1、第二篇 中考语法专项第 28 课 动词的语态课堂突破基本概念语态（Voice）是动词的一种形式，用来表明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。谓语动词为主动语态的句子叫主动句，谓语动词为被动语态的句子叫被动句。动词中只有及物动词有被动语态。种类 英语动词有两种语态：主动语态（Active Voice）和被动语态（ Passive Voice） 。基本结构被动语态的基本结构是：be+动词过去分词，而对于动词的各种时态的被动结构需将被动式与时态的构成式“合二为一” ，即将被动语态构成中的 be 看作时态构成中的动词，而将其做相应的变化。各种时态的
2、主动式和被动式见下表：时态 主动式 被动式一般现在时 动词原形 am/is/are+动词过去分词现在进行时 be+v.-ing 形式 am/is/are being+动词过去分词一般将来时 will/be going to+动词原形 will/be going to be+动词过去分词一般过去时 动词过去式 was/were+动词过去分词过去进行时 was/were+v.-ing 形式 was/were being+动词过去分词现在完成时 have/has+动词过去分词 have/has been+动词过去分词过去将来时 would/was（were） going to+动词原形would/w
3、as（were） going to be+动词过去分词过去完成时 had+动词过去分词 had been+动词过去分词构成情态动词 情态动词 +动词原形 情态动词+be+动词过去分词基本用法1. 不知道动作的执行者是谁，或没有必要指出动作的执行者时用被动语态。如：Letters are collected at eight every morning. 信件每天早晨 8 点被收取。His bike has been stolen. 他的自行车已经被偷走了。2. 为了强调或突出动作的承受者时用被动语态。如：The bag was taken away by his elder sister. 那
4、个包被他姐姐拿走了。The plan has already been made. 计划已经制定好了。3. 在上下文中，为了使句子间衔接紧密，常用被动语态。如：I have a new motorbike. It was given to me as a birthday present by my father. 我有辆新摩托车。它是父亲作为生日礼物送给我的。主动语态和被动语态的转换1. 主动语态变为被动语态时，应注意三个方面：（1）把主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语，若是代词，要变宾格为主格。（2）把主动语态的谓语动词改为相应的被动语态结构：be+及物动词的过去分词，放在主语之后。（3）把
5、主动语态的主语改为“by+原主语（若是代词，要变主格为宾格） ”，放在主谓结构之后。在意思明确时 by 短语可以省略。如：2. 含有双宾语的句子由主动语态变为被动语态时有两种情况：（1）把间接宾语改为被动语态的主语，直接宾语仍留在原来的位置。（2）把直接宾语改为被动语态的主语，此时，间接宾语前要加介词 to 或 for。如：He gave the boy an apple. The boy was given an apple by him. 或 An apple was given to the boy by him. 他给了这个男孩一个苹果。3. 若动词短语是不可分割的整体，改为被动语态时
6、，要保持其完整性，介词或副词不可漏掉。如：We must take good care of the young trees.The young trees must be taken good care of. 我们必须好好照顾这些小树。4. 主动语态中感官动词 feel, hear, see, watch 等以及某些使役动词 make, have, let 后须跟省略to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语，改为被动语态时，不定式前要加 to。如：We saw the children sing that morning. The children were seen to sing that mo
7、rning.那天早晨我们看见孩子们唱歌了。5. 有些被动语态结构是习惯用法。如：It is said that.据说；It is/was reported that.据报道；It is well-known that. 众所周知；It is believed that. 人们都相信。主动形式表示被动意义的情1. 某些由及物动词转化而来的不及物动词，如 read, write, clean, wash, draw, cut, open, sell 等，常与副词 well, easily, smoothly 等连用，且通常用主动结构表示被动意义。如： The pen writes well. 这支
8、钢笔很好用。2. 动词 need, require, want, deserve 等后接 v. -ing 的主动结构表示被动意义，相当于 sth. 况主动形式表示被动意义的情况need（s ）/require（s）/want （s）/deserve（s） to be done。如：The car needs cleaning. 这辆汽车需要清洗了。3. 有些动词如 cook, print 等，常用主动结构表示被动意义。如：The lunch is cooking. 正在做午饭。4. 某些连系动词如 feel, prove, smell, taste, sound 等加上形容词，也可用主动式表示
9、被动意义。如：The food tastes delicious. 这种食物尝起来很美味。5. be worth doing 意为“值得做” ，表示被动含义。如：The book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。不用被动语态的 5种情况1. 谓语为连系动词时，不用被动语态。如：He looks fine. 他气色很好。2. 谓语为不及物动词（短语）时，不用被动语态。如：The war broke out in the end. 战争终于爆发了。I happened to meet him there. 我碰巧在那儿见到了他。3. 宾语为动词不定式、v. -ing 形式或从句
10、，表示主语的一些想法、爱好或愿望时，一般不用被动语态。如：He decided to go with us. 他决定跟我们一起去。I want to buy a computer. 我想买一台电脑。4. 宾语是相互代词、反身代词、同源宾语等时，一般不用被动语态。如：We should help each other. 我们应该相互帮助。He thinks of himself too much. 他为自己考虑得太多。We live a happy life here. 我们在这儿过着幸福的生活。5. 宾语表示处所、地点时，一般不用被动语态。如：We will reach the station
11、 in two hours. 我们两个小时内就到站了。He has gone to London. 他去伦敦了。当堂检测一、用所给动词的适当形式填空。1. （ 2017衢州中考） The bird carried bits of small plants into the house and placed some grass in it in order to make it soft, soon the little house （build）.2. You may go fishing if your work （do）.3. A terrorist attack （happen） at
12、 Kunming Railway Station, and 29 people （kill） in the event.4. Although everyone wants to succeed in what he tries to do, sometimes failure cant （avoid）.5. How soon all the work （finish ）?In a week.6. Tell me one thing youre proud of in your junior high school.I was （choose） as captain of the school
13、 football team.7. I will finish the work if I （give） another ten minutes.二、用方框中所给词的适当形式填空，每词限用一次。 （2017新昌模拟）1. On Tree-Planting Day, of people in the city plant trees along the river.2. Alice is such a quiet girl that she shows her feelings.3. The children were seriously for telling lies.4. I just w
14、ant to thank all of these for their effort.5. Polluted air and water are quite to peoples health.三、任务型阅读。请仔细阅读短文，并根据 15 段落中的相关信息，分别从方框内 AE 中找出符合他们题意的主题句。 （2017绍兴市柯桥区模拟）For over 100 years, it is convenient for people to go from one place to another by taxi. But sometimes there are no taxis coming to
15、the place you are waiting. However, this has become a thing of the past since Uber app comes.1 Uber is an American company that provides a taxi service through an app on the smart phone. It was set up in March, 2009 and has grown quickly. An app, in fact, is a computer program working on smart phone
16、s and other communication devices（设备）. By using your smart phone, you can easily and quickly order a taxi that takes you to the place you want to go.2 The nicest things about Uber app is that you can see where your taxi is or how long it will take to reach you on your smart phone screen. And you can
17、 also find the telephone number of the driver in Uber app, so you can call or send messages to the driver when you are waiting.3 Uber is always there 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. If you want to go out, you can easily gentleman seldom punish harmful thousand open Uber app at home or in the open a
18、ir, then it connects you to the nearest driver. Usually it takes only between 5 and 15 minutes to get a Uber taxi by using Uber app.4 Uber is popular because it is simple. You have nothing to do with a taxi company. If you are not pleased with the ride and the driver, you can give the driver a low s
19、core through Uber app, so Uber taxi drivers usually serve well. Generally speaking, Uber is simple, time-saving, and above all very easy.5 At Uber, the payment is easy through your bank card. How much you need to pay depends on the country and the city that you are in.A. What is Uber?B. The cost of
20、a Uber taxi.C. Uber app makes you feel good.D. Whatre the advantages of Uber?E. Uber taxis are always available.参 考 答 案当堂检测一、1. was built 2. is done 3. happened, were killed 4. be avoided5. is, going to be finished 【解析】问句的主语是 all the work，所以应该用被动语态，且由 how soon可知应该用一般将来时的被动语态。6. chosen 7. am given二、1. thousands 2. seldom 3. punished 4. gentlemen 5. harmful三、15. ADECB
