1、IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES,Chapter 5,VIDEO CASES Case 1: Google and IBM Produce Cloud Computing Case 2: IBM Blue Cloud is Ready-to-Use Computing Case 3: What the Hell is Cloud Computing? Case 4: What is AJAX and How Does it Work? Case 5: Yahoos FireEagle Geolocation Service,Define I
2、T infrastructure and describe its components. Identify and describe the stages and technology drivers of IT infrastructure evolution. Assess contemporary computer hardware platform trends. Assess contemporary software platform trends. Evaluate the challenges of managing IT infrastructure and managem
3、ent solutions.,Learning Objectives,CHAPTER 5: IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Pearson Education 2012,2,CHAPTER 5: IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES,Problem: Aging systems no longer able to provide information rapidly enough for timely decisions; too unreliable for 24/7 operati
4、ons Solutions: Replaced and upgraded hardware and software and used leading-edge technology Grid computing Virtualization Blade servers Demonstrates ITs role in using resources more efficiently; reducing computing energy usage, modernizing services,BART Speeds Up with a New IT Infrastructure, Pearso
5、n Education 2012,3,IT infrastructure: Set of physical devices and software required to operate enterprise Set of firmwide services including: Computing platforms providing computing services Telecommunications services Data management services Application software services Physical facilities manage
6、ment services IT management, standards, education, research and development services “Service platform” perspective more accurate view of value of investments,IT Infrastructure,CHAPTER 5: IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Pearson Education 2012,4,IT Infrastructure,CONNECTION BETWEEN THE F
7、IRM, IT INFRASTRUCTURE, AND BUSINESS CAPABILITIES,The services a firm is capable of providing to its customers, suppliers, and employees are a direct function of its IT infrastructure. Ideally, this infrastructure should support the firms business and information systems strategy. New information te
8、chnologies have a powerful impact on business and IT strategies, as well as the services that can be provided to customers.,FIGURE 5-1,CHAPTER 5: IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Pearson Education 2012,5,CHAPTER 5: IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES,Evolution of IT infrastructur
9、e General-purpose mainframe & minicomputer era: 1959 to present 1958 IBM first mainframes introduced 1965 Less expensive DEC minicomputers introduced Personal computer era: 1981 to present 1981 Introduction of IBM PC Proliferation in 80s, 90s resulted in growth of personal software Client/server era
10、: 1983 to present Desktop clients networked to servers, with processing work split between clients and servers Network may be two-tiered or multitiered (N-tiered) Various types of servers (network, application, Web),IT Infrastructure, Pearson Education 2012,6,IT Infrastructure,STAGES IN IT INFRASTRU
11、CTURE EVOLUTION,Illustrated here are the typical computing configurations characterizing each of the five eras of IT infrastructure evolution.,FIGURE 5-2,CHAPTER 5: IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Pearson Education 2012,7,Evolution of IT infrastructure (cont.) Enterprise computing era:
12、1992 to present Move toward integrating disparate networks, applications using Internet standards and enterprise applications Cloud Computing: 2000 to present Refers to a model of computing where firms and individuals obtain computing power and software applications over the Internet or other networ
13、k Fastest growing form of computing,IT Infrastructure,CHAPTER 5: IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Pearson Education 2012,8,IT Infrastructure,STAGES IN IT INFRASTRUCTURE EVOLUTION (cont.),Illustrated here are the typical computing configurations characterizing each of the five eras of IT
14、infrastructure evolution.,FIGURE 5-2,CHAPTER 5: IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Pearson Education 2012,9,IT Infrastructure,A MULTITIERED CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK (N-TIER),In a multitiered client/server network, client requests for service are handled by different levels of servers.,FIGURE
15、5-3,CHAPTER 5: IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Pearson Education 2012,10,Technology drivers of infrastructure evolution Moores law and microprocessing power Computing power doubles every 18 months Nanotechnology: Shrinks size of transistors to size comparable to size of a virus Law of M
16、ass Digital Storage The amount of data being stored each year doubles,IT Infrastructure,CHAPTER 5: IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Pearson Education 2012,11,IT Infrastructure,MOORES LAW AND MICROPROCESSOR PERFORMANCE,Packing over 2 billion transistors into a tiny microprocessor has expo
17、nentially increased processing power. Processing power has increased to over 500,000 MIPS (millions of instructions per second).,FIGURE 5-4,CHAPTER 5: IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Pearson Education 2012,12,IT Infrastructure,FALLING COST OF CHIPS,Packing more transistors into less spa
18、ce has driven down transistor cost dramatically as well as the cost of the products in which they are used.,FIGURE 5-5,CHAPTER 5: IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Pearson Education 2012,13,IT Infrastructure,EXAMPLES OF NANOTUBES,Nanotubes are tiny tubes about 10,000 times thinner than a
19、human hair. They consist of rolled up sheets of carbon hexagons and have potential uses as minuscule wires or in ultrasmall electronic devices and are very powerful conductors of electrical current.,FIGURE 5-6,CHAPTER 5: IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Pearson Education 2012,14,IT Infra
20、structure,THE COST OF STORING DATA DECLINES EXPONENTIALLY 19502010,Since the first magnetic storage device was used in 1955, the cost of storing a kilobyte of data has fallen exponentially, doubling the amount of digital storage for each dollar expended every 15 months, on average.,FIGURE 5-7,CHAPTE
21、R 5: IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Pearson Education 2012,15,Technology drivers of infrastructure evolution (cont.) Metcalfes Law and network economics Value or power of a network grows exponentially as a function of the number of network members As network members increase, more peop
22、le want to use it (demand for network access increases),IT Infrastructure,CHAPTER 5: IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Pearson Education 2012,16,Technology drivers of infrastructure evolution (cont.) Declining communication costs and the Internet An estimated 1.5 billion people worldwide
23、have Internet access As communication costs fall toward a very small number and approach 0, utilization of communication and computing facilities explodes,IT Infrastructure,CHAPTER 5: IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Pearson Education 2012,17,IT Infrastructure,EXPONENTIAL DECLINES IN INT
24、ERNET COMMUNICATIONS COSTS,One reason for the growth in the Internet population is the rapid decline in Internet connection and overall communication costs. The cost per kilobit of Internet access has fallen exponentially since 1995. Digital subscriber line (DSL) and cable modems now deliver a kilob
25、it of communication for a retail price of around 2 cents.,FIGURE 5-8,CHAPTER 5: IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Pearson Education 2012,18,Technology drivers of infrastructure evolution (cont.) Standards and network effects Technology standards: Specifications that establish the compatib
26、ility of products and the ability to communicate in a network Unleash powerful economies of scale and result in price declines as manufacturers focus on the products built to a single standard,IT Infrastructure,CHAPTER 5: IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Pearson Education 2012,19,IT Infr
27、astructure has 7 main components Computer hardware platforms Operating system platforms Enterprise software applications Data management and storage Networking/telecommunications platforms Internet platforms Consulting system integration services,Infrastructure Components,CHAPTER 5: IT INFRASTRUCTUR
28、E AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Pearson Education 2012,20,IT Infrastructure,THE IT INFRASTRUCTURE ECOSYSTEM,There are seven major components that must be coordinated to provide the firm with a coherent IT infrastructure. Listed here are major technologies and suppliers for each component.,FIGURE 5-9,CH
29、APTER 5: IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Pearson Education 2012,21,Computer hardware platforms Client machines Desktop PCs, mobile devices PDAs, laptops Servers Blade servers: ultrathin computers stored in racks Mainframes: IBM mainframe equivalent to thousands of blade servers Top chip
30、 producers: AMD, Intel, IBM Top firms: IBM, HP, Dell, Sun Microsystems,Infrastructure Components,CHAPTER 5: IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Pearson Education 2012,22,Operating system platforms Operating systems Server level: 75% run Windows; 25% run Unix or Linux Client level: 90% run M
31、icrosoft Windows (XP, 2000, CE, etc.) Handheld device OSs (Android, iPhone OS) Cloud computing OSs (Googles Chrome OS) Enterprise software applications Enterprise application providers: SAP and Oracle Middleware providers: BEA,Infrastructure Components,CHAPTER 5: IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHN
32、OLOGIES, Pearson Education 2012,23,What problems does multitouch technology solve? What are the advantages and disadvantages of a multitouch interface? How useful is it? Explain. Describe three business applications that would benefit from a multitouch interface. What management, organization, and t
33、echnology issues must be addressed if you or your business was considering systems and computers with multitouch interfaces?,Infrastructure Components,NEW TO THE TOUCH,CHAPTER 5: IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Pearson Education 2012,24,Data management and storage Database software: IBM
34、 (DB2), Oracle, Microsoft (SQL Server), Sybase (Adaptive Server Enterprise), MySQL Physical data storage: EMC Corp (large-scale systems), Seagate, Maxtor, Western Digital Storage area networks (SANs): Connect multiple storage devices on dedicated network,Infrastructure Components,CHAPTER 5: IT INFRA
35、STRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Pearson Education 2012,25,Networking/telecommunications platforms Telecommunication services Telecommunications, cable, telephone company charges for voice lines and Internet access AT&T, Verizon Network operating systems: Windows Server, Novell, Linux, Unix Netw
36、ork hardware providers: Cisco, Alcatel-Lucent, Nortel, Juniper Networks,Infrastructure Components,CHAPTER 5: IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Pearson Education 2012,26,Internet platforms Hardware, software, management services to support company Web sites, (including Web hosting services
37、) intranets, extranets Internet hardware server market: Dell, HP/Compaq, IBM Web development tools/suites: Microsoft (FrontPage, .NET) IBM (WebSphere) Sun (Java), independent software developers: Adobe, RealMedia,Infrastructure Components,CHAPTER 5: IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Pears
38、on Education 2012,27,Consulting and system integration services Even large firms do not have resources for a full range of support for new, complex infrastructure Software integration: ensuring new infrastructure works with legacy systems Legacy systems: older TPS created for mainframes that would b
39、e too costly to replace or redesign Accenture, IBM Global Services, EDS, Infosys, Wipro,Infrastructure Components,CHAPTER 5: IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Pearson Education 2012,28,The emerging mobile digital platform Cell phones, smartphones (BlackBerry, iPhone) Have assumed data tra
40、nsmission, Web surfing, e-mail and IM duties Netbooks: Small, low-cost lightweight notebooks optimized for wireless communication and core computing tasks Tablets (iPad) Networked e-readers (Kindle),Contemporary Hardware Platform Trends,CHAPTER 5: IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Pearson
41、 Education 2012,29,Grid computing Connects geographically remote computers into a single network to combine processing power and create virtual supercomputer Provides cost savings, speed, agility Virtualization Allows single physical resource to act as multiple resources (i.e., run multiple instance
42、s of OS) Reduces hardware and power expenditures Facilitates hardware centralization,Contemporary Hardware Platform Trends,CHAPTER 5: IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Pearson Education 2012,30,Cloud computing On-demand (utility) computing services obtained over network Infrastructure as
43、a service Platform as a service Software as a service Cloud can be public or private Allows companies to minimize IT investments Drawbacks: Concerns of security, reliability,Contemporary Hardware Platform Trends,CHAPTER 5: IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Pearson Education 2012,31,Green
44、computing Practices and technologies for manufacturing, using, disposing of computing and networking hardware Autonomic computing Industry-wide effort to develop systems that can configure, heal themselves when broken, and protect themselves from outside intruders Similar to self-updating antivirus
45、software; Apple and Microsoft both use automatic updates High performance, power-saving processors Multi-core processors,Contemporary Hardware Platform Trends,CHAPTER 5: IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Pearson Education 2012,32,What business and social problems does data center power co
46、nsumption cause? What solutions are available for these problems? Which are environment-friendly? What are the business benefits and costs of these solutions? Should all firms move toward green computing? Why or why not?,Contemporary Hardware Platform Trends,NORDEA GOES GREEN WITH IT,CHAPTER 5: IT I
47、NFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Pearson Education 2012,33,Linux and open-source software Open-source software: Produced by community of programmers, free and modifiable by user Linux: Open-source software OS Software for the Web Java: Object-oriented programming language Operating system, p
48、rocessor-independent Ajax Asynchronous JavaScript and XML Allows client and server to exchange small pieces of data without requiring the page to be reloaded,Contemporary Software Platform Trends,CHAPTER 5: IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Pearson Education 2012,34,Web Services Software
49、components that exchange information using Web standards and languages XML: Extensible Markup Language More powerful and flexible than HTML Tagging allows computers to process data automatically SOAP: Simple Object Access Protocol Rules for structuring messages enabling applications to pass data and instructions WSDL: Web Services Description Language Framework for describing Web service and capabilities UDDI: Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration Directory for locating Web services,Contemporary Software Platform Trends,CHAPTER 5: IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES,
