1、中考英语词汇与语法满分快车道书稿第一章 名 词根据词的意义、形态特征及其在句子中的作用，将词分为若干类，叫做词类。英语的词通常分为10类。其中名词、代词、形容词、副词、数词、动词为实词，冠词、介词、连词和感叹词为虚词。英语名称 缩写形式 汉语名称 意义 例词Noun n. 名词 表示人、事物或地点的名称 Alice, boybook, carArticle art. 冠词 用在名词前，帮助说明其所指对象 a（an）, thePronoun pron. 代词 代替名词、数词等 this, that, I, itmy, yourAdjective a.或adj. 形容词 表示人或事物的性质或特征
2、blue, big, beautifulNumeral num. 数词 表示数量或顺序 first, threeVerb v. 动词 表示动作或状态 be, have, goAdverb ad.或adv. 副词 表示动作的特征 often, usuallyPreposition prep. 介词 表示名词，代词等和其他词之间的关系 in, on, atConjunction conj. 连词 连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句 and, butInterjection int.或interj. 感叹词 表示说话时的喜悦，惊讶等情感或语气 oh, hello英语名词（Noun）可以从形式上进行分类，
3、英语名词可以划分成专有名词和普通名词两大类。从意义上划分，英语名词可分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词四类。一般来说，个体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns）。物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词无法用数目来计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns ）。集合名词有的可数，有的不可数。一 、 普 通 名 词学优中考网 普通名词指一类人或事物的名称。英语中普通名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词一般有单、复数两种形式。如a/one child，ten children。而不可数名词一般只有一种形式。如cash（现金）。不可数名词之前不可直接用泛指限
4、定词和数词。不可数名词可与some 一起用。如：some money，some water 。也可与the一起用：the information（这信息）。（一）可数名词及其复数形式（1）可数名词的复数形式一般由词尾加-s 或-es 构成，其规则见下表：类 别 构 成 法 读 音 例 词在清辅音后读/s/ maps, books在浊辅音及元音后读/z/ cars, photos在/t/后读/ts/ cats, students在/d/ 后读/dz/ beds, guards一般情况 加-s在/d/后读/iz/ bridges, ages以字母s, x, ch, sh 结尾的词 加-es在 /s
5、/, /z/, /,/t/后读/iz/ classes, brushes以辅音字母+y结尾的词 将y改成i,加-es /z/ factories, stories一般加-es /z/ potatoes, tomatoes以字母o结尾的词 少数外来词或缩略词加-s /z/ radios, pianos一般加-s /s/ roofs, chiefs少数将f, fe, 改为-ves /z/ shelves, knives以字母f或fe结尾的词有些加-s或改为-ves均可 /s/或/z/ scarfs/scarves（2）可数名词复数形式的不规则构成法英语中有一部分名词由于历史或词源原因其复数形式的构
6、成法是不规则的。这种情况主要有：元音字母变化。例如：foot-fleet man-men . woman-womentooth-teeth goose-geese mouse-mice结尾为-en。例如： child-children单复数同形。单复数同形的名词主要有：sheep, fish, Chinese, deer等。只有复数形式。例如：trousers, goods 等。（二）可数名词和不可数名词英语中的绝大多数名词既可以用作可数名词也可以用作不可数名词。1可数名词可数名词一般可以分成以下三类：第一类：如bike，desk ， factory等，这类名词占可数名词的多数。以bike为例
7、：There are fifty bikes at this shop这家商店有50辆自行车。第二类：如clothes等，本身表示复数形式。以clothes为例：She cares for nice clothes她爱好穿着。2不可数名词不可数名词的用法特征主要有以下几种：（1）不带冠词的单数形式需用动词单数作谓语。例如：Knowledge is power知识就是力量。（2）由much，little 等词修饰。例如：They have saved much money for future use他们存了很多钱以备未来使用。（3）与表示单位的量词如a piece of等连用。例如：Go an
8、d fetch me a piece of chalk给我去拿一支粉笔。要十分注意的是：不可数名词不能与不定冠词或数词直接用在一起。如不能说a good news, an advice, a hard work等。不可数名词可以与量词使用构成不同的词组：如： a piece of paper 一张纸 a drop of water 一滴水a 1oaf of bread 一条面包 a bag of money 一袋钱a bottle of milk 一瓶牛奶 a pair of shoes 一双鞋二 、 专 有 名 词专有名词用来指具体的人、地点、日子或物体的专有名称。其特点是：第一个字母大写，
9、通常不与冠词连用，无复数形式。（一）人名英美人的姓名与中国人的恰恰相反，姓在后面，名在前面，姓名前通常不用冠词。例如：Mary Smith；George Washington。（1）一般熟人间通常用名称呼。例如：Hows John getting on? 约翰近来好吗？（2）在不熟悉人之间或表示礼貌时，常把姓和称谓连用。例如：Would you please tell John Smith to come to the office? 请你告诉约翰史密斯到办公室来一次好吗?（3）姓氏复数前加定冠词可表示全家人。例如：The Turners have gone to America特纳一家人去美
10、国了。（二）地名学优中考网 （1）大部分单数形式的地名不用定冠词。例如：Asia；America；China； London；Shanghai（2）大部分单数形式的湖、岛、山名前不加定冠词。例如：Silver Lake；Mount Tai（3）山脉、群岛、海洋、河流、运河、海湾、海峡、半岛、沙漠名前一般加定冠词。例如：the Pacific；the English Channel；the Sahara（三）日期名（1）节日名前通常不用冠词。例如：Christmas；National Day（2）星期名前通常不用冠词。例如：Sunday；Tuesday（3）月份名前通常不用冠词。例如：April
11、；December三 、 名 词 所 有 格名词所有格是指一个名词与另一个名词之间存在所有关系时所用的形式。其构成有两种：一种是由名词末尾加s构成；另一种由介词 of加名词构成。前者多用来表示有生命的东西；后者多用来表示无生命的东西。例如：Childrens Palace 少年宫Toms bike 汤姆的自行车the title of the book 书名the legs of the table 桌子的腿（一）所有格形式的构成（1）单数名词后加s，其读音与名词复数结尾的读音相同。例如：the girls father 女孩的父亲（2）以s结尾的复数名词后加。例如：two hours wal
12、k 两个小时的步行（3）不以s结尾的复数名词后加s。例如：the childrens holiday 孩子们的节日（4）以s结尾的人名，可以加s，也可加号。例如：Thomass brother 托马斯的兄弟Charless job 查尔斯的工作（5）表示各自的所有关系，不是共有的，则要分别在名词末尾加s，如：Johns and Marys rooms 约翰和玛丽各人的房间若表示共有的，则在最后一个名词的末尾加s ，如：John and Marys room 约翰和玛丽合住的房间（二）s所有格的用法s所有格常表示有生命的东西，但也可表示无生命的东西。例如：（1）表示时间：todays newsp
13、aper 今天的报纸（2）表示自然现象：the moons rays 月光（3）表示国家、城市机构：Shanghais industry 上海的工业（4）表示度量衡及价值：twenty dollars value 20美元的价值five miles distance 5英里的距离（三）s所有格所表示的关系1表示所有关系可分为可分割的所有关系和不可分割的所有关系。可分割的所有关系通常指身外之物，一般不可用of表示。例如：Johns pen（John has a pen）约翰的钢笔不可说：a pen of John但不可分割的所有关系，指自身拥有的不可分割的东西可用s也可用of 表示。例如：Mar
14、ys hands（Mary has two hands）玛丽的手可以说：the hands of Mary2表示主谓关系the doctors advice（The doctor advised ）医生的建议his mothers request（His mother requested ）他母亲的请求3表示动宾关系Toms failure 汤姆的失败childrens education 年轻一代的教育4表示同位语关系（通常用of表示）the city of Rome罗马城the city of Pairs巴黎城第二节 实战演练一 、 例 题 选 讲例 1 There are in this
15、 river A a great deal of fish B a great number of fishC a great amount of fish D huge amounts of fish答案： B提示： 根据题意应填入许多鱼，而 fish 是单复数同形的可数名词，如果要表示各种各样的鱼可以用 fishes 表示。 fish 解释为鱼肉是不可数名词。本句表示河里有许多鱼，只有 a great number of 修饰可数名词。学优中考网 例 2 He has done many .A work B jobC works D jobs答案： D提示： job 是可数名词，在 man
16、y 后应填复数名词。work 作为“工作”是一个不可数名词。例 3 father is a doctor.A The twins B The twinsC The twin D Twins答案： B提示： 名词复数的所有格形式只需在词尾加“” ，不能再加“-s” 。例 4 I take violin from Mr. Wang at school everyday.A lesson B lessonsC class D course答案： B提示： 在英语中有些名词常以复数形式出现，Lessons 表示课程。例 5 There on the wall, they are very nice.A
17、 are photos B are photoesC is a photo D is photo答案： A提示： photo 的复数形式是加-s。例 6 The police searching for a tall man with long hair.A is B has beenC had been D are答案： D提示： police 代表整体，谓语要用复数。二 、 复 习 时 需 要 注 意 的 要 点（1）有些名词形式像复数，但含义是单数，而有些名词是没有单数形式的，应注意谓语动词的选用。例如：aMaths is the language of sciencebNo news
18、is good newscThe Chinese people are a great people（2）在“there be ”的句子中，谓语动词的数应和它最近的主语的数相一致例如：aThere are two pictures on the wallbThere is a cat and two dogs in the garden（3）使用不定代词时要注意范围，两者之中用both ，either，neither，each等，在三者或三者以上之中用all，any，none，every等词。例如：aBoth of his parents are teachersbNeither of the
19、 students wants to do such a lot of homeworkcEach side of the street is quite clean （4）不定代词some一般用于肯定句，any用于否定与疑问句，但在if条件句中用any，在表示“给予”的句式中，问旬中用some。例如：aWould you like to have some more coffee?bIf you have any questions， pleas come and ask me（5）有些不定代词常成对使用。例如：oneanother（一个，另一个），用于三者或三者以上oneafter ano
20、ther（一个接着一个） someothers（有些，有些） onethe other（一个，另一个），仅用于两者间somethe others（一些，其余 ），仅用于限定范围内 aI have three uncles, one is a teacher, the other two are workers.bThe students entered the hall one after another.第三节 巩固练习1选择正确答案（1）We went to Dr. Browns yesterday. He gave us_.A. some advice B. advicesC. an a
21、dvice D. some advices（2）What _ theyve got! No wonder they are very happy.A. a good news B. quite a few newsC. good news D. little news（3）Much _ to fight against pollution.A. have been done B. has been doneC. had been done D. has done（4）What _! Lets go swimming.A. a fine weather B. fine dayC. a fine
22、day D. bad weather（5）You have made _. You should be more careful.A. a lot of mistake B. a great deal of mistakesC. a large number of mistakes D. few mistakes（6）Before we moved into the new house, we bought many _A. furnitures B. furnitureC. pieces of furniture D. pieces of furnitures（7）The bookshelf
23、 over there is_.A. Marys and Janes B. Marys and JaneC. Mary and Janes D. Mary and Jane（8）We saw the guest off at _ yesterdayA. The Shanghais Railway Station. B. The Shanghai Railway Station.不确定范围确定范围学优中考网 C. Shanghai Railway Station. D. The Railway Station of Beijing Railway（9）They had a good time a
24、t the _ Palace.A. children B. ChildrensC. Children D. Childrens（10）Xiao Li was _ in my boyhood.A. my close friend B. mine a close friendC. a close friend of mine D. a close friend of me（11）These are _ from other presses . They are having a meeting in one of the _ office .A. editor- in-chiefs , edito
25、rs-in-chief B. editors in chief , editors-in-chiefsC. editors in-chiefs , editors in-chiefs D. editor-in-chiefs , editors in-chief（12）There are five _ in our class.A. Zhangs B. Zhangs C. Zhangs D. The Zhangs（13）How far is your school ?A. twenty - five minutes walk B. the walk of twenty-five minutesC
26、. twenty-five minutes walks D. twenty-five minutes walk（14）-Whats the distance from here to the station?- Its _from here.A. two kilometre distance B. two kilometres distanceC. distance of two kilometers D. distance of two kilometres（15) Were going to have _next month.A. two day holiday B. two day ho
27、lidayC. two days holiday D. two days holiday（16）Whos a cousin?A. Uncle or aunts son B. Uncle or aunts daughterC. Uncle or aunts child D. Uncle or aunts brother or sister（17） She always wears beautiful _.A. clothes B. clothC. dress D. clothings（18）Will you have a little _?A. more fishes B. more fishC
28、. much fishes D. fishes（19）There _ in my class. Which of them do you want to see?A. is John B. are three JohnsC. are the Johns D. is the John（20）Twenty dollors _ what he needsA. was B. wereC. is D. has been（21）The United Nations _ a resolutionA. has past B. has passedC. have passed D. has through（22
29、）The Arabian Nights _ a very interesting storybookA. is B. areC. has been D. had been（23）The New York Times _ a wide circulationA. is B. hasC. are D. have（24）Mathematics_ a very important subject.A. are B. isC. were D. was（25）His mathematics _ weakA. is B. seemsC. was D. are（26）An iron works _ now.A
30、. is being built B. are being builtC. has built D. had been built（27）Every means _ tried to improve teaching and learningA. has B. has beenC. have D. were（28）The police _ searching for a tall dark man with long hair.A. is B. has beenC. are D. had been（29）One of his fingers was wounded. What about _.
31、A. the other B. anotherC. others D. the others（30）Theres an English book in _ of his hands, and he also has a dictionary in his _ hand.A. one, other B. one, anotherC. one, the other D. another, secondII 下列各句 A,B,C,D 中有一处是错误的，请指出并改正。（ ）1 The doctor checked Li Ying and Wang Pings eyes carefully, and f
32、ound Athere was something wrong with Li Yings eye.B C D( ) 2 At the birthday party I met some friends of my cousin and they A Bwere all my primary school students of my own age.C D( ) 3. Mr.Smith parked his car in front of the doctor and found there were A B Calready several patients there. D ( ) 4.
33、 Li Hong came back to school after absence of a week, she looked A Bmuch better than before.学优中考网 C D ( ) 5. The Science Museum is not far away. Its only an hours and aA Bhalf walk .Lets go there on foot.C DIII选择适当的量词，填入各词组的空格，再译成汉语：sheet, block , party, piece, loaf, bar, cake, suit, article, heap,
34、drop, tube, length, bunch1. a _ of fire 2. a _of advice 3. a _ of blood 4. a _ of bread 5. a _of ice6. a _ of chocolates 7. a _ of rubbish 8. a _of clothes 9. a _ of soap 10. an _ of furniture11. a _ of soldiers 12. a _ of bananas13. a _ of pipe 14. a _ of toothpasteIV.把括号内汉语译成英语。 （词数不限）1. _ ( 空气) i
35、n cities is getting fresher and cleaner.2. _ ( 面粉 ) _(用来 ) to make all kinds of bread, cake and other food.3. _,(两份冰淇淋 ) please.4. _ (咖啡 ) is peoples popular drink.5. _ ( 我家的人 ) fond of music.6. His trousers _ （是） worn, he wants to buy _. (一条新裤子 )7. _ ( 健康是) better than wealth.(财富 )。8. _ (胜利的消息 ) of
36、ten _ (使。 。 。兴奋 ) us.答案第一章 名词I、1.A 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.C 6.C 7.C 8.C 9.B 10.C11.B 12.C 13.D 14.B 15.D 16.A 17.D 18.C 19.A 20.B21.B 22.C 23.B 24.A 25.A 26.B 27.B 28.A 29.B 30.AII、1. A Li Yings and Wang Pings 2. C my cousins3. B the doctors 4. B a weeks absence5. B an hour and a halfs walk 作为 I 个整体的词组，I 般在最
37、后 I 个名词加 s.III、1. sheet I 片火海 2. piece I 条建议案 3. drop I 滴血管 4. loaf I只面包车 5. block I 块冰 6. bar I 块巧克力 7. heap I 堆垃圾 8. suit I 套衣服 9. cake I 块肥皂 10. article I 件家具 11. party I 班士兵 12. bunch I 串香蕉 13. length I 节管子 14. tube I 管牙膏IV、1. The air 2. Flour 3.ice creams 4. Coffee 5. My family are6. are, a pair of new trousers 7. Health is 8. News of victories , excites学优中考网 学优中%考 ，网
