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类型第一讲_英语句子结构分析.doc

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    1、华杰 MBA:语法专题By: 陈俊霞 1第一讲 英语句子结构分析句子的划分I. 根据结构划分: 简单句S+V(主+谓)此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。 这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等S+V+P(主+ 谓+表) 此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类:be, look, keep, seem 等属一类,表示情况;get, grow, become, turn 等属另一类,表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义

    2、 ,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。 1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。2. The dinner smells good. 午餐的气味很好。 3. He fell in love. 他堕入了情网。 4. Everything looks different. 一切看来都不同了。 5. He is growing tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮。 6. The trouble is that they are short of money. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。 7. Our well h

    3、as gone dry. 我们的井干枯了。 8. His face turned red. 他的脸红了。S+V+O(主+ 谓+宾)此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有教学重点:1:掌握五种基本句型2:了解除 Be 以外的其他四种系动词。3:了解接 TO 和 FOR 的双宾语的动词有哪些。4:能够区分双宾语和复合宾语得区别。 华杰 MBA:语法专题By: 陈俊霞 2一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。 (及物动词) 常用于这句型的动词有:attempt, dare, decide, desire, expect

    4、, hope, intend, learn, need, offer, pretend, promise, propose, purpose, refuse, want, wish 等。 1. Who knows the answer? 谁知道答案? 2. She smiled her thanks. 她微笑表示感谢。 3. He has refused to help them. 他拒绝帮他们的忙。 4. He enjoys reading. 他喜欢看书。 5. They ate what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭。 6. He said “Good morning.“ 他

    5、说:“早上好! 7. I want to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。 8. He admits that he was mistaken. 他承认犯了错误。S+V+o+O(主+ 谓+间宾+ 直宾)此句型的句子有一个共同特点:谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者,另一个是动作的间接承受者。 通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接,当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时,这一介词往往被省略。 (及物)(多指人) (多指物)间接宾语前需要加 to 的常用动词有:allow, bring, deny, do(带来) , give, gr

    6、ant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, render, restore, sell, send, show, teach, tell wish, write 等。 间接宾语前需要加 for 的常用动词有:bring, buy, cash, choose, fetch, get, leave, make, order, paint, play(演奏) ,save, sing, spare 等。 1. She ordered herself a new dress. 她给自己定了一套

    7、新衣裳。S+V+O+C(主+谓+ 宾+宾补)该句型中的“宾语 + 宾语补足语”又叫做“复合宾语”, 其特点是宾语与其补语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,宾语相当于汉语里的兼语式, 它既充当前面谓语的宾语, 又兼作其后宾语补足语的逻辑主语。充当宾语补足语的词语和结构有:名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词等。当主语、宾语、宾语补足语是由名词充当时,根据需要还可在其前面加上名词、数词、形容词,或在其后面加上副词、介词短语、非谓语动词等定语成分来修饰相关名词。可接复合宾语的常见动词有:ask, tell, find, help, like, allow, take, make, let, have(使得

    8、), force(强迫), call, advise, persuade(劝服), watch, see, hear, feel(认为 ,觉得), consider(认为), choose, elect(选)等。并列句 and, but, or复合句:名词从句(宾,主,表,同)华杰 MBA:语法专题By: 陈俊霞 3副词从句(状语从句)形容词从句(定语从句)II. 根据功能划分: 陈述句疑问句(一般疑问句,特殊疑问句,选择疑问句,反义疑问句,修辞疑问句)祈使句感叹句III. 根据句子成分:单个词汇短语从句一陈述句(五种句型)1. I am a webaholic.我是一个网虫。Chatting

    9、 on the internet is interesting. 我喜欢网上聊天。2. Internet dating hurts.网恋有害。3. I like chatting online.我喜欢网上聊天。4. Chatting on the internet brings me a lot of fun.网上聊天给我带来很多乐趣。华杰 MBA:语法专题By: 陈俊霞 45. We can call internet addicts a webaholic.我们管网上一隐君子叫网虫。主语 谓语动词五种句型I am a webaholic表语Chatting on the interneti

    10、s Interesting表语1.主+谓 +表Internet dating hurts 2.主+谓I like Chatting online宾语3.主+谓 +宾Chatting on the internetbrings me间接宾语a lot of fun直接宾语4.主+谓 +间宾+直宾We can call Internet addicts宾语a webaholic宾语补足语5.主+谓 +宾语+宾补I. 常用作连系动词: 变成,变得:become, come, fall, get, go, grow, run, turn口诀:好是 come,坏是 go;天气、外貌慢慢 grow; 流水

    11、、金钱缓缓 run;颜色、天气大不同 turn;Get become 口语化,如果要说就用它.口诀解读:Come 一般表示事物由坏变好,结果是好的。如:Dreams come true. 梦想成真。Go 一般表示事物由好变坏,结果是不好的。如:Its such a hot day today that this dish has gone smelly. 今天太热了,菜都馊了。Grow 表示逐渐变化,强调的是缓慢变化的过程,后面往往接表示天气或外貌变化的静态形容词。华杰 MBA:语法专题By: 陈俊霞 5如:I want to grow old with you. 我想和你一起慢慢变老。Run

    12、 与 grow 是对应的,其主语多为能流动,能消耗的东西。如:Still water runs deep.静水深流。Turn 多接表示颜色和天气的形容词,侧重于表达与之前大不相同。如:The weather suddenly turned hot.天气突然变热了。In spring the trees turn green, the flowers come out. 春天树变绿了,花开了。Getbecome 在口语表达时用得比较多,但这二者相比,become 相对正式些,其主语既可以是人也可以是物。如:He got angry on hearing the news.听到这个消息,他变得很生

    13、气。总之,不管英语多么“变”化多端,万“变”不离其宗。英语学习的终极目标还是为了与人交流,所以多在交流中使用这些“变化”词,才能真正掌握其内涵。系词 be 它有三,am is are ,我(I)用 am,you(你)用 are,is 用于他她它;单数 is,复数 are,认真做题不出差。(否句 be 后 not 加,疑问句,be 句首,句尾?不要丢。) 保持某种状态:Continue, keep, lie, remain, stand, stay. 看起来,好像:Appear, look, seem. 感官动词:Feel, smell, sound, taste.II. 代双宾语的动词华杰 M

    14、BA:语法专题By: 陈俊霞 6“七给”一“带”to 不少,“买”画“制作”for 来了。带双宾语的及物动词,如果把直接宾语置于间接宾语之前,必须在变换时“to”或“for”。这 11 个及物动词可以概括为下边两句话,读起来妙趣横生,效果很好1、“七给”(give, pass, lend, write, show, send, hand)和“带”(bring)8 个及物动词,在直接宾语前置时,必须在后面加上“to”。即“vt. + sth. + to + sb.” 如:He lent some money to me.类似动词的还有:get,mail,offer,owe(借),pay,prom

    15、ise,read,sell,take,teach 等2、“buy”(买);“draw”(画);“make”(制作)三个动词,在直接宾语前置时,则必须在后边加“for”,构成“vt. + sth. + for + sb.”。如:Mother bought a new dress for me。类似的动词还有:build,choose, cook, cut, do, find, fix,leave,order(订购),reach 等。3、当直接宾语是代词时,间接宾语 for 和 to 于直接宾语之后如:Richard made it for him。理查德为他做的这个东西Give it to me

    16、。把它给我4、 有些动词后可单独用直接宾语、间接宾语或双宾语,如ask,teach,tell,owe, pay.I asked John. 我问约翰I asked a question. 我问了一个问题I asked John a question.我问了约翰一个问题5、 suggest,explain,introduce,mention,deliver,announce 等动词后必须跟介词 to,不能进行直接宾语与间接宾语的转换。Could you explain your point of view to us?=Could you explain to us your point of

    17、view?华杰 MBA:语法专题By: 陈俊霞 76、 易错的动词抢劫/偷某人某物:Rob/steal sb. sth (错误)正确的说法:rob sb of sth steal sb from sth.类似的还有:cure sb of illness 治愈某人疾病rid sb of sth 从-中除去(不好的东西)supply sb with sth 供给某人某物provide sb with sth 给某人提供某物accuse sb of sth 控告某人某事cheat sb of sth 骗取某人某物inform / advise sb of sth 通知某人某事remind sb of

    18、 sth 是某人想起某事warn sb of sth 警告某人某情况charge sb with sth 指责某人某事二疑问句1.一般疑问句Is this seat taken?Yes, it is/ No, it isnt.需要用 yes 或 no 来回答。语序一般为:助动词+主语+ 谓语?Practice:Have you been there?_华杰 MBA:语法专题By: 陈俊霞 8Didnt you tell him about it yesterday?_2.特殊疑问句你什么时候开始学英语?When You began to study English. Did you begin

    19、 to study English?when did you begin to study English?你在想什么?WhatSomething is in your mind.Whats in your mind? 小结:用 who, what, where, which, when, why, how 提问。语序:疑问词+一般疑问句 或 疑问词+ 谓语动词。More Practice:What time is convenient for you?你什么时候方便?Whats going on here?发生了什么事?/ 回事?3. 选择疑问句:Do you like tea or(do

    20、you like)coffee?Did you speak to them, or did the manager?Which ice cream would you like, chocolate, vanilla or strawberry?华杰 MBA:语法专题By: 陈俊霞 91. 提供两种或两种以上情形供对方选择。2. 不用 Yes 或 no 来回答。3. 反意疑问句1. 附在陈述句之后,对陈述句所说得事实和观点提出疑问。2. 一般来说有两种形式:陈述肯定,则所附问句否定;陈述句否定,则所附问句肯定。The Embarrassed Magician.Magician ( to you

    21、ngster he has called up on the stage):Now, my boy, you have never seen me before, have you?Boy: No Daddy.You have completed that job, havent you?You have not completed that job, have you?三祈使句:1. 用以表示请求,命令,劝告,建议等语气的句子。2. 主语 You 常省略,只以动词原形开头。3. 一般没有时态变化,不与情态动词连用。Stop bugging me.Dont judge a book by it

    22、s cover.Dont get me wrong.Lets just have a rest.Lets hope for the best.华杰 MBA:语法专题By: 陈俊霞 10Let bygones be bygonesMake hay while sun shines.四感叹句:1. 主要由 what 和 how 来引导。2. What 结构主要有三种A What a(n)+形容词+可数名词单数+谓语部分!What a lovely boy he is!B. What + 形容词+ 不可数名词或可数名词复数+谓语部分!What foolish mistakes you have ma

    23、de.What nice weather (it is)!C. What + a(n) +可数名词单数!3. How 结构主要有三种:A. How+形容词/副词 +主谓部分How lovely the boy is!How fast the time flies!B. How +形容词+a(n)+可数名词单数+ 主谓部分How lovely a boy he is!C. How+主谓部分(实义动词做谓语)How I hate exam! 我真烦考试!How he snores! 他鼾声如雷!(二) practice 华杰 MBA:语法专题By: 陈俊霞 111.分析下文划线句子的成分Two m

    24、en were standing at a bar. One man turned to the other and said, “Ill bet you $ 100 that I can bite my left eye.” The wager(赌注) was accepted, and the man popped out his glass eye and bit it.“Now,” he said, ”I will give you a chance to win your money back. Ill bet you another $100 that I can bite my

    25、right eye.” “he cant have two glass eyes,” Thought the other man, and he plunked(重重甩下)down his money.Then the first man took out his false teeth and bit his right eye.2.分析下列句子成分,并判断句子结构类型。Time flies by.Im on a diet.I own you one.It slipped my mind.Old habits die hard.I enjoy your company.I cant stan

    26、d the heat.Chatting on the internet brings me a lot of fun.He speaks English well.Teachers will make your English better.华杰 MBA:语法专题By: 陈俊霞 12They found the dead boy.They found the boy dead.I found the book easily.I found the book easy.Tom found Jim an apartment.We found John a loyal friend.I will f

    27、ind you a good teacher.She will make him a good wife.She will make him a good husband.3.分析下列句子中的双宾语,并试着用恰当的介词改写句子。Give a thief enough rope and he will hang himself._Can you recommend me a good novel?_He built them a hut._He ordered himself a bottled of champagne._Will you choose me an interesting no

    28、vel?_Can you spare me a few minutes of your valuable time?华杰 MBA:语法专题By: 陈俊霞 13_Jack doesnt own me anything._May I ask you a favor?_That will save you a lot of time._The novel won the author a Nobel Prize._It cost me three dollars._4.分析下列句子中宾语补足语。Absence makes the heart grow fonder._The telescopes o

    29、f the 1600s magnified objects thirty-three times their original size._The boy sharp remark left the teacher speechless._The chairman has declared the meeting over._华杰 MBA:语法专题By: 陈俊霞 14I prefer my steak medium._Dick set the caged animals free._The pot calls the kettle black._ _主语是句子叙述的主体,可由名词、代词、数词、

    30、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词和主语从句等来承担。谓语说明主语所发出的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语由动词来承担。宾语是动作的对象或承受者,常位于及物动词或介词后面。宾语可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、宾语从句等来担任。定语是句子中修饰名词,代词或其它名词化的词。状语是修饰动词短语、形容词短语、副词短语、分句以至句子的成分。状语根据语义可分为时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、目的状语、结构状语、程度状语、条件状语、让步状语、方式状语、方面状语、伴随状语和句子状语。定语则属于短语内部修饰名词的成分,与名词或相当于名词词类的中华杰 MBA:语法专题By: 陈俊霞 15心词构成名词短

    31、语,有前置定语和后置定语之分。名词短语、形容词短语、动词不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词和定语从句都可以充当定语。补语是述补结构中补充说明述语的结果、程度、趋向、可能、状态、数量等的成分。补语与述语之间是补充与被补充、说明与被说明的关系。表语表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的,表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当,它常位于连系动词(be, become, appear, seem,look,sound,feel,get,smell 等词)之后。Dog(狗 ): 常指人,好人坏人都可以;bitch (母狗),则指泼妇 You are a lu

    32、cky dog.你真是个幸运儿。 My boss is a jolly dog.我的老板是个风趣的家伙。 Every dog has his day.凡人都有得意时。 David works like a dog .David 工作真卖劲儿。 The film must be a real dog.这部电影一定很糟糕。 Your partner is a dirty dog.你的合伙人是个卑鄙小人。 The poet died like a dog .这位诗人潦倒而死。 They treated him like a dog.他们把他看得粪土不如。 You cant teach an old

    33、dog new tricks.老人难改变。 He is really a dead dog.他是个没用的东西。 Dont talk to me like that,you bitch!你这泼妇,别跟我这样说话。(慎用) There is no point in having a dog-eat-dog attitude. 情景对话 A: We are just making a living here and I thind there is no point in having a dog-eat-dog attitude. B: You are absolutely right.We sh

    34、ould be more cooperative. A: 我们都是在这里谋生,我想采取相互攻击的态度是没有意义的。 B: 你是对的,我们应该精诚合作。 在英语中,由动物构成的英语短语诙谐幽默、秒趣横生并且寓意深刻。有时在口语中用上几句,会令人有耳目一新的感觉。但使用时要注意东西方文化中动物的比喻和象征的差异,以免造成误解。网上句子:Are you by yourself?你一个人来吗? Come to the point!有话直说! 华杰 MBA:语法专题By: 陈俊霞 16Do you accept plastic?收不收信用卡? Does it keep long?可以保存吗? Dont

    35、be so fussy!别挑剔了! Dont count to me!别指望我! Dont fall for it!不要上当! Dont get me wrong!你搞错了! Dont give me that!少来这套! Dont lose your head!别乐昏了头! Dont over do it!别做过头了! Dont sit there daydreaming!别闲着做白日梦! Dont stand on ceremony!别太拘束! Drop me a line!要写信给我! First come first served!先到先得! Get a move on!快点吧! Ge

    36、t off my back!不要嘲笑我! Give him the works!给他点教训! Give me a break!饶了我吧! Great minds think alike!英雄所见略同! In one ear,out the other ear.一耳进,一耳出! Im spaced-out!我开小差了! I cross my heart!我发誓是真的! I feel very miserable!我好沮丧! I have no choice!我别无选择了! I watch my money!视财如命! Ill be in touch!保持联络! Ill check it out!

    37、我去看看! Ill show you around!我带你四处逛逛! Ill see to it!我会留意的! Im crazy for you!我为你疯狂! You make me jump!你下了我一跳! Make up your mind.作个决定吧! Make yourself at home!就当在家一样! My mouth is watering!我要流口水了! Never heard of it!没听说过! Nice talking to you!很高兴和你聊天! No doubt about it!勿庸置疑! No pain no gain!不经一事,不长一智! None of

    38、 your business!要你管? There is nothing on your business!这没你的事! Now you are really talking!说得对! Please dont rush me!请不要吹促我! Please keep me informed!请一定要通知我! She looks blue today.她今天很忧郁! 华杰 MBA:语法专题By: 陈俊霞 17She is under the weather.她心情不好! So far,so good.过得去。 Speaking of the devil!一说曹操,曹操就到! Stay away f

    39、rom me!离我远一点! Stay on the ball!集中注意力! That makes no difference.不都一样吗? Thats a touchy issue!这是个辣手得问题! Thats always the case!习以为常! Thats going too far!这太离谱了! Thats more like that!这才象话嘛! The answer is zero!白忙了! The dice is cast!已成定局了! The same as usual!一如既往! The walls have ears!隔墙有耳! There you go again

    40、!你又来了! Time is running out!没有时间了! We better get going!最好马上就走! Absence makes the heart grow fonder. 小别胜新婚。December heartbeat. 黄昏恋。Dont get high hat.别摆臭架子.Dont get loaded. 别喝醉了。Get cold feet. 害怕做某事。Gild the lily. 画蛇添足。Price is soaring, if it goes on like this, we shall not be able to keep the pot boil

    41、ing. 物价直线上升,这样子下去,我们锅里可没什么东西煮饭。What is the fuss? 吵什么? 我代表北京市政府欢迎各位朋友访问北京。On behalf of the Beijing Municipal government, I wish to extend our warm welcome to the friends who have come to visit Beijing. 我一定向他转达您的问候和邀请。华杰 MBA:语法专题By: 陈俊霞 18Ill surely remember you and your invitation to him. 请留步,不用送了!女士

    42、们先生们,欢迎各位光临,演出很快就要开始了,请尽快就坐。Ladies and gentlemen, good evening. The concert/show would start soon. Please get yourself seated. Thank you. 招待会现在开始。The reception will now begin. 全体起立,奏国歌!All rise please. For the P.R.C.National Anthem! 出席今天招待会的贵宾有The distinguished guests paarticipating the reception ar

    43、e 现在请讲话I have the honour to call upon 开幕式现在结束。This concludes the opening ceremony. 热烈祝贺第一届锦标赛Hail the first FIFA of 祝您工作顺利、事业成功、身体健康、家庭幸福!Wish you the very best of luck in your job, every success in your future endeavours, good health and a happy family! 衷心祝贺您当选Hearty congratulations on your recent

    44、election as 举行会议/研讨会/大会/座谈会/学术报告会Hold a meeting/seminar/conference/forum/symposium 赞助人/主办人/承办人/协办人Patron/sponsor/organizer/co-organizer 举行谈判Enter into negotiation 交涉Make representations with sb. On sth./deal with sb. 事物性会谈华杰 MBA:语法专题By: 陈俊霞 19Talks at working level 对口会谈Counterpart talks 议程项目Items on

    45、 the agenda 小组讨论Panel discussion 同有关单位磋商Hold consultations with the organizations concerned 一轮会谈One round of talks 谅解备忘录Memorandum of understanding 现在开会。I declare the meeting open. 请发言。I invite the representative of To take the floor. 下面我给各位简要介绍一下北京的经济情况Now I would like to give you a brief overview

    46、of Beijings economy. 我的介绍完了,谢谢!Thats all for my presentation. thank you. 我先说这么多。So much for my remarks for now. 我要说的就是这些。Thats all for what I want to say. 您看是先谈原则问题呢,还是先谈具体问题?I wonder if you would like to start with matters of principle or specific issues? 让我先谈一个问题。华杰 MBA:语法专题By: 陈俊霞 20If you agree(With your permission), let me start with one issue 在谈那个问题之前我想对您刚才讲的话谈点看法。Before we turn to that issue, I wish to make a few comments/remarks on your presentation. 您对此事怎么看呢

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