1、Professional English for Educational Technology,Fang Haiguang Capital Normal University 2008-10,Chapter One The Evolution of the Definitions,首师大方海光 http:/,目录,Section AThe Early Definitions,Section BThe AECTs Definitions in 1994,Section CAssumptions behind the AECTs Definition in 2005,Section DThe Fu
2、ture of Definition,Professional Vocabulary,首师大方海光 http:/,Unit 1 Section A,The Early Definitions Read it as quickly as possible (5m) Any new words and phrases?,首师大方海光 http:/,Section A The Early Definitions,The Early Definition 1 Audiovisual communication . is that branch of educational theory and pra
3、ctice concerned primarily with the design and use of messages which control the learning.,首师大方海光 http:/,Section A The Early Definitions,The Early Definition 2 Instructional technology . is a systematic way of designing, carrying out, and evaluating the total process of learning and teaching in terms
4、 of specific objectives, based on research in human learning and communication and employing a combination of human and nonhuman resources to bring about more effective instruction.它指出教学技术是一种根据具体目标来设计、实施和评价整个教学过程的系统方法。它以对人的学习与传播的研究为基础, 综合运用人力与非人力资源, 以达到更有效地教学的目的。,首师大方海光 http:/,Section A The Early De
5、finitions,carry out (1).To put into practice or effect:实行，运作： carry out a new policy.实行一项新政策 (2).To follow or obey:遵循或遵守： carry out instructions.遵循教诲 (3).To bring to a conclusion; accomplish:得出结论；完成： carried out the mission successfully.成功地完成使命,首师大方海光 http:/,Section A The Early Definitions,The Early
6、 Definition 3、Educational technology is a field involved in the facilitation of human learning through the systematic identification, development, organization and utilization of a full range of learning resources and through the management of these processes.教育技术是这样一个领域, 它通过对所有学习资源的系统化鉴别、开发、组织和利用以及
7、通过对这些过程的管理, 来促进人类的学习.,首师大方海光 http:/,Section A The Early Definitions, Facilitate vt.使容易；使便利 “ It would facilitate matters if you were more co-operative.要是你再合作些，事情就会变得更容易。 Identification n.辨认, 鉴定, 证明, 视为同一 “ the identification of high yielding seeds.高产量种子的鉴别,首师大方海光 http:/,Section A The Early Definitio
8、ns,The Early Definition 4、Educational technology is a complex, integrated process involving people, procedures, ideas, devices and organization for analyzing problems and devising, implementing, evaluating and managing solutions to those problems involved in all aspects of human learning. “ 教育技术是一个复
9、杂的、整合的过程, 这个过程涉及人员、程序、思想、设备和组织, 其目的在于分析遍及人类学习所有方面的问题和设计、实施、评价与管理对那些问题的解决方法。,首师大方海光 http:/,Section A The Early Definitions,Devise vt.设计 Devise is the process by which you create something. Usually in the colloquial sense, we talk about device to mean making something very secretive.Colloquial adj. 口语
10、的, 通俗的,首师大方海光 http:/,Unit 1 Section B,The AECTs Definitions in 1994 Read it (8m) Any new words and phrases?,首师大方海光 http:/,Section B The AECTs Definitions in 1994,Instructional Technology is the theory and practice of design, development , utilization , management and evaluation of processes and reso
11、urces for learning ( Seels and Richey.1994,p.1),首师大方海光 http:/,Section B The AECTs Definitions in 1994,Figure 1.2.1 The Domains of Instructional Technology (Page 5),首师大方海光 http:/,Unit 1 Section C,Assumptions behind the AECTs Definition in 2005 Read it as quickly as possible (10m) Any new words and ph
12、rases? Ask someone to read and translate each paragraph.,首师大方海光 http:/,Section C Assumptions behind the AECTs Definition in 2005,AECT05 definition “ Educational technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating , using , and managing appropri
13、ate technological processes and resources. (Molenda and Robinson.2004). “ Ethical 伦理的；道德的；合乎道德的 eg： I oughtnt to do that, its not ethical.,首师大方海光 http:/,Section C Assumptions behind the AECTs Definition in 2005,“ First, it is a general definition, one that should be understandable to non-specialists
14、, as opposed to a scientific definition, one that attempts to describe some phenomenon in technically precise terms. “ 首先，它是一个一般性定义，是一个能为非专业人士所理解的定义，它不同于试图用学术的专门的精确术语来描述一些现象科学定义,首师大方海光 http:/,Section C Assumptions behind the AECTs Definition in 2005,“ Further, it is primarily a stipulatory definiton
15、 , stipulating or prescribing the elements of the concept and its boundaries in ideal terms rather than claiming to be based on observations of what a particular group of people actually do in practice. “ 不仅如此，它主要是一个规定性定义，是用理想的术语，而不是根据对一特定组群的人在实践中的实际工作的观察，来规定或描述概念的内涵（要素）及其外延。Stipulate v. 规定, 保证,首师大方
16、海光 http:/,Section C Assumptions behind the AECTs Definition in 2005,“ Secondly, like any useful definition, this one intends to be clear, precise, and unambiguous, and to draw boundaries indicating what is included, what is excluded, what is central, and what is peripheral. “ 其次，与任何有用的定义一样，这个定义试图是清晰
17、的、准确的、和明确的，试图划出一个界限，说明教育技术包括什么，不包括什么，什么是重要的，什么是不重要的。,首师大方海光 http:/,Section C Assumptions behind the AECTs Definition in 2005,“ Thirdly, one of the major departures from the past AECT definitional efforts is to refer explicitly to core values implied in educational technology. While technology might
18、be viewed by some as a value neutral force, its application to educational purposes entails concerns, both for the learners and educational system. “ 第三，与过去AECT定义的努力一个主要不同就是，清楚地指出隐含在教育技术中的核心价值。当技术被认为是一个价值中性的力量时，它被运用于教育目的必须同时考虑学习者和教育系统。,首师大方海光 http:/,Section C Assumptions behind the AECTs Definition
19、in 2005,That is, there is no point in approaching education “technologically” unless one is attempting to improve the quality of the learners experience and to do it in a way that also makes sense for the organization.也就是说，除非人们试图提高学习效果，同时以一种也对机构有意义的方式运用技术，不然在教育中使用技术就没有多大意义。,首师大方海光 http:/,Section C A
20、ssumptions behind the AECTs Definition in 2005,“ Fourthly, the definition is meant to be connected with AECTs most recent prior definition: ”Instructional technology is the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management and evaluation of processes and resources for learning”. “
21、第四，这个定义旨在与AECT最近的那个定义相联系，那个定义是，“教学技术是指为了促进学习，对有关的过程和资源进行设计、开发、利用、管理和评价的理论与实践”（Seels and Richey,1994）。,首师大方海光 http:/,Section C Assumptions behind the AECTs Definition in 2005,It incorporates all the major elements of that definition, albeit with somewhat different vocabulary, different emphases, and
22、some additional elements. The current definition is viewed as an improvement and updating of the 1994 definition, not a fundamental reconceptualization. It intends to be evolutionary rather than revolutionary. 虽然使用了多少有些不同的词汇，关注的重点也不同，还添加了一些要素，但这个新定义结合了原来定义的所有主要要素。当前的定义被视为是1994定义的一个改进和更新，而不是根本性地重新定义。
23、这是改进而不是革命。,首师大方海光 http:/,Section C Assumptions behind the AECTs Definition in 2005,“ Fifthly, the new definition is sensitive to the standards for the accreditation of university programs preparing teachers and specialists in the educational technology field. The ECIT standards approved in 2000 requ
24、ire that such programs be grounded in the knowledge base of the field. “ 第五，这个新定义对为教育技术学领域培养教师和专家的大学计划的认证标准是敏感的。在2000年通过的“教育传播和教学技术（ECIT）标准“要求此类计划必须扎根于这个领域的知识基础中。,首师大方海光 http:/,Section C Assumptions behind the AECTs Definition in 2005,The knowledge base is considered to be categorized into the “doma
25、ins” of design, development, utilization, management and evaluation. These “domains” are taken from the 1994 AECT definition, so it is reasonable to expect that future standards may be affected by this new definition. Hence, maintaining some parallelism between the old definition and the new one was
26、 deemed to be helpful to future standards writers 知识基础被分成了设计、开发、利用、管理和评价等范畴。这些范畴取自AECT1994定义，所以，理所当然地，我们期待这个定义能够影响未来的标准。因此，保持新、旧定义之间的某种平行将会对未来的标准制定有所帮助。,首师大方海光 http:/,Unit 1 Section C,How many assumptions was disscused ? It is a general definition. It intended to be a clear one. Explain the core val
27、ues Connected with the definition in 1994 Be sensitive to standards,首师大方海光 http:/,Professional Vocabulary,Artificial intelligence Audiovisual communication Electronic Performance Support System(EPSS) Instructional technology Intelligent agent Media-oriented,首师大方海光 http:/,Professional Vocabulary,Perf
28、ormance technology Process-oriented Situated cognition Systematic Utilization Virtual reality,首师大方海光 http:/,Professional Vocabulary,Performance technology Process-oriented Situated cognition Systematic Utilization Virtual reality,首师大方海光 http:/,New Words,Pedagogical adj. 教育学的, 教学法的 Cognitive adj. 认知的
29、, 认识的, 有感知的 Demonstrate vt. 示范, 证明, 论证 Physical therapist n. 物理治疗家 Paradigm n. 范例 Encompass v. 包围，环绕,首师大方海光 http:/,中文补充内容,美国教育技术定义的演变及特点 AECT1963年定义 “视听传播是教育理论与实践的一个分支，它主要研究对控制学习过程的信息进行设计和使用。” 视听传播是教育理论和实践的一个分支 视听传播以控制学习过程的信息为主要研究对象 视听传播以对控制学习过程的信息进行设计和使用为主要研究内容 有明确的目标,首师大方海光 http:/,中文补充内容,教学技术委员会19
30、70年定义 “教学技术是一种根据特定目标来设计、实施与评价整个教与学的过程的系统方法。它以对人的学习和传播的研究为基础，综合运用人力、物力资源，以达到更有效的教学目的。” 教学技术有明确的目的 教学技术以对人的学习和传播的研究为基础 教学技术以整个教与学的过程为研究对象 教学技术以对教与学的过程的设计、实施和评价为研究内容 教学技术是为达到更有效的教学目的,首师大方海光 http:/,中文补充内容,西尔伯（Silber）在1970年的定义 “教学技术是用系统的方式对教学系统组成部分（包括讯息、人员、材料、设备、技术和环境）的开发(包括研究、设计、制作、支持-供给和利用)以及对开发的管理（包括组
31、织和人员）。其目的是解决教育的问题。 教学技术的研究对象是教学系统组成部分 教学技术的研究内容是对教学组成部分的开发和对开发的管理 教学技术有明确的目的,首师大方海光 http:/,中文补充内容,麦肯齐（Mac Kenzie）和厄劳特（Eraut）在1971年的定义 “教育技术是对达到教育目标的手段的系统化研究。” 教育技术以教育手段为研究对象 教育技术以对达到教育目标的手段的研究为研究内容 教育技术有明确的目标,首师大方海光 http:/,中文补充内容,AECT1972年定义 “教育技术是这样一个领域，它通过对所有学习资源的系统化鉴别、开发、组织和利用以及通过对这些过程的管理，来利于人类的学
32、习。” 教育技术以学习资源为研究对象 教育技术以对学习资源的鉴别、开发、组织和利用、管理为主要研究内容 教育技术以促进学习为目的,首师大方海光 http:/,中文补充内容,AECT1977年定义 “教育技术是一个分析问题，并对解决问题的方法设计、实施、评价和管理的综合的、有机的过程，它涉及人员、程序、思想、设备和组织等各方面，与人类的学习所有方面都有关系。” 教育技术以人类学习为研究对象 教育技术以对问题的分析及对解决问题的方法的设计、实施、评价和管理为研究内容,首师大方海光 http:/,中文补充内容,AECT1994年定义 “教育技术是关于学习过程和学习资源的设计、开发、应用、管理和评价的
33、理论和实践。” 教育技术的研究对象是学习过程和学习资源 教育技术的研究内容是对学习过程和学习资源的设计、开发、应用、管理和评价 教育技术是一种理论和实践,首师大方海光 http:/,中文补充内容,从教育技术的研究对象来看，教育技术从小到大，再缩至教育手段，1972年定义只强调学习资源，1977年定义的范围太大，1994年定义在1972年定义的基础上加上了学习过程，可见，教育技术的研究对象与学习有关；从研究内容上看，94定义是对以往定义的概括、综合，包括设计、开发、应用、管理和评价五个方面。除了1963年定义外，大多数定义只强调了教育技术是一个实践活动，而忽略其作为理论活动的重要性。教育技术的目的也有所集中，直接指向学习效果的优化。这些定义有一个共同点，就是都采用了系统的方法。,首师大方海光 http:/,Unit 1 Section D,The Future of Definition Read it as quickly as possible (5m) Any new words and phrases? Please write down the translation of Section D on a paper and hand it on.(20m),教育技术学专业英语 第一章,
