1、1精选语法点例句背诵 精选语法点例句背诵： （从第四周开始执行） 仔细研究句子的语法结构。 背诵句子中括号部分的单词为辅助理解用，无需背诵。 要求：注意停顿，非常流畅地背诵，不能漏一个词。 每周背诵两句；（特别长的句子的话，只背诵一句。会提前通知需背诵的句子） 检查时间：每周三（化工班）/周四（结构工程班）的听力课检查。背不出来，每句抄写10遍。A 后置定语Aa ING分词分句作后置定语，相当于一个省略了关系代词和be动词的定语从句。1. These are the problems (which are) hindering the development of Chinas economy
2、.参考译文：这些是制约中国经济发展的问题。Ab ED分词分句作后置定语，相当于一个省略了关系代词和be动词的定语从句。2. Remembrance of Things Past is a novel (which is ) highly appreciated by literary critics.参考译文：追忆逝水年华是一部深受文学评论家好评的小说。Ac 形容词分句作后置定语，相当于一个省略了关系代词和be动词的定语从句。3. But the result of such widespread use has been the development of bacteria (which
3、are) resistant to many antibiotics. 参考译文：但是，（抗生素的）广泛使用的后果就是：对许多对抗生素产生抗体的细菌不断繁殖并变得更加强大。B 定语从句4. The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.assume v.假定，设想，承担，采用（
4、assumption）参考译文：希腊人认为语言结构与思维过程有着某种关系，这种观点在人们认识到语言的千差万别之前就在欧洲扎了根。25. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care.Advocate: 支持者, 拥护者Advance: 进步参考译文：科学家需要对动物权利提倡者做出有力的反应，因为这些人的论点
5、令公众感到迷惑，因此也威胁到了医疗知识和医疗保健的进步。（因果关系）C 插入语英语中的插入语表示说话人的态度和看法，解释或是说明整个句子而不是某个词。插入结构与句中其他成分在语法上并无十分密切的关系，一般用逗号与句子其他部分隔开，可以位于句首，句中，或是句尾。插入语可以是副词，形容词短语，介词短语，不定式短语，分词短语或者主谓结构等等。6. Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from e
6、xperience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.in a particular situation 在某一特定情况下concerning：关于validity：效度，有效性参考译文：因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者兼用，（须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定/取决于与相对效度有关的来自经验的证据），也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。D 被动句Da 主宾颠倒我们看什么叫主宾颠倒！就是说如果一个被动句中主语和宾语的被动关系非常明显，我们采取把
7、被动结构中的原有的主语和宾语的关系颠倒过来得方法来翻译。首先看下这个例子： 7. Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.increase the financing of：增加对的资金投入3pure science 纯理论科学at the expense of 由 付费，以为代价vi
8、ce versa 反之亦然参考译文：政府是应该以牺牲技术为代价增加对纯理论科学地投入，还是相反，这常常取决于人们把哪一个看作驱动力量。Db 直接译为主动句8. Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovation
9、s for the reasons given above.Owing to由于，因为remarkable 显著的，卓越的，非凡的mass-communications 大众传媒Expose 暴露，揭露，使收到的影响innovation 改革，革新，创新。参考译文：由于大众通讯的显著发展，使得各地的人们不断感受到新的需求，不断接触到新的习俗和思想，由于上述原因，政府不得不采取更进一步的革新措施。Dc 用被字来翻译9. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now v
10、iew as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom.Stock-market swing 股票市场的动荡Ingredient：成分，因素Sustained ：持续不变得，相同的Boom：繁荣，隆隆声参考译文：许多消费者似乎已经受到股票市场波动的影响，现在的投资者把这些波动看作是经济持续繁荣的一个必要因素。E as的用法和比较结构Ea as 用作固定短语10. If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea
11、, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.词义推敲 ：the small hot spots 小热点4refinement 更完美，提炼，改进the inflationary universe theory 宇宙膨胀说(理论)look as expected 看上去与预计的一致”。Triumph=victory or conquest 胜利或征服refinement 更完美，提炼，改进called：作后置定语，译作“ 所谓的”，the inflationary universe theory 宇
12、宙膨胀说（理论）参考译文：假如那些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那就意味着又一科学论说的胜利，这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论，亦称宇宙膨胀说。Eb 翻译为“作为”11. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressivethere exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey comple
13、x ideas（nocannot 双重否定表肯定） .Acknowledge: 承认参考译文：做为一位语言学家，他承认各种语言，包括那些非标准的语言，比如黑人英语，都具有极强的表达力世界上任何语言或是方言都能传达复杂思想。Ec asas 和一样12. While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and e
14、xplain the significant events of the past.注释：T here are as many A as there are B。这个句型表示：有多少A，就有多少B。参考译文：尽管每一位历史学家都有自己对于史学的定义，现代实践最接近符合这样一个定义，这个定义把历史看作是重新创造和解释过去重要事件的尝试。Ed not so muchas 与其说不如说是.13. Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of
15、more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.参考译文：他们认为，科学之所以向前发展，与其说是因为天才伟人的洞察力还不如说是因为像改进了的工具和技术那些更为普通的东西。F 比较结构Fa rather than514. When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankinds instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.ma
16、nkinds instinct for moral reasoning 人类道德观念推理的本能instinct 本能reasoning：推理in action 起作用 rather than 而不（是）参考译文：当人们产生同情心的时候，这并不是一个错误，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用，这种本能应该受到鼓励，而不应该受到嘲笑。I would rather die than marry you. 我宁愿死也不和你做朋友。I would rather die to marry you. 我死也要嫁给你。Fb less.and more “与其说 不如说”；“主要是A，其次是B”15. In
17、terest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves .validity 真实性，正确性，效度 intellectual 知性的需用或使用智力的discipline 学科；科目知识或教学的分支参考译文: 人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，（主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因
18、为外界并不认为历史是一门学问/与其说是因为外部对于历史作为一门只是学科有效性的质疑，还不如说是因为历史学家自己内部的争论）。Fc, more than+名词或动词，表示“不只是，不仅仅”。He is more than a friend to her. 他对她不只是朋友。可能还有更多。16. They may teach very well，and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve mo
19、ral judgment.参考译文：他们可能教得很好，而且也不仅仅是为了赚钱，但是他们中的大多数对于涉及道德问题的人类问题很少或是没有进行独立的思考。G 倒装结构要把这个倒装结构还原成正常的语序17. Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible 6consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better p
20、art of a decade that it is true.cosmic inflation 宇宙膨胀说scientifically plausible consequence 科学上可信的推论in elementary-particle physics 基本粒子物理学convinced 被说服，相信for the better part of a decade 七八年来参考译文：宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论。许多天体物理学家七八年来一直认为这一论说是正确的。H 形式主语Ha 常常用于固定短语，翻译在整个句子的最前面。It is sai
21、d that据说It is reported that据报道It is estimated that据估计It must be pointed out that必须指出Hb It is adj for sb to do sth/sth is adj for sb to do sth.Hc It+ be + adj + that18. Furthermore it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and in
22、dustry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.is directly bound up with 与直接(密切)相关the efficiency of its agriculture and industry 工农业生产效率in turn 反过来rests upon 有赖于，取决于参考译文：此外，显而易见的是，一个国家的经济实力直接与其工农业的生产效率密切相关，而工农业生产的效率又依赖/取决于各类科学家和技术人员的努力。I 状语 从句Ia 让步状
23、语从句前置19. Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economys long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.结构：7并列句 and 连接even as 引导的让步状语从句panic：使恐慌，使惊慌optimistic: 乐观的 modest:谦虚的，谦让的，适度的参考译文：消费者看上去只是有点担心而没有恐慌，很多消费者尽管正在收缩开支，但是他们对经济的长期前
24、景仍然保持乐观。Ib 时间状语从句前置20. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behavior became markedly different.单词：Place: 使处在（某环境中）。相当于putAdjoin 毗连，临近，贴近 Chamber 室，房间，议院，会所 Markedly 显著地，明显地参考译文：然而
25、，当两只猴子放置于隔开但是相邻的房间时，他们可以互相观察对方用岩石能换到什么东西，这时他们的行为开始变得明显不同了。Ic 条件状语从句前置21. Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behaviour will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.until 如果不，直到a technology of behavior 研究行为的技术手段be rejected 被抛弃；被拒绝；被反对with it 随之；伴随
26、着它参考译文：如果这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的惟一方式可能也随之受到排斥。Id 方式状语从句前置22. New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance(ING分词分句做伴随状语或结果状语 ).New forms of thought 新的思维方式new subjects for thought 新的思维对象mu
27、st：必然要，必定会as they have in the past：就像过去曾经出现过一样。8giving rise to 给出，产生，带来new standards of elegance 完美的新标准参考译文：新的思维方式和新的思维内容将拉一定会出现，正如他们过去已经出现过一样，从而给完美以新的标准。或：像过去一样，将来一定会出现新的思维方式和新的思维内容，从而给完美以新的标准。Ie 原因状语从句前因后果或前果后因23. The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happe
28、ned in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past.结构：表语从句：that people have failed to detect the massive changes定语从句：which have happened in the ocean原因状语从句：because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past.单词：Notion：概念，观念，想法De
29、tect：察觉，发觉，侦查，探测 Look back：回顾，倒退，追忆参考译文：其中的观点是：人们之所以没有察觉到海洋中发生的巨大变化，原因是他们过去一直考察的时间只是过去的一个相对较短的时间段。If, 结果状语从句24. The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating
30、their data.注释：Strikingly: 显著地Well-studied: 经过透彻研究的Boas：博厄斯，弗朗兹：(1858-1942) 德裔美国人类学家，强调文化和语言结构的系统分析。Sapir：萨皮尔，爱德华：(1884-1939) 美国语言学家和人类学家，以其对美洲土著语言的研究和关于语言影响人们的感性认识的理论而著名。Fabricate: 捏造, 虚构 , 伪造9newly过去分词newly bought sunglasses 新买的太阳镜a newly built subway 新建的地铁参考译文：这些新近被描述的语言与欧洲和东南亚那些已经得到很好研究的语言往往差别显著，
31、以至于有些学者甚至指责Boas 和Sapir 捏造了数据。J 代词Ja 句子内部指代的翻译当代词与其所指代的对象在同一划线句中时，一般来可以将代词译为相对应的代词。但是如果前面出现多个名词，而且从数量、性质等方面很难判断代词的指代，句中的代词也比较多时，则最好将代词翻译成相对应的名词。25. Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form（插入语） , states that language imprisons the mind, and that the gramm
32、atical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.注释：Imprison：监禁，束缚linguistic determinism：语言决定论（即，语言决定语言使用者的思维方式）Whorf：沃夫，本杰明李：美国的语言学家，与他的老师爱德华沙皮尔共同合作发展出后来的萨皮尔-沃夫假说。参考译文：Whorf （逐渐接受/进而相信）某种（类似）语言决定论的观点；这种观点的极端说法是：语言禁锢了思想，（而）语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。Jb 句外
33、指代的翻译Jba 对于指代具体某个或几个名词的词，一定要搞清楚他指代的内容，译文中用代词表示不清的就用名词来表达，哪怕是罗嗦一点也一定要多用名词，只有在明显清楚或者找不到合适的名词才用代词。26. They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his
34、 achievements.词义推敲：They：在短文中指代“freedom and dignity”，译作 “自由与尊严”autonomous (self-governing)：自主的的；自我 管理的10possession: wealth or property 财富，财产be essential to 必不可少的，非常重要的practices 实践活动credit：赞同，赞扬参考译文：自由和尊严是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。Jbb 若是代词指代的内容为前面的某个句子，需要总结，则在翻译的时候可以以模糊对模糊，根据具体情况
35、将该代词译为“这种问法，这种说法，这种做法”27. This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact (which is) underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.注释：Demonstrate: 证明，显示Underline: 强调，突出参考译文：仅这一点
36、就足以表明，要在电视行业里生存下来并非易事。统计数字尤其说明了这一事实，在80 个欧洲电视网中，多达一半在1989 年亏损。K 宾语从句宾语从句在句中相当于名词的作用，称之为名词性从句。28. Many things make people think (that) artists are weird and the weirdest may be this: artists only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.注释：Weird：奇怪的结构：宾语从句 ：a
37、rtists are weird and.定语从句：that feel bad.参考译文：许多事情让人们以为艺术家是怪人，而最为怪异的也许是艺术家的唯一工作是探讨各种情感，然而他们却选择把焦点放在让人感觉不快的情感上面。L 同位语从句29. This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establish
38、ment (定语从句 ) cannot 11generally be foreseen in detail.注释：Establishment：机构或机关及其成员Scientific establishment: 科学界参考译文：这种趋势始于二次大战期间，当时一些政府得出这样一个结论：一个政府想要对其科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详细预见的。30. Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determ
39、ines the structure of habitual thought in a society.参考译文：Whorf 对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，他逐渐形成了这样一种（观念/观点）：在一个社会里，语言的结构决定了习惯思维结构。M 主语从句主语从句在句中的作用和名词一样，所以也称之为名词性从句。31. In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and (the tests work) least effectivel
40、y when what (quality) is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.Qualities 此处不能理解为 “质量”因为质量是不可数的，那么应该翻译成“品质，特性或是特质，特点”等。注释：Define: 确定，阐述，下定义参考译文：一般来说，当所要测定的特质能够最为精确地定义时，测试效果最好；当所要测定或者预测的特征不能很好地定义时，测试效果最差。N 表语从句表语从句起到名词作用，因此也称之为名词性从句。32. One difficulty is that almost all of what is called
41、 behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.continues to trace behavior to 继续针对研究行为behavioral science 行为科学state of mind 心态，意识状态trait of character 性格特点参考译文：难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、12性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。O 宾语后置在英语中，若宾语过长，为保持
42、整个动宾结构的完整性，会将宾语置于后面，成为宾语后置。33. We have the responsibility to bequeath * to our descendents the beautiful home we have inherited from our forebears.单词：bequeath： 遗赠，遗留给Forebear: 先辈，祖先结构：正常语序为 bequeath sth. to sb.但这个句子中，sth. 过长，为保持bequeath sth. to sb.这个结构的完整，将 sth.（the beautiful home we have inherited
43、from our forebears） 置于后面。参考译文：我们有责任(把从先祖那继承到的美丽家园) 留给后代。34. A company has announced that it is willing to share * with developing countries the technology to produce vitamin-enriched rice.单词：vitamin-enriched: 维生素增强型的，因添了维生素而质量更好的结构：正常语序为 share sth. with sb.但这个句子的 sth.太长，为保持share sth. with sb.这个结构的完整，将 sth. （the technology to produce vitamin-enriched rice）置于后面。参考译文：一家公司宣布，它愿意和发展中国家分享(生产维生素增强型的水稻所需的技术) 。
