1、Lecture two,Speech preparation: Getting started (I): preparing the speech outline,Part I Selecting a topic and purpose,1. Choosing a topicIt is almost certain that a speaker cannot be enthusiastic to an audience if that person is not enthusiastic about himself about the topic.,Choosing a Topic,1. To
2、pics You Know a Lot About,2. Topic You Want to Know More About,3. Brainstorming for Topics,1. Topics You Know a Lot About,Choosing a Topic,Everyone knows things or has done things that can be used in a speech. Think about unusual experiences you may have had and about special expertise you may have
3、acquired. You are bound to come up with something.,1. Topics You Know a Lot About,Choosing a Topic,Here are some topics that students used:,Hong Kong: the Greatest Place I Have ever Traveled Roller Skating: My Favorite Sport How Did I lose Weight The Greatest Teacher in My Life Family LoveAlways the
4、 Most Important Being a Responsible Student,2. Topic You Want to Know More About,Choosing a Topic,You may choose a subject about which you have some knowledge but not enough. You may also select a topic that hasnt touched you at all before but you want to explore.,3. Brainstorming for Topics,Choosin
5、g a Topic,Clustering,Take a sheet of paper and divide it into nine columns as follows: People, Places, Things, Events, Processes, Concepts, Natural Phenomena, Problems, and Plans and Policies. Then list in each column the first three to five items that come to mind.,Choosing a Topic,The paper may lo
6、ok like this:,People: George W. Bush, My family, David Beckham, Zhang Yimou Places: My hometown, Xian, Iraq, Taiwan, Los Angeles, Paris Things: Robots, Cell phones, Basketball, Movies, Computers Events: Beijing Olympics, 2008, September 11, 2001, Chinese New Year, Going to college, Moving to the new
7、 campus,Choosing a Topic,Processes: Taking photographs, Studying abroad, Giving a speech, Losing weight Concepts: Medical ethics, Free-speech theories, Confucianism, Religions, Conservatism Natural Phenomena: Earthquake, Hurricanes, Global warming, Wild animals Problems: Terrorism, Education in poor
8、 areas, Racial profiling, Campus crime Plans and Policies: Homeland security, Protecting civil Liberties, Building a new library,Choosing a Topic,Clustering,If you still cannot think of anything as a topic, take the items you find most intriguing and compose sub lists for each.,For example: Cartoons
9、: television, movies, Academy Awards, prizes, lotteries, gambling Campus Crime: police, fingerprints, hands, gloves, cold weather, night guards,Exercise: Make a clustering list of your own.,1. Determine the General Purpose,Determine the Purpose,The general purpose of a speech normally fall into two
10、types: to inform or to persuade.,When your general purpose is to inform, you act like a teacher or lecturer. Your goal is to convey information, and to do it clearly.,For example: How to Do Weight Lifting Correctly,1. Determine the General Purpose,Determine the Purpose,When your general purpose is t
11、o persuade, you act like an advocate or a statesman. You go beyond giving information to change or structure the attitudes or actions of your audience.,For example: Weight Lifting: The Best Way to Build Your Body,2. Determine the Specific Purpose,Determine the Purpose,The specific purpose should foc
12、us on one aspect of a topic. You should state your specific purpose in a single infinitive phrase.,For example: to inform my audience about ; to persuade my audience to ,2. Determine the Specific Purpose,Determine the Purpose,For example:Topic: EmergenciesGeneral Purpose: To informSpecific Purpose:
13、To inform my audience of the major steps in responding to an emergency.,Tips for Formulating the Specific Purpose Statement,Determine the Purpose,A. Write the Purpose Statement as a Full Infinitive Phrase, Not as a Fragment,Ineffective: Calendars.,More Effective: To inform my audience about the four
14、 major kinds of calendars used in the world today.,Determine the Purpose,B. Express Your Purpose as a Statement, Not as a Question,Ineffective: Is the US space program necessary?,More Effective: To persuade my audience that the US space program provides many important benefits to people here on eart
15、h.,Determine the Purpose,C. Avoid Figurative Language in Your Purpose Statement,Ineffective: To inform my audience that yoga is extremely cool.,More Effective: To inform my audience how yoga can improve their health.,Determine the Purpose,D. Limit Your Purpose Statement to One Distinct Idea,Ineffect
16、ive: To persuade my audience to become literacy tutors and to donate time to Habitat for Humanity. (仁爱之家),More Effective: To persuade my audience to become literacy tutors.,More Effective: To persuade my audience to donate time to Habitat for Humanity.,E. Make sure your specific purpose is not too v
17、ague or general,Determine the Purpose,Ineffective: To inform my audience about the civil war.,More Effective: To inform my audience about the role of African American soldiers in the civil war.,Phrasing the central idea,What is central idea?,Topic: EmergenciesGeneral Purpose: To informSpecific Purpo
18、se: To inform my audience of the major steps in responding to an emergency.,-is a concise statement of what you expect to say. it is also called thesis statement, the subject sentence or the major thought. The central idea sump up the speech in a single sentence.,Phrasing the central idea,central id
19、ea?,The major steps in responding to an emergency are surveying the scene, contacting an emergency medical service and starting CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation 【医】心肺复苏术) if needed.,Exercise: fill in the blanks,Supply the general purpose, specific purpose, and the central idea for a speech with th
20、e following main points. General purpose: to _Specific purpose: to _Central idea: _ Main points: I. The first factor is to be knowledgeable about the company.II. The second factor is to make a good initial impression.III. The third factor is to communicate effectively throughout the interview.,Exerc
21、ise: fill in the blanks,Supply the general purpose, specific purpose, and the main points for a speech with the following the central idea. General purpose: to _Specific purpose: to_ Central idea: Living in the country is preferable to living in the city because country life provides more privacy, i
22、nvolves less stress, and less pollution. Main points: I._II._III. _,Lets practice! Write down the general purpose, specific purpose, central ideas, main points and the conclusion.,General topic: globalization,Specific purpose: to inform my audience about the reasons of “losing cultural identity” and
23、 how to cope with the result brought about by globalization. Main points:1. introduction: describe the effects (positive and negative) of globalization. 2: analyze the reasons: certain blindness.,Sub-points: A. Western values distribute together with western products. B: Younger generation live in i
24、nternational environment. C: Lack of understanding of traditional Chinese culture makes them an easy target.,Main point 3: How to preserver our cultural identity? Sub-points: A: understand ourselves. (Lessons on Chinese culture should be emphasized) B: improve ourselves. (No culture can survive without developing or adapting to the new situation. “teamwork spirit” ) C: be proud of ourselves. (traditional values are also international. “Sunzi warfare strategy and confucius.”),Conclusion: embrace the opportunity of globalization and be confident that a new China will be on the horizon.,
