1、 英语词汇分类英语词汇可分为两种十类。一种是可以在句子中独立担任成分的实词，即名词、代词 、动词、数 词 、形容词、副词，另一种是不能在句子中独立担任成分的虚词，即介 词、冠 词 、连词和感叹词。词汇分类表词 类 英语名词（缩写形式） 作 用 例 词名词 the noun(n.) 表示人或事物的名称 boy 男孩book 书代词 the pronoun(prop.) 代替名词、数词等 we 我们many 很多动词 the verb(v.) 表示动作或状态 go 去be 是数词 the numeral( num.) 表示数量或顺序 one 一first 第一形容词 the adjective(a
2、dj.) 用以修饰名词，表示人祸事物的特征 tall 高的good 好的实词副词 the adverb(adv. ,ad.) 用以修饰动词、形容词、副词等，表示动作特征或状态特征 slowly 慢慢地very 非常冠词 the article(art.) 用在名词前，帮助说明名词所指的人祸事物 a, anthe 这，那介词 the preposition(prep.) 用在名词、代词等的前面，说明它与别的词之间的关系 In 在里about 关于连词 the conjunction(conj.) 用来连接词与词、短语与短语或者句与句 and 和when 当时虚词感叹词 the interject
3、ion(interj.) 表示说话时的感情色彩或口气 Oh 哦ah 啊一、名词的作用1、作主语His brother has been in the army for three years.This book is very interesting.2、作宾语作及物动词的宾语We study English.Have you seen the film?She was looking after her younger sister this time yesterday.作介词的宾语Hell speak at the meeting.3、作宾语补足语We call her Miss Wan
4、g.4、作表语They are both teachers.Mr. Lin is a worker.5、作同位语The small desks and chairs are for us students.6、作称呼语Open the door, Wei Fang.7、作状语She was late three times this weeks.The meeting lasted three hours.8、作定语This is an evening paper.There are banana trees.二、冠词的用法冠词在句子中不能单独作句子成分，只能用于名词之前表示对名词的修饰和限制
5、，不定冠词(a, an)只能用在单数可数名词之前，常用于”a, an+单数可数名词，a, an+adj.+单数可数名词中”定冠词(the) 可用于单数或复数名词前。三、人称代词的作用1、人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或表语，宾格形式在句中作及物动词或介词的宾语。I am a teacher. You are students.Who is there? It is me.Mr. Li teaches us English.His father bought many books for him.2、物主代词的用法形容词性物主代词只能作定语。their students our teacher名词
6、性物主代词可作主语、表语和宾语。His brother is a driver, mine is a soldier.Is this key yours? No. Its hers.（表语）I have lost my pen. May I use yours?（宾语）3、反身代词的用法作宾语The young man teaches himself Japanese.作名词、代词的同位语，用来加强语气。表示“亲自、本人”的意思，通常跟在名词后，但也可位于句末。I myself did the work.（亲自）Ill ask the teacher himself about my exam
7、s.（本人）4、指示代词在句中代替名词作主语、宾语、表语，也可代替形容词作定语。This is my dictionary.（主语）I like this, while she likes that.（宾语）What I want is this.（表语）These sheep are all fat.（定语 05、相互代词作动词或介词的宾语We should learn from each other.They dont often see each other now.6、连接代词在句子中起连接作用，用来引导名词性从句，同时在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语，其形式与疑问句一样，指人的有
8、who, whom, whose,指物的有 which, what。Who will teach you English is unknown.（主语）I cant tell which is better.（主语，引导宾语从句）That is what I want to say.（宾语，引导宾语从句）I dont know which animal runs fastest.（定语，引导宾语从句）7、疑问代词和不定代词四、数词基数词和序数词的句法作用基本相当于名词和形容词在句中。在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、同位语。Two of them have gone.（主语）The first
9、is larger than the second. （主语）Give me three. He likes the second.（宾语）The boy is twelve. Its six.（表语）March is the third month of a year.（定语）Most desks have four legs. （定语）The books are for you two.（同位语）五、形容词作定语He is a clever boy.Its nothing serious.作表语Our classroom is clean and tidy.This story is ve
10、ry interesting.作宾语补足语The good news made us happy.六、副词主要作用是用作状语，可以修饰动词、形容词和其他副词，有时侯修饰整个句子。有些副词在句子中还可以作表语定语和宾语补足语。I know him quite well.（状语）He is out at the moment.（表语 0Look at the trees there.（定语）I saw her out with her parents.（宾语补足语）七、介词介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，需要和它后面的名词或代词一起构成介词短语，在句子中充当宾语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。Who i
11、s the girl in the red coat?（定语）His brother is at work.（表语）We met the old man in the street.（状语）They must keep their hands behind their backs.（宾语补足语）八、连词连词是虚词，不能打扮度在句中作句子成分，只能在句子中起连接作用，可以连接词与词，词组与词组，句子与句子。Both Mary and John enjoy dancing.I like listening to the radio, but I cant spend much time on it
12、.九、感叹词感叹词，在句子中只能作独立成分中的感叹语，表示说话时的感情或口气。Oh, you are here.十、动词英语中的五种基本句型英语句子归纳起来有五种基本结构，如果将“there be”结构单列一种的话，英语的所有句子都是由这六种结构组成。基本句型一： S V（主+ 谓）基本句型二： S V P（主+ 谓+表）基本句型三： S V O（主+谓+宾）基本句型四： S V o O（主+谓+间宾+ 直宾）基本句型五： S V O C（主 +谓+宾+ 宾补）基本句型一此句型的句子有一个共同的特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句
13、等。S V（不及物动词）1. The sun was shining. 2. The moon rose. 3. The universe remains.4. We all breathe, eat, and drink.5. Who cares?6. What he said does not matter.7. They talked for half an hour.8. The pen writes smoothly.1、太阳在照耀着。 2、月亮升起来了。 3、宇宙长存。4、我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。 5、管它呢？ 6、他所讲的没有什么关系。7、他们谈了半个小时。 8、这支笔书写流利。
14、“主谓(不及物)”：从英语的句法来看，每个句子都必须具备主谓两部分，有时在句中找不到主语或谓语，那是特殊句式或临时的省略，而不是不存在。如：Go away！(You go away.)What beautiful flowers！(What beautiful flowers they are！)不及物动词常可跟副词作状语，这时要注意与名词作宾语区分。试比较：The book sells well.(副词作状语)He sold the book.(名词作宾语)基本句型二此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整
15、的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。这一结构中的系动词除了最常见的 be 动词外，还可用有些表示状态、感观和变化的动词，如：seem， appear， keep， stay， feel， sound， look ，taste， get， become， turn， grow， come 等，注意这些词在意义和句法功能上与用作实义动词时的区别。试比较：When spring comes， the weather gets warmer and warmer.(get 为系动词)When Tom got to the airport， the plane had already left.(get 为实
16、义动词，不及物)用形容词充当表语，来说明主语的状态或性质时，也可用“of相应的名词”代替。例如：This Chinese-English dictionary is very useful.This Chinese-English dictionary is of great use.S V （系动词） P1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary.2. The dinner smells good.3. He fell in love.4. Everything looks different.5. He is growing tall and stro
17、ng.6. The trouble is that they are short of money.7. Our well has gone dry.8. His face turned red. 1、这是本英汉辞典。 2、午餐的气味很好。3、他坠入了情网。 4、一切看来都不同了。5、他长得又高又壮。 6、麻烦的是他们缺少钱。7、我们温暖的井干枯了。 7、他的脸红了。基本句型三此句型的句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟一个宾语，即动作的承受者，意思才完整。这类动词叫及物动词。S V(及物动词) O1. Who knows the answer
18、?2. She smiled her thanks.3. He has refused to help them.4. He enjoys reading.5. They ate what was left over.6. He said “Good morning.”7. I want to have a cup of tea.8. He admits that he was mistaken.1、谁知道答案？ 2、她微笑表示感谢。3、他拒绝帮他们的忙。 4、他喜欢看书。5、他们吃了剩饭。 6、 他说：“早上好！”7、我想喝杯茶。 8、他承认犯了错误。如果谓语是“动词副词”型短语，当宾语是代
19、词时，只能将宾语置于动词和副词之间；若宾语是名词，则宾语既可放在副词前，也可放在副词后。如：Write down the words in your exercise books， please.Write them down in your exercise books， please.注意：1.具有“夺取”意义的动词。在汉语中被夺取的目标是“物”，而英语则要说“人”，作宾语时要在被夺取物品之前加介词 of，构成一个介词短语，放到“人”的后面。如：Someone robbed her of her money.2.具有“供给”意义的动词。在英语中，不能直接把所供给的物体作为宾语，必须以介词
20、with 为媒介，才能引出物来，同时只有得到供给的人才能作宾语。如：The provided us with food.3.具有“打、抓”意义的动词。不直接把人身上某一部位作为宾语，一般用：“动词人介词the动作承受的部位”结构。如：He held me by the hand.基本句型四此句型的句子的共同特点是：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时，这一介词往往被省略。S V(及物) o（多指人） O（多指物）1. She ordered hers
21、elf a new dress.2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal.3. He bought you a dictionary.4. He denies her nothing.5. I showed him my picture.6. I gave my car a wash.7. I told him that the bus was late.8. He showed me how to run the machine.1、她给自己定了一套新衣服。 2、她给丈夫煮了一餐美食。3、他给你带来了一本字典。 4、他对她什么都不拒绝。5、我给他看
22、我的照片。 6、我洗了我的汽车。7、我告诉他汽车晚点了。 8、他教我开机器。直接宾语是代词时，通常不用间接宾语在前的结构。如：一般用“Give it to me.”结构，而不用“Give me it.”。基本句型五此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。S V（及物） O（宾语） C (宾补)1. They appointed him manager.2. They painted the door green.3. This set them thinking.4. They found the ho
23、use deserted.5. What makes him think so?6. We saw him out.7. He asked me to come back soon.8. I saw them getting on the bus.1、他们任命他当经理。 2、他们把门漆成绿色。3、这使得他们要细想一想。 4、他们发现那房子无人居住。5、他怎么会这样想？ 6、我们送他出去。7、他要我很快回来。 8、我看见他们上了公共汽车。宾语部分如果是一个从句、不定式或动名词时，通常要用 it 作形式宾语，而把从句、不定式或动名词放到句子后面。如：I found it very difficul
24、t to put in practice.动词不定式作宾补，在动词 hear， listen to， see， watch， notice， look at， feel， let， have(使)和 make(使)后要省去不定式符号 to.如：I often heard him sing in the next room.但变为被动语态时，不定式符号 to 要加上。如：He is often heard to sing in the next room.基本句型六there be 结构：这一结构表示在“某处或某时存在某人或某物”，there 是引导词，本身无意义，be 为谓语动词，有时也用 l
25、ive， stand， lie， come 等动词。动词后面的名词为主语，谓语动词的数要与靠近的名词一致。如：There is a teacher“s desk and some chairs in the classroom.Once there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.练习题 Exercises:1.we are working .2.I can swim very wel .3.The waiter brought a botle of ber to me .4.Why does the wind blow .5.Th
26、e rain has ben puling down for a whole day .6.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music .7.Jim asked you to give his best wishes to everyone .8.You must get the car ready by tomorow .17.He usualy takes a nap after lunch ,as is his habit .18.I found the bok just the same as I borowed yesterday ,so I got
27、it back at once .19.he finished lunch and went into the garden .20.The telephone rang .21.We study hard .2.His father might have died .23.Wil you leave the open/ unclosed when going out .24.Can you make the dog stand stil ?25.The landlord had them working day and night .26.I think a sound knowledge
28、of gramar is important to god writing .27.We al breathe ,eat, drink .28.I woke up at 6:0 in the morning .29.The bok weighs five kilos .30.They wil be flying to London .31.The shop asistant found some certain materials for me .32.He promised me a new English-Chinese dictionary which is useful to any
29、use .3.Please pas a newly-published to me .34.he lived in GuangZhou .35.The father is showing the boy how to plant tres .36.His uncle left him some money .37.She is teaching the piano to several of the vilage children ,she has taught us English for 3 years .38.I like popular music .39.She knows what to do next .40.It excited al of us that the president would visit our schol .
