1、CHAPTER 9 International Cargo Transport,国际货物运输,International Cargo Transport,Modes of transportSea transport,Shipping documentsB/L,Shipping clause,1. Modes of Transport,（1）Sea transport （2）Rail transport （3）Air transport （4）Container transport （5）International multi-modal transport （6）Inland waterwa
2、y, parcel post transport,. Sea Transport,Overview: （1）Most widely used mode （2）Features： Easy passage Large capacity Low cost Slow Vulnerable to bad weather Less punctual,Liner transport班轮运输,Charter transport 租船运输,. Sea Transport,1、Liner transport (p228) (1) Characteristics of liner transport： 4 Fix
3、ed: Fixed sailing date/regular timetable, fixed route /regular line, making calls at scheduled ports/regular port Relatively/comparatively fixed freight rate;四固定: 船期、航线、停靠港口、运费率固定,1、Liner transport （1）Characteristics of liner transport： Liner freight covers loading and unloading charges, so the carr
4、ier is responsible for the loading and unloading.一负责:船方负责装和卸，运费中包括装卸费，不计滞期费和速遣费,Freight rate is stipulated in the tariff, containing basic freight rate and surcharges. 班轮运费是班轮公司从事货物运输后向货主收取的报酬，它由基本运费和附加费两部分组成。,(2) Freight Rate,Basic freight基本运费:是指货物从装运港运到卸货港所应收取的运费，它是构成全程运费的主要部分；Surcharges附加费:是指对一些需
5、要特殊处理的货物，或者由于突发事件或客观情况变化等原因而需另外加收的费用。,NOTES,According to the tariff, the standards of collecting basic freight are as follows: 基本运费按班轮运价表规定的计收标准计收，其计算标准有如下八种： (a) According to gross weight, marked with “W”, the freight is to be calculated per metric ton on weight (weight ton). Heavy cargo is charged
6、 on this basis (a)按货物毛重，又称重量吨计收运费，运价表用“W”表示。以每公吨（1000千克）为运费计算单位。吨以下取3位小数。, Standards of Collecting Freight,(b) According to volume / measurement: marked with “M” , the freight is to be calculated per cubic meter on measurement of the cargo (measurement ton）. Light cargoes are charged on this basis (
7、b)按货物的体积/容积计收，以每立方米为运费计算单位，又称尺码吨,立方米以下取3位小数。运价表中用“M”表示。, Standards of Collecting Freight,(c) According to the value of the cargo, marked with “Ad Val”, the freight is to be calculated on the basis of the price or value of the cargo Usually a certain percentage of FOB price is charged on the value of
8、 gold, silver, precious stones, etc. (c)按商品价格计收，又称为从价运费，运价表内用“A.V.”或“Ad Val”表示。一般按货物的FOB价格的百分之几计收。,(d) According to gross weight or measurement: marked with “W/M” , the freight is to be calculated on basis of either weight ton or measurement ton, subject to the higher one. (d)按毛重或体积计收，由船公司选择其中收费较高的一
9、种作为计费吨，运价表中用“W/M”表示。,(e) According to gross weight or volume or A.V., indicated by “W/M or Ad val.”, the highest rate is adopted. (e)在货物重量、尺码或价值三者中选择最高的一种计收，运价表中用“W/M or Ad val.”表示。,(f) According to gross weight or volume, and then plus a certain percentage of A.V., which is indicated by “W/M, plus
10、A.V.”(f)先按货物重量或尺码选择其高者，再加上从价运费计算，运价表中以“W/M plus ad val.”表示。,(g) According to the number of the cargo (g)按每件货物作为一个计价单位收费。(h) According to the temporary/interim of special agreement entered into between the ship-owner and the consignor. (h)临时议定价格。,Company A exports 100 cases of Good X to London. The v
11、olume and gross weight per case are 40cm30cm20cm and 30kg respectively. Good X is classified as Class 10 and the freight for Class 10 is calculated on W/M. The tariff (ChinaLondon) shows that the basic freight rate for Class 10 is US$222, with 10% port surcharges. How much is the total freight?(i) T
12、otal weight: 0.03M/T100 = 3 M/T(ii) Total volume: 0.40.30.2100 = 2.4 M3(iii) As the total weight is greater than the total volume, thus weightis the basis for collecting freight.(iv) Total freight = total weight (basic freight rate + surcharge)= 3 (222 + 222 10%)= US$732.6,（a）Heavy lift additional:
13、extra charges on heavy lengths超重附加费: 由于货物单件重量超过一定限量时而加收的一种附加费。（b）Long length surcharge: extra charges on over lengths超长附加费: 由于单件货物的长度超过一定限度时而加收的一种附加费。, Surcharges,（c）optional fees 选港费: （e） Direct additional: 直航附加费:一批货物达到规定的数量，托运人要求将该批货物直接运达非基本港口卸货，船公司因而加收的费用。,（f） transshipment additional 转船附加费: 货物需要
14、转船运输，船公司必须在转船港口办理换装和转船手续，由此作业所增加的费用叫转船附加费。（g） port additional/port surcharges 港口附加费:由于某些港口的情况比较复杂，装卸效率低、港口收费高等原因，船公司特此加收一定的费用，此费用叫港口附加费。（h）bunker adjustment factor/bunker surcharge燃油附加费,2、Charter transportCharter transport: paying money to shipping company to use their boats; is widely used in trans
15、port of bulk cargo.租船运输，又称不定期船运输，是指租船人向船东租赁船舶用于运输国际货物的业务。 （1） Voyage charter transport: to hire a ship for a particular voyage.定程租船，又称程租船或航次租船，是指按照租赁合同，由船舶所有人提供船舶，在指定港口之间进行一个航次或数个航次航行，承运指定的国际货物的租船运输。,定程租船的运输费用包括定程租船运费和装卸费两部分。规定装卸期限和装卸率，计算滞期费和速遣费。 定程租船的运费: 指货物从装运港至目的港的海上运费。 定程租船的装卸费 (a) Liner terms /
16、gross terms: Freight includes loading and unloading charges; 船方负担装货费和卸货费，称作“班轮条件”,(b) free out, FO: Freight includes loading charges. 船方管装不管卸: 即船方负担装货费，但不负担卸货费。 (c) free in, FI: Freight includes unloading charges. 船方管卸不管装: 即船方负担卸货费，而不负担装货费。 (d) free in and out, FIO: Freight excludes loading and unlo
17、ading charges. 船方装和卸均不管: 即船方既不负担装货费，也不负担卸货费。这种条件主要是针对散装货物的。,(e) FIOST: The ship owner is not responsible for loading, unloading, stowed and trimmed charges. 船方装和卸,理舱费，平仓费均不管: 即船方既不负担装货费，也不负担卸货费。这种条件主要是针对散装货物的。 （2）Time charter transport: to hire a ship for a definite period of time.（p226)定期租船，又称期租船，是
18、指按照租赁合同，由船舶所有人将船舶出租给承租人，供其使用一定时期的租船运输。,（3）光船租船(demise charter)P226also called bareboat charter: the ship-owner only provides the charter with a bare-boat,the charter shall employ the crew and pay the crews wages and provisions,ships maintenance and stores, etc. by himself,apart from those expenses h
19、e is responsible for under the time charter 是指船舶所有人仅将船舶出租给承租人，船上既无船长，又无船员，如要进行运输，租船人自己必须任命船长和配备船员，并负责船员的给养和船舶管理所需的一切费用。由此可见，这种租船方式实际上是一种财产租赁，在国际货运中较少使用。,Rail transportA major mode of transport in terms of capacity, only second to ocean transportation. It is capable of achieving relatively high speed
20、 and is very economical especially if it provides the complete trainload for a shipper on a regular basis.It is less prone to interruption by bad weather. But it is confined (受限制的) to railroads and therefore less flexible. Rail transport is popular in multimodal transport and transshipment. It is wi
21、dely used in landbridge transport.,Air transport Ideal mode of carriage for valuable goods, delicate goods, physically perishable goods such as food and plants, urgent products such as medicine and very small shipments which are less costly by air than by water, etc.(1) Benefits of air transportfast
22、er delivery, better security, less packing, lower insurance.,(3) Types of air transport servicesScheduled airline: operates over a fixed airline and between fixed airports. Chartered carriers: the hire of an aircraft by a shipper or several shippers to deliver cargoes. Consolidation: the air freight
23、 forwarder assembles a number of individual shipments into one consignment and dispatches them on one air waybill. the freight rate is lower.Air express service: for shipping small packages of goods such as medicines in urgent need, samples and shipping documents by air.,航空运输的承运人P232 （1）航空运输公司 （2）航空
24、货运代理公司 航空运单 主运单（master air waybill，由航空公司签发 分运单（house air waybill，由航空货运公司签发，在集中托运、联运、门到门运输时用）,Means the carriage of cargo by at least two modes of transport on the basis of a multi-modal transport contract from a place at which the cargoes are collected in one country to a place designated for delive
25、ry in another country. 国际多式联运系指由多式联运经营人按照多式联运合同，以至少两种不同的运输方式，将货物从一国境内接受货物的地点运至另一国的境内指定地点交货的运输方式。”,International Multi-modal Transport(P235),（二）Conditions构成国际多式联运必须具备以下条件： 1、There shall be a multi-modal transport contract.必须有一份多式联运合同； 2、It includes two or more different modes of successive transporta
26、tion.必须是国际间两种或两种以上运输方式的连贯运输（可以不含水上运输）； 3、Combined transport documents shall cover the whole journey.必须使用一份包括全程的多式运输单据； 4、It shall be international transport必须是国际间的货物运输； 5、The multi-modal transport operator(MTO) shall be resposible for the whole journey.必须由一个多式联运经营人对全程运输负总责； 6、The whole journey shall
27、 use a single freight rate.必须是全程单一的运费费率。,A method of distributing merchandise in a unitized form, suitable for ocean, rail and multi-model transport.是以集装箱作为运输单位进行货物运输的一种现代化运输方式。集装箱运输可适用于海洋运输、铁路运输、公路运输、航空运输等。,Container Transport(P235),ADVANTAGES,It can be handled quickly and easily by standardized eq
28、uipment and can thus save labors and loading and unloading charges. The low risk of cargo damage and pilferage enables more favorable cargo premium to be obtained, compared with break-bulk cargo shipments. Less packing is required for containerized consignments. Faster transit, coupled with more rel
29、iable maritime schedules, and ultimately increased service frequency, produces savings in warehouse accommodation needs, and lessens risks of obsolescent stock and speeds up capital turnover.,（1）集装箱的种类国际航运上常用的集装箱类型：1A型 8 8 40 （可装货重量约25公吨，可装货体积约55立方米） 1C型 8 8 20 （可装货重量约17公吨，可装货体积约25立方米） 常用的是干杂货集装箱DC（
30、Dry Cargo Container）,也称通用集装箱GP(general propose container),Modes of container serviceFCL: full container load, the whole container load (整箱货) LCL: less than container load, a partial container load (拼箱货) CFS: container freight station, where cargoes are delivered forcontainerization CY: container yar
31、d， where FCL is delivered.CY/CY container service: door-to-door CY/CFS container service: door-to-port CFS/CY container service: port-to-door CFS/CFS container service: port-to-port,（2）、装箱的两种方式：A 整箱货（FCL）B 拼箱货（LCL）（3）、集装箱货物的主要交接方式：A 堆场到堆场（CY TO CY）B 货运站到货运站（CFS TO CFS）C 门到门（door to door),Land Bridge
32、 Transport(P237) 大陆桥运输,大陆桥运输是指使用横贯大陆的铁路（公路）运输系统，作为中间桥梁，把大陆两端的海洋连接起来的海-陆-海的集装箱连贯运输方式。 现在已形成3条大陆桥运输线路： 西伯利亚大陆桥运输 新亚欧大陆桥运输 北美大陆桥运输 另外：美国OCP运输,美国OCP运输 Overland Common Points,用以说明海上运输目的地的术语 美国内路地区，以落基山脉为界，即其以西的紧临太平洋的美国西部九个州以外，其以东地区均为适用OCP的地区范围。 OCP运输过程就是，远东地区出口到美国的货物海运到美国西部港口卸货，再通过陆路交通（主要是铁路）向东运至制定的内陆地区。
33、 OCP运输可享受比通常运费较低的优惠海运运费,采用OCP条款必须满足的条件：,货物最终目的地必须属于OCP地区范围 货物必须经由美国西海岸港口中转 在提单备注栏内以及货物唛头上应注明最终目的地OCPXX城市。 例如： 合同、信用证：目的港：CIF San Francisco (OCP) （西海岸港口名+内陆地区)提单： 目的港：San Francisco (OCP)备注栏/唛头：OCP Detroit ( “内陆地区底特律”),Time of delivery,2 Shipment Clause,Place of shipment,Partial shipment and transship
34、ment,3 Shipment Clause,Time of shipment In FOB, CFR, CIF, FCA, CPT, CIP contract, time of shipment = time of delivery (1) Time of shipment definitely stated. Example: Shipment during December 1997.(2) Shipment within days after receipt of L/C.,Delivery,Time of Shipment,Ways of stipulating the time o
35、f shipment definite time of shipment fixed time Shipment at or before the end of June, 1999 Shipment on or before Sept. 15, 2000 Shipment not later than July 31, 1999 fixed period of time Shipment during May 1999 Shipment during Oct./Nov. 1999 without a fixed time Shipment within 15 days after recei
36、pt of remittance Shipment by first available vessel Shipment within 30 days after receipt of L/C (the relevant L/C must reach the seller not later than ),Basic Rules：装运时间不仅要作出具体的、毫不含糊的规定，而且也要留有充分的余地。一般来说，不应规定一个具体的日期作为装运日（例：2002年10月14日装船）。,1. Stipulating time of delivery,fixed period time 1、规定某月装运Shi
37、pment during March 2012 2、规定跨月装运Shipment during Feb./Mar. 2012 Shipment within Oct./Nov./Dec. 2012. fixed time 3、规定某月或某日之前装运Shipment at or before the end of May 2012Shipment on or before July 15th 2012Shipment not later than July 30, 2013.,Ways of Stipulating time of delivery,whithout fixed time 4、规
38、定在收到信用证后若干天内装运shipment within 45 days after receipt of L/C 注意：在采用这种装运期规定时，必须同时规定有关信用证开到的期限。 The relevant L/C should reach the seller not later than 5.规定近期装运 Shipment as soon as possible. (immediately , promptly)6.Shipment on or about May 15, 2013.,UCP600的有关规定,第3条.如使用“于或约于”之类词语来限定装运日期者，银行将视为在所述日期前后各五
39、天内装运，起迄日包括在内。on or about 举例：约于2012年10月14日 即 9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19, 3条。如用“至”（to,till,untill)用于确定发运日期时包括所述日期 。 3条。“月日以后”(after,before)用于确定发运日期时不包括所述日期。 3条。“上半月”和“下半月”应分别理解为自每月“日至日”和“日至月末最后一天”，包括起迄日。 3条。“月初”、“月中”和“月末”应分别理解为每月日至日、日至日和日至月末最后一天，包括起迄日期。,案例,某年我与伊朗一中间商成交尼龙线108600磅，合同规定4月底以前开证，5月装船。
40、该商品因是以销定产，我便立即让有关工厂安排生产，以免耽误船期。但到4月底未见来证，经一再催问，对方始回答须更改规格后方能开证。这时大部分货已备妥，无法更换。问我应该如何处理并吸取什么教训?,案情分析：原因就在于我方未规定对方义务完成的最迟期限。（国际上的惯例是L/C应于最迟装运月前一个月开到）,2. Place of shipment,装运港,广州,上海/厦门/广州,广东口岸,中国港口,目的港,伦敦,热那亚/马赛/伦敦,欧洲主要港口,2. Port of shipment and destinationUsually one port of shipment and one port of d
41、estination. Sometimes, two or more than two. If the port (s) cant be defined clearly when the contract is concluded, may adopt optional ports. Two ways: Choose from two or more than two ports, e.g. London/Hamburg/Rotterdam;,装运港（地）与目的地（港） 1、装运港（地）与目的地（港）的规定方法1）规定装运港与目的港各一个。2）规定两个或两个以上的装运港与目的港。（实际业务需要
42、）3）、规定选择港（optional ports） （明确规定装运港与目的港有困难时而采取）,选择港,定义：即允许收货人在预先提出的两个或两个以上的卸货港中，在货轮驶抵第一个备选港口前，按船公司规定的时间，将最后确定的卸货港通知船公司或其代理人，船方负责按通知的卸货港卸货。按一般航运惯例，如果货方未在规定时间将选定的卸货港通知船方，船方有权在任何一个备选港口卸货。 采用选择港应注意的问题：（1）合同中规定的选择港的数目一般不超过3个；（2）备选港口在同一条班轮航线上，而且是班轮公司的船只都能停靠的港口；,（3）在核定价格和计算运费时，应按备选港口中最高的费率加上选港附加费计算。（4）在合同中应
43、明确规定因选择港而增加的运费、附加费均由买方负担。,选择港实例(1) CIF London/Hamburg/Rotterdam optional(2) CIF London,optional Hamburg/Rotterdam.Optional additionals for buyers account,2、Notice规定装运港（地）与目的地（港）应注意的问题P240 1）The stipulation on the port of destination shall be definite and specific.规定装运港与目的港必须明确具体； 2）Inland city cant
44、be the port of shipment and destination内陆城市不能直接作为装运港与目的港； 3）注意装卸港的具体条件，一般装运港由卖方提出，买方确认；目的港由买方提出，卖方确认。 4）Pay attention to the same names of foreign ports.港名重名问题； 5）Be alert to use optional port.慎重使用“选择港”。,案例,有一加拿大商人欲以每吨500加元，CIF魁北克 购我商品，12月装船，即期信用证付款，问对此条件应如何考虑并应如何答复?,案情分析： 魁北克是个季节性港口，每年从11月至下一年4月会结冻
45、，船舶无法挂靠。,partial shipment: also called shipment by installments. Means the goods in one contract are to be shipped in lots,3. Partial shipment & transshipment,Partial shipment,Partial shipments allowed. (prohibited),Shipment should be effected within Jan/Feb/Mar 2003 in three lots.,in three monthly
46、lots.,in three equal monthly lots.,Shipment should be effected within May/June in three lots, 500M/T for each.,案例29,我国出口2000公吨大米至新加坡，国外开来信用证规定：不允许分批装运，装运时间为2002年1月/2月。结果我方分别于2月25日在烟台、于3月2日在上海装运1000公吨大米于同一航次的同一船上，提单也注明了不同的装运地和不同的装船日期。请问这是否违约？,CASE STUDY,CASE STUDY,广东某出口公司与外商签定了一笔出口荔枝的合同，合同规定总数量为1200公
47、吨，交货期4-7月份，每月平均装运300公吨，以信用证方式付款。对方按合同规定如期开来了信用证。该出口公司4月份交货300公吨，并顺利取得货款。5月份备货不充分，只交出250公吨，不足的50公吨意欲于6月一并交出。但遭到银行的拒付。,Article 31 Partial Drawings or Shipments a. Partial drawings or shipments are allowed. b. A presentation consisting of more than one set of transport documents evidencing shipment com
48、mencing on the same means of conveyance and for the same journey, provided they indicate the same destination, will not be regarded as covering a partial shipment, even if they indicate different dates of shipment or different ports of loading, places of taking in charge or dispatch. If the presenta
49、tion consists of more than one set of transport documents, the latest date of shipment as evidenced on any of the sets of transport documents will be regarded as the date of shipment.,b.表明使用同一运输工具并经由同次航程运输的数套运输单据在同一次提交时，只要显示相同目的地，将不视为部分发运，即使运输单据上标明的发运日期不同或装卸港、接管地或发送地点不同。 如果交单由数套运输单据构成，其中最晚的一个发运日将被视为
50、发运日。 运输单据表面注明货物系使用同一运输工具并经同一路线运输的， 只要运输单据注明的目的地相同，不视为分批装运。,A presentation consisting of one or more sets of transport documents evidencing shipment on more than one means of conveyance within the same mode of transport will be regarded as covering a partial shipment, even if the means of conveyance leave on the same day for the same destination. 含有一套或数套运输单据的交单，如果表明在同一种运输方式下经由数件运输工具运输，即使运输工具在同一天出发运往同一目的地，仍将被视为部分发运。,
