1、阅读进阶 Graded reading上一期，我们学习了从空间顺序的角度来把握文章结构的技巧。这一期，我们将学习如何把握对比描述类文章的结构。把握文章结构对比描述来源:学优高考网在阅读理解中，我们可能会遇到一些对比描述两种事物的文章。这两种事物可能是同一种类但具有细小差别或有着不同形式。针对这类文章，我们该如何把握其结构，从而全面正确地理解其内容呢？这将是我们本期学习的重点。【例题】阅读下面短文，并完成短文后的题。Computer hardware is any physical device used in or with your machine, but software is a co
2、llection of code(代码) installed onto your computers hard drive. For example, the computer monitor you are using to read this text and the mouse you are using to navigate(操纵) this web page are computer hardware. The Internet browser that allows you to visit this page and the operating system that the
3、browser is running on are considered as software.In a computer, hardware makes a computer work. A Central Process Unit (CPU) processes information that can be stored in Random Access Memory (RAM) or on a hard drive. A sound card can provide sound for speakers and a video card can provide an image fo
4、r a monitor. All of these are hardware.On the same computer, software can be installed and it allows a person to work with the hardware. An operating system, like Windows or Mac OS, is software. It provides a chance for people to use the computer and other software on the computer. A person can crea
5、te documents and pictures by using software.Nearly all software uses hardware to operate properly. A video game, which is a software, uses the CPU, RAM and video card, all of which are hardware, to run. Word processing software uses the CPU, RAM and hard drive to create and save documents.In short,
6、both hardware and software make a computer work normally. Any computer cannot work without each of them.一、根据文章内容，完成下表。 Para. Key words The main idea1 hardware, _1_, software, a collection of code The definition of hardware and software.2 hardware, makes, computer, work The _2_ of hardware.3software,
7、 allows, person, _3_,with the hardwareThe function of software.4 software, uses, hardware, _4_ The connection between hardware and software.来源:学优高考网 gkstk5 hardware, software, make, computer, _5_ Both hardware and software are necessary to a computer.二、根据上表及文章内容，该文章的结构类型为：_。来源:gkstk.Com【解题过程详解】一、扫读全
8、文可知，该文章是一篇对比描述类的文章，对比描述的是计算机的硬件和软件。我们跳读表格会发现，本次填表的任务是要找出各段落的关键词，并根据关键词得出文段的大意。这时，我们就可以运用我们之前学过的扫读关键词的阅读技巧。这里的关键词指的是内容关键词，即找出段落中重要的名词、动词等实词，从而找出或总结出主旨大意。按照材料中段落的先后顺序依次跳读，我们便可得出答案为：1. physical device 2. function 3. work 4. operate 5. work二、根据表格中的内容，我们可知：文章第一段对比介绍了什么是软件、什么是硬件；第二段说明了硬件的功能；第三段说明了软件的功能；第四
9、段说明了软件和硬件的联系。这四个段落都是在就某一个具体方面进行对比描述。而文章的最后一段则总述了一台电脑要想正常运行，软硬件都应具备，故本文为“分总”结构。练一练阅读下面短文，并回答短文后的题。As we know, there are many differences between Western culture and Chinese culture. We can see some differences if we pay attention to the way words are used. Lets look at the words about animals and pla
10、nts. Most expressions in Chinese about the dog, such as, a homeless dog, a mad dog, a running dog and a dog catching a mouse, have negative(消极的) meanings. But in Western countries, dogs are thought to be honest and good friends of humans. In English, people use the dog to describe positive(积极的 ) act
11、ions. For example, “you are a lucky dog” means you are a lucky person. And “every dog has its day” means each person has good luck sometimes. To describe a persons serious illness, they say “sick as a dog”. The word “dog-tired” means “very tired”. However, Chinese love cats very much. But in Western
12、 culture, a “cat” is often used to describe a woman who is cruel. The rose is regarded as a symbol of love in both China and some Western countries. People think the rose means love, peace, courage and friendship. And the rose is the national flower of England, America and many other countries. The
13、words about plants and animals are used in positive or negative ways in different cultures. We can learn about many differences in different cultures by comparing how those words are used.根据文章内容，该文章的结构类型为：_。写作进阶 Graded Writing上一期，我们学习了如何列提纲。这一期，我们将研究什么样的提纲才是最佳的提纲。选择最佳的提纲（一）一份好的提纲要做到简明但全面，清晰且明了。那么怎样才
14、算简明？怎样才算全面？这将是我们本期需要注意的地方。【例题】下面是一篇书面表达的题干部分，表格后有两篇针对该书面表达列出的写作提纲，请你从中选择一份最符合“简明但全面”的提纲。作为一名学生，参加考试是一件很正常的事情。你觉得考试是什么？考试有什么意义呢？请你以“My Opinions on the Exam”为题，写一篇英语短文。写作要求：1. 可适当增加细节，使行文连贯；来源:学优高考网 gkstk2. 80 词左右。Outline 1Para. 1: What is the exam?The exam is a way of testing.Para. 2: My attitude to
15、the exam.I didnt like the exam before, but now I like it.Para. 3: How I face the exam.I fully prepare for it and I can learn from it.Outline 2Para. 1: The exam is a way of testing how our studies are going on.Para. 2: The importance of an exam: tell me what we havent learnt.Para. 3: My attitude: hat
16、e before; like now.The reason: Mom taught me to face the exam correctly.来源:学优高考网 gkstkPara. 4: My way: fully prepare for each exam and not care too much about the score.以上两个提纲中，最符合“简明但全面”的提纲是：_.【解题过程详解】对比 Outline 1 和 Outline 2，我们会发现二者在内容详略的表达程度上基本相似。虽然Outline 1 主要采用句子的形式，而 Outline 2 则有一部分采用了短语的形式，但二
17、者都简明清晰地展示了文章写作的要点。但是，对比二者分别列出的写作内容会发现 Outline 1 中缺少一个写作要点：the importance of an exam，也就是题干中提到的“考试的意义”这说明Outline 1 不“全面 ”。因此，两个提纲中，真正符合“简明但全面”的提纲是 Outline 2。【总结】1. 一份提纲是否“简明”并不取决于其使用句子的形式还是短语的形式，关键在于其能用最简练的语言清楚地阐述各段的含义。2. 一份提纲，要做到“全面” ，一定要涵盖题干中提到的所有“写作内容”或“写作要点” 。想一想根据提纲简明但全面的特点，你会对 Outline 1 作怎样的修正？（参考答案见本期）参考答案练一练总分总式
