作状语表示伴随、方式或
6、状态时，不能转换为状语从句，但是可转换为并列谓语或并列分句。The teacher entered the classroom，followed(and he was followed)by a group of students.老师进入教室，后面跟着一群学生。(6)作方式状语，如有连词 as if，就转换为 as if 引导的方式状语从句；也可以转换为并列结构。He began to cry as if bitten by a snake.He began to cry as if he was bitten by a snake.他大叫起来，好像被蛇咬了。(7)过去分词作结果状语(相当于
7、结果状语从句)。He failed in the competition，blamed by his companions.He failed in the competition，so that he was blamed by his companions.他在比赛中失败了，受到了同伴的责备。名师点津 过去分词(短语)作时间、条件或让步状语时，为了明确其意义，有时可在过去分词(短语)前加上 when，while，if，once，unless，although 等连词，即我们通常所说的状语从句的省略。If merely drawn on your imagination，the report
8、 will not be convincing.假如仅靠你的想象去描绘，报告是不会有说服力的。Once(it is)seen，it will not be forgotten.只要看见了就不会忘记它。即时演练 1 句型转换Because she was born in a poor family，Nadia had only two years of schooling.Born in a poor family，Nadia had only two years of schooling.Though he is encouraged by his parents，he still has n
9、o confidence in overcoming the difficulties.Encouraged by his parents，he still has no confidence in overcoming the difficulties.2过去分词作状语需注意的几个问题(1)过去分词、现在分词和不定式作状语的区别：一般说来，过去分词作状语，和句子主语是被动关系；现在分词作状语，和句子主语是主动关系；不定式作状语，一般表示目的。请比较：Seen from the top of the tower，our city looks more beautiful.从塔顶上看，这座城市更
10、漂亮。(主语 the city 和 see 之间是被动关系)Seeing from the top of the tower，we can get a wonderful view of our city.从塔顶我们可以饱览城市的美景。(主语 we 和 see 之间是主动关系)To get a wonderful view of our city，we climbed to the top of the tower.为了饱览城市的美景，我们爬上了塔顶。(不定式表示目的)(2)过去分词的逻辑主语和句子的主语必须保持一致，请体会下列例句：Asked why she was late，her fac
11、e went red.()Asked why she was late，she went red in the face.()If caught，the police will punish the thief.()If caught，the thief will be punished by the police.()(3)有些分词已成为固定结构，当使用时应按固定结构对待，不必考虑它们与主语的关系。常见的有以下几种： judging by/from.“根据判断；由断定” ；generally/honestly/frankly speaking“一般/老实/坦率说来” ；provided(th
12、at).(providing that.)“假如；在条件下” ；given.“倘若；假定等” ；considering(that).“考虑到” ；supposing(that).“如果” Judging by/from his accent，he must be from the South.从他的口音判断，他一定是南方人。I will agree to go provided/providing that you go with me.假如你陪我一起去，我就同意去。(4)独立主格结构分词作状语时其逻辑主语与主句主语应保持一致。但当分词逻辑主语与主句主语不一致时，分词要有自己独立的逻辑主语，这
13、种主语常常是名词或代词，置于动词ing 形式或动词ed 形式之前。 这种“名词/代词动词ing/动词ed”结构在语法上被称为独立主格结构。此时分词形式的选择取决于名词/代词与动词ing/动词ed 形式所表示动作的逻辑关系，如果它们之间表示主动或动作正在进行，选择现在分词；如果它们之间表示被动或完成，选择过去分词。Spring coming on，the trees turned green.春天来了，树变绿了。The question settled，they felt released.问题解决了，他们感觉轻松了。即时演练 2 用所给动词的适当形式填空Compared(compare) wi
14、th the size of the whole earth，the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.When first introduced(introduce) to the market，these products enjoyed great success.Having finished the interview，the manager went to his office，followed(follow) by the interviewer.二、短语动词1动词副词该类短语动词有的只可用作及物动词，有的只可用作不及物动词，有的既可作
15、及物动词又可作不及物动词。He brought up his children strictly.他严格教育孩子们。(及物)Something unexpected has turned up.出现了令人意外的情况。(不及物)The barrel of gunpowder blew up.火药桶爆炸了。(不及物)The soldiers blew up the bridge.士兵们把桥炸毁了。(及物)名师点津 在“动词副词”的词组中宾语位置：宾语是名词，则可置于副词后面，亦可置于动词和副词之间。宾语是代词，只能置于动词和副词之间。2动词介词动词与介词构成的词组在词义上相当于一个及物动词，宾语总
16、是在介词后面。I dont much care for television.我不太喜欢看电视。(care forlike)He has been asked to account for his absence.他已被要求说明缺席的原因。He is a man to be depended on.他是个靠得住的人。3动词副词介词在这类动词短语中，动词、副词、介词紧密结合，是动副词组和动介词组的合成体，词义上相当于一个及物动词。它兼有以上两类短语动词的特点，但宾语总是位于介词之后。We must work hard to make up for the lost time.我们必须努力工作来弥
17、补失去的时间。There are some things that teachers will not put up with.有些事情教师是不会容忍的。4动词名词介词这类动词短语只用作及物动词。名词前可加形容词说明程度，宾语总是位于介词之后。这类短语动词常可用于被动语态，并且有些可以有两种形式。In some countries，people are making use of the heat in the center of the earth.The heat in the center of the earth is being made use of in some countri
18、es.Use is being made of the heat in the center of the earth in some countries.在一些国家，人们正在利用地球中心的热能。即时演练 3 句型转换They have made a terrible mess of the house.A terrible mess has been made of the house by them.The house has been made a terrible mess of by them.Mary took good care of the children.Good care
19、 was taken of the children by Mary.The children were taken good care of by Mary.【导学号：75142031】5其他短语动词(1)动词名词这类动词短语中的常见动词是 have，take，give，make 等，后面的名词通常是从动词转化而来的动作名词，并表达了短语动词的真正意义。have a look 看一看have a try 试一试make an appointment 约会take place 发生make way 前进make a discovery 发现Lets have another try.让我们再试
20、一下。You should make an apology to him for your rudeness.你应该为你的粗鲁向他道歉。(2)be形容词介词be形容词(包括过去分词作形容词)介词，宾语位于介词后面，短语动词的真正词义取决于形容词。I know he is slow at understanding，so you have to be patient with him.我知道他理解力差，所以你得对他耐心些。(3)动词反身代词介词help oneself to 随便吃give oneself to 专心于dress oneself in 穿着break oneself to 突破自
21、己throw oneself into 投身于即时演练 4 介词填空be late for 迟到be angry with sb. 生某人的气be busy with 忙于be short for 是的简称be interested in 对感兴趣语 法 应 用 落 实.单句语法填空1Offered(offer) an important role in a new movie，Andy has a chance to become famous.2Seen (see) from the top of the mountain，the south foot of the mountain is
22、 a sea of trees.3It is reported that the police will soon look into the case of two missing children.4They are broadening the bridge to speed up the flow of traffic.5Raised(raise) in the poorest area of Glasgow，he had a long，hard road to becoming a football star.6The house painted(paint)，he was tire
23、d.7With all things considered(consider)，her proposal is of great importance.8Some medicines，if wrongly taken(take)，can kill a person. 【导学号：75142032】9Can you tell me when the new edition is coming out?10The students in our class are all friendly to the newcomer.单句改错(每句仅有 1 处错误)1He is used to get up e
24、arly every morning.getgetting2The lecture was worth listening.在 listening 后加 to3In order not to be disturbed，I spent three days locking in my study.lockinglocked4Seeing from the top of the hill，the city looks very beautiful.SeeingSeen5When asking for his views about his teaching job，Philip said he found it very interesting and rewarding.askingasked
