1、Unit 1,Text I：Never Give in. Never, Never, Never,New words from the text,catastrophic: a. of, relating to , or involving a catastrophe 大灾难的，灾难的、与灾难有关的或卷入灾难的. a catastrophic illness 一场灾难性的疾病 catastrophic 来自 catastrophe, Syn.：accident, calamity, disaster, misfortune, tragedy, cataclysm. These nouns re
2、fer to an event having fatal or ruinous results. 这些名词均只带来致命的或毁灭性结果的事件。,misfortune n. uncountable bad fortune or ill luck 厄运；坏运气或倒霉or the condition resulting from bad fortune or ill luck 由厄运或晦气带来的境遇 例：he wanted to help those in misfortune 他想帮助那些身逆境的人。 countable a distressing occurrence 倒霉事，不幸的事 例：Mis
3、fortunes are too apt to wear out friendship. 不幸的事情最能损害友谊。 misfortune, adversity, mishap, mischance all refer to state or an instance of ill for-tune or bad luck. 这些名词都指示一种坏运气或倒霉的状态或事件。,Misfortune, which applies most broadly, often suggests the operation off distressing circumstances beyond the victi
4、ms control.适用范围最广，它经常暗含着受害者所不能控制的令人烦恼的外部环境的运转。 She had the misfortune to become gravely ill. 她真倒霉，得了重病。 Adversity frequently implies continuing hardship or affliction. 经常暗含桌连续不断的艰难和磨难。 Debt-ridden farmers had to struggle with adversity. 负载累累的农场主必须和逆境进行斗争。 * Both mishap and mischance connote without
5、any mishaps. 两词都包含着轻微的或微不足道的事件或影响的意思。 a. They arrived at their destination without any mishaps.他们毫无差错地到达了目的地。 b. By mischance I dialed a wrong number 很倒霉，我拨错了电话号码。,desperate: having lost all hope; despairing 失去全部希望的；绝望的 dangerous; critical 几乎没有希望的；严重的，危险的; e.g. a desperate illness 绝症； a desperate si
6、tuation 危险境地 suffering or driven by great need or distress 急切的，极度渴望的，被强烈的需要或苦恼驱使的 Most of young people are desperate for recognition. 大多数年轻人急于得到承认。,(We had the unmeasured menace of the enemy and their air attack still beating upon us 那时我们面临着敌人无法衡量的威胁以及他们的空中部队始终攻打着我们) 1)menace n. a possible danger or
7、 a threat 威胁 e.g. a. Our world is facing the menace of nuclear war. 我们的世界正受着核战争之威胁。 b. A toddler is a menace is a shop full of crystal. 蹒跚学步的孩子对放满水晶制品的商店是一个威胁。 2) beat upon v. to flap or strike repeatedly 打，反复拍打,(I expect you are beginning to feel impatient that there has been this long lull with no
8、thing particular turning up : )-I have thought you are starting to feel intolerant that the unchanged situation about the war lasts so long that nothing cheerful occurs.,1）lull n. a relatively calm interval ,as in a storm 暂息。 Syn.：break, intermission, lapse, pause, recess, respite, rest, silence, st
9、illness. Lullaby 是 a soothing song with which to lull a child to sleep 摇篮曲 vt. to cause to sleep or rest ; soothe or calm 使人睡 e.g. The monotonous voice of the movement of thetrain lulled me to sleep.火车运行时单调的声音使我昏昏欲睡。,impostor n. one who engages in deception under an assumed name or identity 冒名顶替的人；涉
10、及以假名或假身份欺骗的人 Syn.：cheat, deceiver, faker, fraud, impersonator, pretender. e.g. Youre not my roommate, you impostor! 你不是我的室友，你是个骗子。,Conviction n. a fixed or strong belief 信念；不变的或坚定的信仰; a belief that excludes doubt. 是一种无庸置疑的信念。e.g. Responsible journalism is journalism responsible in the last analysis
11、to the editors own conviction of what, whether interesting or only important , is in the public interest.有鉴别的新闻事业指的是编辑对于不论有趣的或重要的事都持有自己观念且作最后分析的新闻业，这种新闻对大众负责。,（ never yield to the apparently overwhelming might of the enemy:） never give in or surrender to the seemingly strong enemy决不屈服于敌人表面上摧毁性的威力 1)
12、 yield: v. to give up, as in defeat; surrender or submit 让与，屈服；因失败而放弃；投降或屈服 e.g. a. The army yielded when it was attacked. 军队在受到进攻时投降了。 b. The child pleaded, but the parents wouldnt yield.孩子苦苦哀求，但父母不让步。,)apparently: ad. distinctly, evidently, manifestly, obviously, plainly显然；似乎; e.g： a. Apparently,
13、you have done a lot of work很明显你们已经作了很多工作。 b. Apparently sensitive to criticism, the bull forgot all about the matador and charged at the drunk. 公牛对挑畔显然很敏感，它全然不顾斗牛士，却向醉汉冲去 c. Apparently she was trying her best to save her child from severe illness.很明显，它在尽力设法挽救她那种病的孩子。,3) overwhelming a. overpowering
14、in effect or strength 势不可挡的；在影响力量上势不可挡的、不可抗拒的 例：overwhelming joy 压倒一切的快乐；an overwhelming majority 一个压倒的优势；the overwhelming majority 压倒多数,（ our account was closed ）we were completely defeated by enemy troops我们被打败了 Account n. a narrative or record if events 记述，报告：叙述事件或事件的记录 a reason given for a partic
15、ular action 理由：某一特别行为的理由 a formal banking , brokerage, or business relationship established to provide for regular services, dealings ,and other financial transactions 帐户：为提供定期的服务，交易，和其他金融活动而建立的正式银行业务，经济业或商业关系, money deposited for checking, savings, or brokerage use 存款：为支付，节省，或经纪业而存起来的钱 a customer h
16、aving a business or credit relationship with a firm 客户：与一公司有着商业或信誉联系的顾客 例：Salespeople visited their accounts. 推销员拜访了他们的客户。 worth, standing, or importance 价值，地位，重要性 例：He used to be a landowner of some account . 他过去是富有的地主。 profit or advantage 利润，优势 例：The company turned her writing skills to good accou
17、nt. 公司利用她的写作技巧来获利。,（Our country stood in the gap）： our countryshouldered the responsibility in isolation. 我们的国家挺身而出Stand in the gap v. stand out fight back 挺身阻挡 例：At the critical moment of world economic recession, a powerful government is needed to stand in the gap.在世界经济萧条的关键时刻，需要一个强有力的政府挺身而出。,（ we
18、re gone and finished and liquidated）： were over and completed and settled. 都没有了，完成了，结束了Liquidate: v. to settle the affairs of (a business firm, for example) by determining the liabilities and applying the assets to their discharge. 清算：通过确实债务并对资产进行清偿来解决(例如一个商业公司)事务 to put an end to; abolish 结束；废除,（Th
19、ere was no flinching and no thought of giving in. ）没有畏缩没有放弃的思想。 flinch v. to start or wince involuntarily, as from surprise or pain , something unpleasant or difficulty 退缩：由于惊奇或疼痛以及令人不愉快的或困难的事而惊奇或退缩例：a. to flinch at pain 因怕痛而畏缩b. Jones didnt flinch once when the nurse cleaned the cut in his leg. 护士为
20、琼斯清洗腿上的伤口时，它毫无畏缩。c. The guests were frightened to flinch when the dog was barking at them in front of the fence door. 狗在篱笆门前向客人们狂吠，他们吓得向后缩去。,Text AnalysisThis text is an inspiring speech made by Winston Churchill, Great Britains ex-Prime Minister and famous orator, when he visited Harrow School on O
21、ctober 29, 1941. The whole speech can be divided into three parts.,Part I (Paragraph 1) is the opening remarks in which Churchill summarized the great events that had happened in the world with Great Britain in particular and then talked about the purpose of his visit to encourage the whole nation t
22、o fight against the Nazis. Part II (Paragraphs 2-5) is the body of the speech in which he analyzed the world situation and how other countries looked at Britain and then called on the British people not to give in. Part III (Paragraphs 6-8) is the closing remarks in which, by changing a word in the
23、additional verse of the school song, he expressed his conviction that this nation was determined to fight for the victory of this great war.,Paragraph 1 In this paragraph, Churchill reviewed the great events that had happened in the world, particularly in Great Britain. Then he led the audience to t
24、he intention of this visit to encourage the British people to keep on fighting against the Fascists. Questions to be considered:,1) What was Churchills intention of singing some of their songs? At the initial stage of the Second World War, Great Britain was fighting in isolation against Nazi Fascist
25、s. Some British people doubted whether their nation could win the war with their own efforts. Churchill wanted to convey the conviction of the government to the British people through these songs and encourage them not to give in.,2) Why did Churchill use ill-favored words such as ups and downs and
26、misfortunes when talking about the menace of the enemy? Because he wanted to inspire patriotic spirit in the people, encourage them to face the difficult situation and fight bravely against the Nazis.,Paragraphs 2-5 In this part, Churchill concentrated on the purpose of his speech, i. e. to inspire
27、the people all over the country, men and women, old and young, to maintain the relentless spirit of this nation and to fight for the final victory of this great war. Questions to be considered:,What did Churchill mean by saying “we must learn to be equally good at what is short and sharp and what is
28、 long and tough“? By saying this he meant to make the British people fully aware that they should not only be able to fight and win short and quick battles but also be ready to fight and win hard and enduring wars.,Why did Churchill quote Kipling as saying “treat those two impostors just the same“?
29、Because he tried to enlighten the British people from another perspective by implying that they should treat triumphs and disasters of the war in the same way. Sometimes triumphs were just overt phenomena, which could mislead people to a wrong conception. And disasters were not as frightening as the
30、y seemed to be, and we should not feel discouraged. The massive air force of Nazi Fascists was strong in appearance, but it could be defeated sooner or later.,3) What lesson had they learnt?The lesson learnt throughout the past ten months was that when facing great difficulties, one should never giv
31、e in. With the reasonable combination of imagination and courage, the British people could overcome any kind of difficulties and smash any attack of the mighty enemy.,Language Work 1. ups and downs: a mixture of goodthings and bad things The organization has experienced its ups and downs since it wa
32、s founded in 1999. Sitting beside the window, he recalled the ups and downs of his parenthood.,2. the very great improvement: the better armament of the British forces and assistance from the United States.At the beginning of the Battle of Britain initiated by Germany on July 10, 1940, especially af
33、ter the blitz of London, British military forces were poorly armed. Then they obtained military aids from the United States and improved their armament. In addition, Britain was no longer alone in the war. In 1941, the United States began to involve itself in the war. On 7 July 1941, American troops
34、 joined British troops in the occupation of Iceland. August 9-13, 1941, U. S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill met at Placentia Bay, off the coast of Newfoundland, and signed the Atlantic Charter, a document outlining the Allied war aims.,3. position: situ
35、ation at a particular time It is time those companies revealed moreabout their financial position. Their soccer team is going to be in a very difficult position if nothing particular shows up. 4. the unmeasured menace of the enemy: the immense or incalculable threat or danger of the enemy attack 5.
36、. you are beginning to feel impatient that there has been this long lull .: you are beginning to be anxious because there has been no progress of the war in such a long quiet period.,4) Why did Churchill say the mood wasdifferent? Because ten months ago, Hitlers air forces struck Britain and the who
37、le nation was thrown into disorder and unease. Many other nations thought that this nation would be conquered soon just as what had happened to France. But when they gathered in the same school ten months later, they had accumulated, in addition to better armament, sufficient strength and confidence
38、 to fight against the Nazi troops.,Language Work 6. what is short and sharp and what is long and tough: difficulties and hardships of any kind, imminent or distant, temporary or long-lasting 7. noble chance of war: impressive opportunities of war 8. throwing our minds back to our meeting here ten mo
39、nths ago: recollecting our meeting atHarrow School ten months ago Please throw your mind back to 1945, when people all over the world were engaged in a great and cruel war against the Fascists.,9. . appearances are often very deceptive .: surface phenomena tend to be misleading 10. meet with: experi
40、ence; undergo Attempts to find civilian volunteers have met with embarrassing failure. Efforts to put the Russian space program into market have met with little success. 11. . imagination makes things out far worse .: what one imagines tends tobe worse than reality .,make out: see or understand 12.
41、pray to be given that extra courage to carry this far-reaching imagination: wish to be equipped with excessive courage to accomplish or realize this effective and influential blueprint. 13. convictions of honor and good sense: strong beliefs in honor and good judgment of duty andjustice 14. never yi
42、eld to the apparently overwhelming mightof the enemy: never give in or surrender to theseemingly strong enemy 15. .our account was closed .: we were completelydefeated by enemy troops .,16. Very different is the mood today.: How other nations view Britain and how the British people think and feel ab
43、out the war is quite different today from ten months ago. 17. Britain . had drawn a sponge across her slate.: Britain . was completely wiped out. 18. . our country stood in the gap.: our country shouldered the responsibility in isolation. At the critical moment of world economic recession, a powerfu
44、l government is needed to stand in the gap. 19 we have only to persevere to conquer.: we have no choice but to hold on until victory comes.,Paragraphs 6-9 In this concluding part, Churchill reiterated (反复讲；反复做；重申) his inspirations by changing a word in a verse of a traditional song.,Question to be c
45、onsidered; Why did Churchill replace the word “darker“ with “sterner“? Because he had a strong conviction of victory. The word “darker“ carries a pessimistic tone, for it indicates “a period of unpleasant and frightening time“ and implies hopelessness in a difficult period. But the word “sterner“, a
46、lthough it has the identical referent, suggests the bright side of the situation and shows Churchills optimistic view. By changing the word, Churchill wanted to convey to the British people the message that although there were still great difficulties ahead, Great Britain would prevail in the end.,2
47、0.That extra verse written in my honor: the verse that is added to a school song in my honor. The verse is: Not less we praise in darker days The leader of our nation And Churchills name shall win acclaim From each new generation For you have power in dangers hour Our freedom to defend, Sir! Though
48、long the fight we know that right Will triumph in the end, Sir! 21. each of us according to our stations: each of us according to our social positions,Word distinction catastrophic 来自 catastrophe, 同义词有：accident, calamity, disaster, misfortune, tragedy, cataclysm. The nouns refer to an event having f
49、atal or ruinous results. （这些名词均只带来致命的或毁灭性结果的事件。） Disaster generally implies great destruction, hardship, or loss of life. (通常暗示巨大的破坏、困难或丧失生命。) A nuclear disaster, spread by winds and waters and fear, could well engulf the great and the small, the rich and the poor, the committed and the uncommitted alike.(核灾难，由风、水和恐惧而传播出去，可完全吞噬、大国、小国、富国、穷国，以及结盟的和不结盟的国家。),Calamity emphasizes distress, grief, or thesense of loss. （强调痛苦、悲伤或失落感。）This is the heaviest calamity in English history, the breach with America. (和美国关系的破裂，这是英国历史上最沉重的灾难。),
