1、英语中的修辞手法1.明喻(Simile)明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法,是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比,表明本体和喻体的关系,两者都在对比中出现,其基本格式是“A 像 B”,常用的比喻词有as, like, as if, as though 等。例如:He jumped back as if he had been stung, and the blood rushedsintoshis wrinkled face.The cheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing. (支票跌落到地上,像一只断了翅膀的
2、小鸟。)Like climbing a mountain, we struggle up three feet and fall back two.(正如爬山,我们费力爬上三英尺,又掉下去两英尺。 )I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery blodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.(丘吉尔在此使用了一个恰当的比喻,把德国士兵比作蝗虫,因为二者有着共同之处-传播毁灭。)2.暗喻(Metaphor)暗喻也是一种比喻,但不用比喻词,因此被称作缩减了
3、的明喻(a compressed simile)。它直接把一种事物名称用在另一事物上,从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理,增强语言的表现力。例如:What will parents do without the electronic baby-sitter? (如果没有这位电子保姆,父母该怎么办呢?)形象地说明了电视机的保姆功用。. while most of us are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism, we are somehow reluctant to give our fellows the war
4、m sunshine of praise.(但是我们中的很多人太容易给别人批评的冷风,而不愿意给自己的同伴赞扬的阳光。)作者把批评比作冷风,把赞扬比作温暖的阳光,will do anything I can to help him through lifes dangerous sea.(我将全力帮助他穿越人生的惊涛骇浪。)Consider that the same cultural soil producing the English language also nourished the great principles of freedom and right of man in th
5、e modern world.(想想吧,孕育英语的文化土壤也同样为当今世界培育了自由和人权准则。) Each letter was a seed falling on a fertile heart. A romance was budding.(每一封信就像落在肥沃土地上的种子,浪漫之花含苞待放。)German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets.德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。The diamond department was the heart and center of th
6、e store.钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。3.借代(Metonymy)英语中将借代通称为 metonymy(换喻、转喻)。转喻(即借代)是通过相近的联想,借喻体代替本体。它是由某一事物名称来代替与该事物有密切关联的另一事物的名称。本体和喻体联系紧密,但表面并不相似,有如下种类:1. 以抽象代具体,如 heart and head 代情感与理智(所以提喻其实是借代的一种;2. 以特殊个人、地点、事物等名字代一类人或某机构:downing street 代英国政府,Beijing 代中国政府,He is another Shylock,Shylock 代和其性格(吝啬)一样的人;3. 以容器或工具
7、代相邻的事物,如 The kettle is boiling.kettle(水壶)在此指代水,其实是水烧开而不是水壶烧开;等等。4. 你这里的 ear 应该指代欣赏音乐的能力,ear 和欣赏能力外表并不相似,但联系紧密,因为耳朵可作为聆听、鉴赏音乐的工具。Several years later, word came that Napoleonyh himself was coming to inspect them.几年以后,他们听说拿破仑要亲自来视察他们。word”在这里代替了“news, information”(消息、信息)Al spoke with his eyes,“yes”.艾尔用
8、眼睛说,“是的” 。“ 说 ”应该是嘴的功能,这里实际上是用眼神表达了“ 说话的意思”。My 15 students read Emerson, Thoreau, and Huxley.(我的十五位学生读了爱默生、梭罗和赫胥黎的作品。)这是典型的转喻,以人名借代作品。Against the Oval Earth man, the first card I can play is the analogy of the sun and moon. (面对“地球卵形说”者,我能打的第一张牌是,太阳和月亮的相似性。) 文中作者用具体第一张牌来借代抽象的“第一个论据” 。“The pen is migh
9、tier than than the sword”,句中用 pen 表 power of literature,用 sword 代force。The buses in America are on strike now.美国的公共汽车司机正在罢工(这里 buses 喻指司机 drivers)。“Well,”said the doctor.“I will do all that science can accomplish. But whenever my patient begins to count the carriages in her funeral porcession I subt
10、ract 50 per cent from the curative power of medicines.”(“好吧, ”医生说, “我会尽力做到科学能做到的,但每当我的病人开始数自己葬礼上的马车时,药物的疗效就会减掉一半。 ”)4.提喻(Synecdoche)提喻又称举隅法,代表整体与部分的关系。或以全体喻指部分,或以抽象代具体,或以具体代抽象,原材料代成品等等。1. 整体替代部分:Argentina beat China.2. 部分替代整体:We are short of hands.The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth
11、, but of the flesh and blood of millions of men.长城不仅是用石头和土建造的,而且是用几百万人的血和肉建成的。句中的“the flesh and blood”喻为“the great sacrifice”(巨大的牺牲)“.saying that it was the most beautiful tongue in the world,.”他说这是世界上最美的语言。这里用具体的“tongue”代替抽象的“language”。Many eyes turned to a tall,20year black girl on the U.S. team.很
12、多人将眼光投向美国队一个高高的 20 岁的黑姑娘。这里的“many eyes”代替了“many persons”。:She has got five mouths to feed.此 five mouths指代五口人,本体和喻体是局部与整体的关系;Aunt Melissa is my admiration。此 admiration 的钦佩的人,本体和喻体是抽象与具体的关系;Where did you buy this cotton?此 cotton 代表衣服,本体与喻体为原材料与成品的关系。He earned his bread as a dust man.这里的 bread 应该指生计,本体
13、和喻体是具体与抽象的关系。5.拟人(Personification)拟人是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物上,使之人格化的修辞格。例如:. four evergreen shrubs stood at each corner,swheresthey struggled to survive the dust and fumes from a busy main road.(四丛常绿灌木分别位于每个角落,它们忍受着从繁忙的大街上吹来的尘烟,挣扎着活下去。)“挣扎”是有生命的物体的动作,作者给自然的花草赋予了生命,使它人格化。But the houses were cold, closed, unf
14、riendly.(可是那些房子冷漠无情,门窗紧闭,一点也不友好。)house 本来是没有感情的,作者通过拟人的手法,表现房子里人的冷漠无情。The first day of this term found me on my way to school, beautiful flowers smiling and lovely birds singing in the wood.(新学期第一天上学的路上,美丽的花儿在微笑,可爱的小鸟在林中歌唱.)(采用拟人化的修辞手法使句更为生动,表达更富情感.) The cold breath of autumn had blown away its leav
15、es, leaving it almost bare.(萧瑟的秋风吹落了枝叶,藤上几乎是光秃秃的。) (这里作者运用了拟人手法,将秋天比做人,秋天吹出的寒冷的呼吸就是秋风。语言表达生动、有力,让人有身处其境的感觉)She may have tens of thousand of babies in one summer.一个夏天她可能生育成千上万个孩子。这里用“she”和“babies”把蜜蜂比作人类妇女的生育。My only worry was that January would find me hunting for a job again.我唯一担心的是,到了一月份我又得去找工作。英语
16、里常把“年”“ 月”“日”人格化,赋以生命,使人们读起来亲切生动。6.夸张(Hyperbole.exaggeration)夸张是一种故意言过其实,或夸大或缩小事物的形象,借以突出事物的某种特征或品格,鲜明地表达思想情感的修辞方式。用于描写可以使形象更生动突出,渲染气氛,烘托意境,给读者留下深刻、鲜明的印象。例如:Vingo sat stunned, looking at the oak tree. It was covered with yellow handkerchiefs20 of them, 30 of them, maybe hundreds.(文戈坐在那儿望着橡树惊呆了。树上挂满了
17、黄手绢二十条,三十条,或许几百条。)此句中 20 of them, 30 of them, maybe hundreds 就是运用了夸张的手法,主观地渲染了气氛。She gave me the impression ofshavingsmore teeth, white and large and even, than were necessary for any practical purpose.(她给我的印象是:她有一口洁白整齐的大牙,为数之多已超过任何实际需要。)在这里作者通过夸张的描述,使一个贪婪好吃的女性形象跃然纸上。Most American remember Mark Twai
18、n as the father of Huck Finns idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyers endless summer of freedom and adventure.(在大多数美国人的心目中,马克.吐温是位伟大作家,他描写哈克.费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆.索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。)(eternal 和endless 都是夸张用语,表示哈克.费恩童年时期田园般的旅游和汤姆.索亚夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事都已成为永恒不朽之作。)My blood froze.我的血液都凝固了。W
19、hen I told our father about this,his heart burst.当我将这件事告诉我们的父亲时,他的心几乎要迸出来。My heart almost stopped beating when I heard my daughtersvoice on the phone.从电话里一听到我女儿的声音,我的心几乎停止跳动。7.反语(Irony)英语修辞格 irony 就是说反话,用反面的话来表达正面的意思。这种修辞格可用来进行讽刺,多数是用来表达一种善意的幽默或俏皮,故意说出与本意相反的话,是一种通过正话反说或反话正说来取得讽刺、幽默效果的修辞手法。例如:Slowly
20、the old lady stooped to pick it (the cheque ) up. Her present, her lovely present. With trembling fingers she tore itsintoslittle bits. (老太太慢慢地弯下腰,把支票从地上捡起来,她的礼物,她的可爱的礼物!用颤抖的手指把它撕得粉碎。)老太太八十岁寿辰那天,急切地盼望女儿回家看望她,稍稍安慰她那颗孤寂的心,然而盼来的却是女儿的一张冷冰冰的支票,这当然不是老人心爱的礼物。故此处her lovely present 是典型的 irony,是句反话。 Better lu
21、ck than I did!(希望你小子更“ 走运“!?) You are a big help!( 你可真够“帮忙“ 啊!) Only every spare minute!(“只不过“ 每一分钟的自由时间而已。)You are telling stories!(你讲的“ 真动听“啊!)She was not so young as I expected and in appearance imposing rather than attractive.(她并不如我想象的那么年轻。她的外表与其说吸引人,不如说是令人难忘。)imposing 意指因为外貌、形体而使人印象深刻,作者在此以讽刺挖苦
22、的口吻来描述一个贪吃而肥胖的女人。“What fine weather for an outing!”(计划了一个美好的出游却被一场大雨搅和了,于是出现了上面的这句话,通过反语达到讽刺的效果,从而更能够反映出当时的无奈与沮丧。)Well, of course, I knew that gentlemen like you carry only large notes.啊,当然,我知道像你这样的先生只带大票子。店员这句话意在讽刺这位穿破衣的顾客:像你这样的人怎么会有大票子呢?名为“gentlemen”实则“beg gar”而已。8.仿拟(Parody)根据家喻户晓的成语或谚语,临时更换其中的某个
23、部分,造成新的成语或谚语;或者根据古今名言警句,在保持其原句不变的情况下,更换其中部分词语,这种修辞方式叫仿拟。例如:To lie or not to lie-the doctors dilemma(撒谎还是不撒谎医生的难题)看到这个标题,我们不禁想起莎翁戏剧 Hamlet 中那个永远也解不透的句子“To be or not to be, that is the question”。显然,文章的题目由此模仿而来,给人印象深刻。Lady hermits who are down but not out(穷困而不潦倒的女隐士们 )文中的 down but not out 源于 down and o
24、ut,原是拳击比赛的术语,后来喻指穷困潦倒的人。9.矛盾修辞法(Oxymoron)用两种不相调和,甚至截然相反的特征来形容一项事物,在矛盾中寻求哲理,以便收到奇警的修辞效果,这就是矛盾修辞法,用这种方法,语言精炼简洁,富有哲理,并产生强大的逻辑力量,产生一种出人意料,引人入胜的效果。例如:A miserable, merry Christmas(悲喜交加的圣诞节)。圣诞节那天,故事主人公小男孩经历了从痛苦的边缘到幸福的顶峰的过程。因此,父母精心安排的圣诞节既是最糟的,又是最好的。Such is the glorious messiness of English. That happy tole
25、rance, that willingness to accept words from anyway, explains the richness of English and way it has become, to a very real extent, the first truly global language.(由此一斑可见英语中绚丽多彩的杂乱无章现象。这种乐于包容的精神,这种不管源自何方来者不拒的胸怀,恰好解释了英语何以会如此丰富,成为一个真正的全球语言。)10.头韵(Alliteration)与前面几种修辞方式不同,头韵是一种语音修辞方式,它指一组词、一句话或一行诗中重复出
26、现开头字母相同的单词,常用于文章的标题、诗歌及广告语中,简明生动,起到突出重点,加深印象,平衡节奏,宣泄感情的作用。例如:A miserable, merry ChristmasProfits of praiseI felt sick, and ever since then they have been testing and treating me.(打那时起,他们就一直不断地对我进行体检和治疗。) Michaels dedication, determination and discipline was a coachs dream.(迈克尔的投入、执着、自律正是每个教练梦寐以求的。)(
27、作者在这里运用押头韵突出了主人公不达目的不罢休的决心。)How and why he had come to Princeton, New Jersey is a story of struggle, success, and sadness.11.双关语(pun)是英语中一种常见的修辞手法。该修辞格巧妙地利用词的谐音、词的多义或歧义等,在同一句话里同时表达不同的意义,以形成语言生动活泼、幽默诙谐或嘲弄讥讽的修辞效果,使人读来忍俊不禁。比如: He is not a grave man until he is a grave man.其中的 grave 有两个含义,一个是“严肃的” (形容词)
28、 ,一个是“坟墓”(名词) ,因此这句话的意思是:他不是一个严肃的人,除非他躺到坟墓里,才能严肃起来 They pray for you today and prey on you tomorrow.其中的 pray(祈祷)和 prey(捕食),发音相同,外形相似,因此这句话的意思是:他们今天为你祈祷,明天就会加害于你。True Height (真正的高度) (height 是一语双关,既指跳高横竿的高度,也指人生奋斗达到的目标。)Hiroshima - the “Liveliest” City in Japan(广岛- 日本”最有活力 ”的城市)(作者将 Liveliest 一词用引号引起来
29、是有意表明,人们竟然把一个遭受过原子弹轰炸的城市说成是“做快活的” ,真是莫大的讥讽,同时也是进行今昔对比,可谓是一语双关。)Napoleon was astonished.”Either you are mad, or I am,”he declared. “Both,sir!”cried the Swede proudly.“Both”一词一语双关,既指拿破仑和这位士兵都是疯子,又指这位战士参加过拿破仑指挥的两次战役。12.叠言(rhetorical repetition )这种修辞法是指在特定的语境中,将相同的结构,相同意义词组成句子重叠使用,以增强语气和力量。例如It must be
30、created by the blood and the work of all of us who believe in the future, who believe in man and his glorious manmade destiny.它必须用我们这些对于未来,对于人类以及人类自己创造的伟大命运具有信心的人的鲜血和汗水去创造。Because good technique in medicine and surgery means more quicklycured patients, less pain, less discomfort, less death, less di
31、sease and less deformity.因为优良的医疗技术和外科手术意味着更快地治疗病人,更少痛苦,更少不安,更少死亡,更少疾病,和更少残废。13. 通感(synesthesia)是指在某个感官所产生的感觉,转到另一个感官的心理感受。例如:Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested.有些书是应当尝尝滋味的,有些书是应当吞下去的,有少数书是应当咀嚼和消化的。14委婉语(Euphemis)(to die):to pass away, to depart
32、,to leave us, to go to sleep,to go to heaven, ones heart has stopped beating,(to urinate or defecate ):go to the bathroom, do business,answer natures call ,Mens lavatory, “Gents”(gentlemen 的缩写)“the washroom”( “water closet”(W. C ) “Womens lavatory,lades room”,“the powder room”,“Mrs. Jones”美国妇女们常用pow
33、der room 表示厕所,并风趣地说 Id like to powder my nose. (我想往鼻子上擦粉。)表示“我想上厕所” 。再有妇女的“ 月经”则婉称为 monthly,blue days,period friend 。妇女“怀孕”(pregnancy)也有很多委婉的说法,如: in the family way,eating for two,in a delicate condition,a mother - to - be 等。15 移就(Transferred Epithet)英语移就格的特征:转移形容词 + 中心语。由于二者是一种临时的、违背语法逻辑常规的搭配,因此中心语
34、只是形式上的被修饰语。转移形容词本来应当修饰的对象才是它的逻辑被修饰语。逻辑被修饰语有时存在于语境之中,有时存在于语境之外,甚至偶尔难以判断。如在上例中,night 只是 sleepless 形式上的被修饰语,而 sleepless 真正修饰的对象是没有在句子中出现的 person。移就格不仅大量出现在文学作品中,现代科普英语为了摆脱科技文章的枯涩与沉闷感也越来越多地运用移就等积极修辞法。所以,了解一点移就的知识,对于我们的阅读理解和翻译都是有好处的。 But he just looked at her with his crying face. I enjoy the clean voluptuousness of the warm breeze on my skin and the cool support of water. One of the painful prices human being have paid for their predilection for starchy and sugary foods has been the premature decay and loss of teeth.