1、专题一 名词贵阳五年中考命题规律及趋势编者按：系统分析贵阳近5年试题，重点是单项选择、完形填空、词语运用题，逐命题点统计考查频次，表格直观呈现，并在各命题后批注考情，便于快速把握重点，逐一攻克。考纲要求1.可数名词及其单复数 2.不可数名词 3.专有名词 4.名词所有格考查点 年份 题号 选项设置 分值名词词义辨析201640 sisters/sister/sisters 1分62 food/money/wallet 1分67 danger/safety/energy 1分69 activities/groups/persons 1分70 health/ocean/industry 1分201
2、556the beautiful places/their_hometowns/the big cities1分57 much_time/much money/much food 1分59tall buildings/new_schools/big factories1分45 pictures 1分201431 oranges/potato/tomatoes 1分57 door/wall/window 1分62 my_key/the ladder/the door bell 1分65 monkey/man/horse 1分66 friends/monkeys/changes 1分68 hims
3、elf/the_stick/the teacher 1分201331 students/doctors/workers 1分38 two weeks/three hours/four_miles 1分60 pictures/stores/prices 1分63 ideas/news/keys 1分69 work/fun/money 1分70 time/advice/stress 1分201234 oranges/tomatoes/broccoli 1分56 coffee/water/tea 1分66 friend/driver/dentist 1分67 invitation/gift/idea
4、 1分33five minutes/five_minutes/five minutes1分名词单复数2016 86 timetimes 1分201588 riverrivers picturepictures 1分90 informationinformation 1分2014 91 earears 1分2013 81 footfeet 1分分析贵阳近5年中考真题可以看出，名词为单项选择题的必考点，且近两年偏向名词词义在语境中的辨析，句子设置的语境贴近学生生活实际。对名词单复数的考查会和词义辨析结合，注重对语境的考查。对名词所有格的考查也会和单复数结合，侧重于不规则变化的名词复数。设题形式均为
5、简单句，以两个单句为主，一个句子提供语境，另一个句子设题，词数在912个。另外，完形填空和词语运用中也会涉及对名词的考查，完形填空侧重考查名词的词义辨析，而词语运用则侧重对名词单复数的所有格以及名词与其他同类的辨析的考查。预测2017年贵阳中考的单项选择仍会考查名词词义辨析题，且与语境紧密结合。完形填空也会涉及23道名词词义辨析题，且与上下文语境相结合。词语运用中考查名词变复数的可能性较大。贵阳中考重难点突破名词名词的分类专有名词普通名词可数名词个体名词集体名词不可数名词物质名词抽象名词名词的数可数名词单数复数规则变化不规则变化不可数名词名词的所有格s所有格的构成及用法of所有格的构成及用法双
6、重所有格名词的句法作用名词作主语、宾语、表语名词作定语、同位语、补语、状语名词辨析【满分点拨】分析贵阳中考近几年单选和完形对名词辨析的考查，主要以语境辨析和近义词辨析为主。1语境辨析分析贵阳中考近几年单选和完形，名词辨析侧重于对语境辨析的考查，同时较少涉及单复数、固定搭配。学生在做题时，首先应读懂句意，抓住题干中关键信息，并分析各个选项的意思，结合日常生活的常识及语境，即可选出正确答案。2近义词辨析近义名词在贵阳中考中没有涉及，老师可根据以下所列常见近义名词适当补充。1family，home，house与room2noise，sound与voice3question与problem4work
7、与job5message，information与news6village ，city与countryside7clothes ，cloth与clothing8photo，picture与drawing9population与people10road ，street ，path 与way11exercise，exercises 与practice12class与lesson13country，nation，state与land14police与policeman15trip，journey，travel与tour【考点抢测】( C )1.If Peter comes to us by any
8、chance，please ask him to leave a _Aletter Bsentence C message( C )2.If you go to visit London，dont forget to bring your _. Because it rains a lot.Apassport Bmoney Cumbrella( A ) 3.Its your _ as a teacher to protect your students.Aduty Bhobby Chabit( B )4.Jennifer takes a lot of exercise every day an
9、d she is always full of _Aknowledge BenergyCchange( A ) 5.Its a good _ to have breakfast every morning.Ahabit Bjob Cmenu( C )6.I want to write for international _ to become a writer.Achairs B computers C magazines( C )7.The Internet is very useful. We can get a lot of _ from it.Athings BquestionsCin
10、formation( B )8.Lin Shuhao is one of the best basketball _ in NBA.Aactors B players C writers( B )9.Please pick me up at the _. My plane arrives at 8：00 amAhotel Bairport Cmuseum( B )10.With the help of his friends，he changed a lot. Maybe thats the _ of friendship.Astation Bpower C decision( B )11.I
11、 will stay at _ when the summer holiday comes.Ahouse Bhome Cfamily( A ) 12.Its kind of you to offer your _ to the old in the bus.Aseat Bspace C place( C )13.Im sorry I went out for a smoke.I was so tired.Theres no _ for this while you are at work.Acause Breason Cexcuse( C )14.Now there are more and
12、more new drivers，but they havent got a correct _ of direction.Aidea B feeling Csense( B )15.The environment is getting worse and worse，so we have to face this _ right now.Aquestion BproblemCissue名词的数【满分点拨】1名词的分类类别 意义 例词专有名词 表示人、地方、事物、机构、组 织等名称的词 Alice， Canada，the Great Wall普通名词可数名词个体名词 表示个体的人或事物的词 b
13、ook，desk ，table，bike，plane集体名词 表示一群人或一些事物的词 family， class，police，team， group不可数名词物质名词 表示构成各种物体的物质或材料 的词 glass，water ，air，paper，wood抽象名词 表示状态、品质、行为、感情等 抽象概念的词 danger， health，love ，success，interest2.可数名词单复数变化规律情况 构成方法 例词一般情况 加s capcaps ；dogdogs；bikebikes；driverdrivers以字母s，sh，ch，x等结尾 加es busbuses；wishw
14、ishes；watch watches；boxboxes以“辅音字母y”结尾 变y为i，再加es lady ladies；centurycenturies；familyfamilies；storystories续表情况 构成方法 例词以f 或fe 结尾 一般变f ，fe为v，再加es leafleaves；lifelives；halfhalves；knifeknives以o结尾 o前为辅音音素时加es，o前为 元音音素时加stomatotomatoes ；heroheroes；potatopotatoes；radio radios；zoo zoos；例外，photophotos；pianopi
15、anos复合名词将后一个词变为复数 toothbrushtoothbrushes；filmgoerfilmgoers两部分都变复数man doctormen doctors；woman teacherwomen teachers特殊名词改变内部元音字母 footfeet；toothteeth；manmen；mousemice词尾加ren child children单复数同形 ChineseChinese ；sheepsheep；deerdeer注意：(1)由man和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是把 man改成men。但German 不是合成词，故其复数形式为直接加s。(2)man和w
16、oman作定语时，其本身的单复数形式与被修饰词的单复数一致。如：a man teachermen teachers(男老师)a woman cook women cooks(女厨师)3常见不可数名词归纳及用法(1)常见的不可数名词物质名词食物 bread面包 meat肉 cheese奶酪液体 milk牛奶 water水 wine酒 oil油自然物体 soil土壤 sand沙子 wood木头抽象名词情感 joy高兴 friendship友情 peace和平学科 math数学 geography地理physics物理 chemistry化学概念 population人口 knowledge知识(2
17、)不可数名词量化的表示不可数名词的多少可用以下词组来表示：a block of一块 a bottle of一瓶a group of一群 a pair of一组，一双，一对a piece of一片(张，块) a pile of 一堆短语a pair(piece)of复数名词作主语时，中心词是pair(piece)，故谓语动词用单数；若短语是two pairs(pieces)of复数名词作主语，则中心词是two pairs(pieces)，谓语动词用复数。(3)可数与不可数易混归纳exercise(锻炼) some exercises(练习，训练)work(工作)works(著作)glass(玻璃
18、) a glass(玻璃杯)paper(纸)a paper(报纸，证件，试卷)wood(木头，木材) a wood(小树林)room(空间)a room( 房间)life(生活)seven lives(七条生命)【考点抢测】一、词语运用。woman，foot，apple，sheep，glass1The students of Grade 7 visited Mikes farm and saw many _sheep_ there.2All the _women_ teachers in our school enjoyed themselves on March 8th because it
19、 was their own holiday.3Im going to the supermarket to buy some milk and _apples_ this afternoon.4Is that pair of _glasses_ a little cheaper?5These shoes are too big for my _feet_二、单项选择。( B )6.Hurry up，we just get a few _ to prepare for the presentation.Aminute Bminutes C chance( A ) 7.I gave a bunc
20、h(束) of _ to my mom on Mothers Day.Aflowers B flower Cflour( A ) 8.Mom，Ive heard that we cant eat _ these days. Is it true?Take it easy. It is safe to eat cooked meat.Achicken B chickens Ca chicken( B )9.Are there any _ in your school?Yes， there are.AGermen BGermans CGerman( C )10.Do you have any _？
21、Yes， I like chess and drama best.Ajobs B hobby Chobbies名词所有格【满分点拨】含有and的所有格用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示两人共同拥有某物，这时只在最后一个名词后加s，用A and Bs表示。如：Mrs.King is Lucy and Lilys mother.金女士是露西和莉莉的母亲。用and连接两个并列名词，表示分别拥有各自的物品时，两个名词都在词尾加s，用As and Bs表示。如：There are Toms and Marys bags.这些是汤姆和玛丽的包。双重所有格两种形式of名词所有格。如：He is a frie
22、nd of my brothers.他是我哥哥的一个朋友。of名词性物主代词。如：Is she a daughter of yours？她是你的一个女儿吗？【考点抢测】1One of my _classmates_ (classmate)homework wasnt handed in today.2When is _Childrens_ Day?Its on June 1st，Dave.(child)( B )3.How far is your home from school?Its about two _ walk.Ahours BhoursChours( A ) 4.On the weekend，_ is so crowded that I can not find my friend.Athe center of the cityBcitys centerCcitys and centers( B )5.Mary is _，so please treat her as yours.Aa friend of me Ba friend of mineCa friend of you
